11 MART 2011
Transkript
11 MART 2011
11 MART 2011 Doç.Dr. Selim L. SANİN Hacettepe Üniversitesi Çevre Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Müdürü Mart 2013, Ankara Fukushima Daiichi kazasının çevresel etkileri ₴ ₴ Yöresel Küresel Çevresel Rezervuarlar ₰ Hava ₰ Su (Tatlısu/Deniz) ₰ Toprak Biyolojik Birikim-Taşınım Plutonium Pu-238 - 87.74 years Pu-239 - 24065 years Pu-240 - 6537 years Pu-241 - 14.4 years Pu-242 - 3.76E5 years Pu-243 - 4.956 hours Pu-244 - 8.26E7 years Cesium (Sezyum) Cs-134 - 2.062 years Cs-134m - 2.90 hours Cs-135 - 2.3E6 years Cs-136 - 13.1 days Cs-137 - 30.0 years Cs-138 - 32.2 minutes Tellurium (Toloryum) Te-125m - 58 days Te-127 - 9.35 hours Te-127m - 109 days Te-129 - 69.6 minutes Te-129m - 33.6 days Te-131 - 25.0 minutes Te-131m - 30 hours Te-132 - 78.2 hours Te-133 - 12.45 minutes Te-133m - 55.4 minutes Te-134 - 41.8 minutes Radyoaktif Elementlerin Yarı Ömürleri Iodine (İyot) I-123 - 13.2 hours I-125 - 60.14 days I-129 - 1.57E7 years I-130 - 12.36 hours I-131 - 8.04 days I-132 - 2.30 hours I-133 - 20.8 hours I-134 - 52.6 minutes I-135 - 6.61 hours Sadece! ÖLÜLER ve APTALLAR fikirlerini değiştirmez Atmosferde Yapılan Gözlemler Land-Surface Contamination by Radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Naohiro Yoshida1 and Yoshio Takahashi2 1 Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology G117, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan E-mail: yoshida.n.aa@m.titech.ac.jp 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan E-mail: ytakaha@hiroshima-u.ac.jp The first airborne monitoring was done by DOE using 40 hours of flying time between March 17 and 19 (DOE 2011); this survey revealed a highly contaminated area northwest of the Fukushima plant. Radionuclide deposition. 134Cs and 137Cs distribution map [redrawn from (5)]. The distribution of radiocesium in the oceanic system is not readily available, but is estimated to be below 10,000 to 100,000 Bq m−2 in coastal sediments and waters off Fukushima (5). CREDIT: ADAPTED FROM MEXT, JAPAN ( 5) Toprakda Yapılan Gözlemler DIFFERENCES IN RATES OF DECREASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DOSE RATES BY GROUND SURFACE PROPERTY IN FUKUSHIMA CITY AFTER THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT Author(s): Kakamu, T (Kakamu, Takeyasu)[ 1 ] ; Kanda, H (Kanda, Hideyuki)[ 1 ] ; Tsuji, M (Tsuji, Masayoshi)[ 1 ] ; Kobayashi, D (Kobayashi, Daisuke)[ 2 ] ; Miyake, M (Miyake, Masao)[ 2 ] ; Hayakawa, T (Hayakawa, Takehito)[ 1 ] ; Katsuda, S (Katsuda, Shin-ichiro)[ 2 ] ; Mori, Y (Mori, Yayoi)[ 1 ] ; Okouchi, T (Okouchi, Toshiyasu)[ 2 ] ; Hazama, A (Hazama, Akihiro)[ 2 ] ; Fukushima, T (Fukushima, Tetsuhito)[ 1 ] Source: HEALTH PHYSICS Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 102-107 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0b013e31826ab94c Published: JAN 2013 Sentetik malzemede bekleme süresi daha fazla Abstract: After the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, the environmental radiation dose in Fukushima City increased. On 11 April, 1 mo after the earthquake, the environmental radiation dose rate at various surfaces in the same area differed greatly by surface property. Environmental radiation measurements continue in order to determine the estimated time to 50% reduction in environmental radiation dose rates by surface property in order to make suggestions for decontamination in Fukushima. The measurements were carried out from 11 April to 11 November 2011. Forty-eight (48) measurement points were selected, including four kinds of ground surface properties: grass (13), soil (5), artificial turf (7), and asphalt (23). Environmental radiation dose rate was measