Cevdet BAYBURTLUOĞLU "Arykanda Kazısı 2003"
Transkript
Cevdet BAYBURTLUOĞLU "Arykanda Kazısı 2003"
Arykanda Kaz›s› 2003 Excavations at Arykanda in 2003 Cevdet BAYBURTLUO⁄LU 2003 y›l› Arykanda Kaz›s›; DÖS‹M, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl›¤› Kültür Varl›klar› ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü¤ü, Türkiye Garanti Bankas› A.fi. ve Suna-‹nan K›raç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araflt›rma Enstitüsü’nün (AKMED) yapt›klar› maddi destekle iki ay sürmüfltür. Kaz›; Bakanl›k temsilcisi arkeolog ‹smail Yeflilp›nar, arkeolog ‹nci Bayburtluo¤lu, Dr. Macit Tekinalp, arkeolog Ayflegül Gürgezo¤lu, Ar. Gör. Ayça Özcan, Y. Mim. Restoratör Evin Erder, foto¤rafç› M. Ali Dö¤enci ile arkeoloji ö¤rencileri Özlem Yalç›n, Murat Çelik, Emre Savafl, Hacer Sancaktar ve Nalan Demirkan’›n kat›l›mlar›yla gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Kaz›ya maddi destek veren kurulufllara oldu¤u kadar büyük bir özveri ile çal›flan kaz› üyelerine teflekkürüm sonsuzdur. The 2003 campaign at Arykanda lasted for a period of two months with support from DÖS‹M, the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the Türkiye Garanti Bankas› Inc. and the Suna & ‹nan K›raç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations. The team comprised archaeologist ‹smail Yeflilp›nar as the official representative from the Ministry, archaeologist ‹nci Bayburtluo¤lu, Dr. Macit Tekinalp, archaeologist Ayflegül Gürgezo¤lu, Research Asst. Ayça Özcan, architect restorer Evin Erder, M.A., photographer M. Ali Dö¤renci and student of archaeology Özlem Yalç›n, Murat Çelik, Emre Savafl, Hacer Sancaktar and Nalan Demirkan. I am deeply indebted to both the sponsoring companies and the hardworking team members. 2001 de bafllayan ve 2002 de de devam eden kaçak kaz›lar ve kaz› evine yönelik h›rs›zl›k olay›; Bakanl›¤a sundu¤umuz seçenekli çal›flma program›n› kaçakç›l›¤› önlemeye yönelik tarzda uygulamam›za neden olmufltur. Bu yüzden ortaya ç›kar›lan eserler ayn› yöreden ve farkl› ev veya mezarlardan geldi¤i için büyük yenilik getirmekten yoksundur. Bununla beraber yine de buluntu yönünden zengin say›labilecek bir kampanya idrak etti¤imizi belirtebilirim. Illegal excavations in 2001 and 2002 and the thefts from the excavation house led us to implement an anti theft policy and a contra illegal excavation program in our work. As a result, the finds recovered do not exhibit a great variety since they all come from the same area, from different houses or tombs. Yet, we are of the opinion that our campaign yielded a wealth of finds. 2003 y›l› çal›flmalar›n› üç ana bafll›k alt›nda özetlemek mümkündür. We can summarize the 2003 campaign under three main titles: 1. Kaz› Evindeki Çal›flmalar 1. Work at the Excavation House Binada ald›¤›m›z güvenli¤e yönelik fiziki önlemlerle birlikte, iki mekândaki raf düzenlemesi yeniden elden geçirilmifl; seramik, cam, metal parçalar› ile kitabe parçalar› s›n›fland›r›larak ve etiketlenerek bir odada; heykeltrafll›k eserlerine ait parçalarla mimari süsleme parçalar› di¤er odada kasalar içinde korumaya al›nm›flt›r. Numaralanan bütün kasalar›n içerdikleri malzemeler listelenmifltir. Together with the physical security measures taken on the building itself, we revised the shelf organization in both halls; the ceramic, glass, metal objects and inscription fragments were categorized, tagged and placed in one hall; the pieces of sculpture and the architectural sculpture were placed within secure boxes in the other hall. All the boxes were numbered and their contents were recorded. 6 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS 2. The Conservation and Restoration Work The architect Evin Erder has had to work on realising the plans of the structures in the excavation sites for a long period of time and it was only after Dr. Macit Tekinalp joined us, that she has been able to focus on the conservation work. Based on the analyses of stone samples taken in 2001, various methods and composite substances were applied to the interior of the socalled “Fellows Tomb”, which has greatly deteriorated. Dependant upon the forthcoming results from 2004, the best composite material and method will be determined and employed in the conservation and restoration work. Res. 1 Koç bafll› aplik / Fig. 1 Bronze ram’s head applique 3. Excavation Work 2. Konservasyon ve Restorasyon Çal›flmalar› All the soil was extracted from the bottom of the rock mass upon which the watchtower stands, and that encircled within the Byzantine walls and waterways, to the north and east of the Helios Temple terrace, was also extracted down to the bedrock and the soil was sieved. Y. Mim. Evin Erder uzun bir süre kaz› alanlar›ndaki yap›lar›n rölövelerini ç›kartmak zorunda kalm›fl; Dr. Macit Tekinalp’in kat›l›m›ndan sonra konservasyona yönelik çal›flmalar›na giriflebilmifltir. 2001 y›l›nda al›nan tafl örnekleri üzerinde y›l içinde yap›lan analizlerin sonuçlar›na göre, büyük y›pranmaya ve erimeye maruz kalan, taraf›m›zdan Fellows Mezar› olarak adland›r›lan an›tsal mezar binas›n›n içinde, farkl› terkip ve metotlar uygulanm›flt›r. 2004 y›l›nda al›nacak sonuçlara göre, yap›da kullan›lacak en uygun ilaç ve yöntem uygulamaya konulacakt›r. The excavation of the cistern begun in 2002 was also continued: The conglomerate blocks of the superstructure of the cistern, were mostly in good condition, although some were crumbling and they were piled up at the eastern 3. Kaz› Çal›flmalar› Helios Tap›na¤› teras›n›n kuzey ve do¤usunda, Bizans suru-su yolu içerisinde kalan ve gözetleme kulesinin üzerinde bulundu¤u kayal›¤›n dibinden bafllayan tüm toprak alanlar ana kaya bulununcaya dek kaz›lm›fl; topra¤› elenerek elden geçirilmifltir. Bu alan›n yan› s›ra kaz›s› 2002 de bafllayan ve bitirilememifl halde b›rak›lan sarn›ç kaz›s› da sürdürülmüfltür. Sarn›c›n üzerini kaplayan ve büyük ço¤unlu¤u sa¤lam veya ufalanm›fl konglomera bloklar›ndan oluflan örtüye ait sa¤lam bloklar 2003 kaz› mevsiminde sa¤lamlar› do¤u uçta istiflenerek topra¤›n daha rahat kaz›lmas› yoluna gidilmifltir. Ancak bat› uca do¤ru yaklaflt›kça beklenilen rampa veya merdivenin ortaya ç›kmay›fl›, sarn›ç içindeki topra¤›n d›flar› ç›kar›lmas›n› güçlefltirmifltir. Alan›n daralmas› ve fazla iflçi çal›flt›r›lamayacak duruma Res. 2 Mermer heykel parças› / Fig. 2 Fragment of a marble statue 7 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS gelinmesi üzerine makara sistemi kurulmufl ve toprak bu flekilde boflalt›labilmifltir. Merdiven veya rampa bekledi¤imiz sarn›c›n bitimi ilginç bir flekilde apsidal görünüm kazanm›fl ve taban seviyesine ulafl›ld›¤›nda bu apsidal k›sm›n, daire planl› daha erken bir sarn›ç oldu¤u anlafl›lm›flt›r. Kaz›n›n sonuna yaklafl›ld›¤› esnada ortaya ç›kan bu geliflme üzerine sarn›ç kaz›s› bat›daki daha derin sarn›c›n da temizlenebilmesi için 2004’e ertelenmifltir. At›lan veya akarak gelen baz› eserleri bulabilmek amac›yla bafllat›lan sarn›ç kaz›s› umutlar›m›z› bofla ç›karm›flt›r. Buradan kaz› envanterine girebilecek eser say›s› on kadard›r. Bunlardan en ilginçleri minyatür bir ion bafll›¤› parças›, mermer bir el parças›, mermerden bir kad›n heykelci¤inin kalça k›sm›, bomos parçalar› ile kemik ve birkaç bronz objedir. end, in order to facilitate the excavation work. However, as we proceeded towards the western end, the expected ramp or staircase did not appear, rendering the extraction of the filling debris from the cistern difficult. As the area became narrower, we could not accommodate many workers, and we had to erect a pulley system to extract the earth filling. Curiously enough, where we expected to find a rampart or staircase, the cistern assumed an apsidal form and when we reached the floor level it was understood that this apsidal part of the cistern had belonged originally to a circular cistern of an earlier date. As at this point, we had almost reached the end of the season’s campaign and the excavation of the rest of the cistern was postponed to the 2004 season so that the nearby cistern could also be cleaned. Our hope of recovering objects thrown, fallen or dropped into the cistern was partially fulfilled. There are ten items worth recording in our inventory. Among the most interesting are: a miniature Ionic capital fragment, a marble hand fragment, the hip of a marble female figurine, bomos fragments, and bronze and bone objects. Excavations carried out to the northwest, north and northeast of the Helios Temple yielded finds parallel to those from the 2002 season. Helios Tap›na¤›’n›n kuzey, kuzey-do¤u ve kuzey bat›s›ndaki alanlarda gerçeklefltirilen kaz›lar 2002’den farkl› bir durumu yans›tmamaktad›r. Genel olarak mimariyi; sa¤lam kaya bulundu¤unda kayan›n t›rafllanmas› ile elde edilen mekânlar kaplamakta, bozuk yüzeyli alanlar ise ya dolgu toprakla düzlefltirilmekte veya verev yollarla bölünerek üst seviyedeki ev veya mezarlara gidifl-gelifli sa¤layan darac›k sokaklarla bölünmektedir. Sa¤lam kayadan oyulma mekânlar›n iç bölünmeleri e¤er kaya yüksekli¤i elveriyorsa yerli kayadan duvar gibi bafllamakta, üst k›sm› çamur harçl› kaba iflçilikli duvarlarla bölünmekte; e¤er yerli kaya buna elvermiyorsa zemin üzerine yine çamur harçl› The architecture in general comprises areas that were hewn out from the rock wherever possible, where this was physically impossible, the land was either filled in or was divided by diagonal narrow streets, in order to Res. 3 Afrodite kabartmas› / Res. 4 Bronz Eros Figürini / Fig. 3 Relief of Aphrodite Fig. 4 Bronze Figurine of Eros 8 KAZI RAPORLARI EXCAVATION REPORTS kaba duvarlarla bölmeler yap›lmaktad›r. 2002 raporunda da vurgulad›¤›m›z gibi M.Ö. 1. yy.’a kadar kullan›lan bu alan uzun süre ev veya mezar yeri olarak kullan›m görmemifl ancak M.S. 2. yy.’›n ortalar›ndan sonra yo¤un bir flekilde kullan›l›r olmufltur. 2002 de ulaflt›¤›m›z bu sonucu, 2003 y›l› buluntular› da tamam›yla desteklemektedir. Evlerin büyük ço¤unlu¤unun iki veya daha çok katl› olduklar› kesindir. Bunu da, tamam› yerli kayadan oyularak meydana getirilmifl odalar›n özellikle kuzey yan duvar yüzlerindeki hat›l delikleri kan›tlamaktad›r. Lofl veya karanl›k olduklar› kesin olan bu alt kat odalar› büyük ölçüde kiler olarak kullan›lm›flt›r. Kaplad›¤› alan genifl olan ve önünde gezilebilecek miktarda avluya benzer yeri bulunanlarda ise alt katlar ya ah›r olarak de¤erlendirilmifl veya kiler ifllevinin yan› s›ra basit ifllik yeri olarak hizmet vermifltir. Ele geçen kirmen bafllar› ve dokuma a¤›rl›klar› bunun kan›tlar›d›r. Bulunan metal eyer veya koflum tak›m› elemanlar› ise ev sahibinin hayvan› olup olmad›¤›n› göstermektedir. 240 y›l› depreminden sonra, yamaçtaki bu yerleflim alanlar›nda yo¤unlu¤un artmas›n› buluntular da teyit etmektedir. Büyük olas›l›kla deprem sonras› tekrar yamaçtaki sa¤lam zeminli alana göç edenler, evlerindeki kaliteli ve korunagelmifl malzemeleri de beraberlerinde yukar›ya tafl›m›fllard›r. facilitate access to the houses or tombs on the upper levels. The rooms hewn from the bedrock are further divided, cutting the bedrock where possible like a wall and then continuing it as a rough stone wall cemented by a mud mortar. If this method was impractical due to the abcence of rock, then the inner partitions are made from rough stone walls and a mud mortar. As mentioned in our report for 2002, this area was in use until the 1st century BC but then was not used for housing or as a cemetery for a long time. Only after the middle of the 2nd century AD was this area used extensively. This conclusion obtained in 2002 was further verified by our finds in 2003. Most of the houses were certainly of two or more stories, evidence for which comes from the timber beam holes in the northern walls cut into the rock. These ground floor rooms were certainly dark and gloomy and were clearly used as cellars and storerooms. Houses covering a wider area certainly had an area in front that served as a courtyard, with the ground floors serving as either stables or cellars and sometimes as simple work-areas. The spindle heads and loom weights that have been recovered are evidence of this, as are the finds of metal saddle and horse harness elements that show if the owner had animals or not. Following the earthquake of 240 AD, the density of settlement on the slopes increased as is shown by the finds. It is likely that the inhabitants moved back up to their stronger houses on the slopes and brought with them those quality materials that had survived this earthquake. 9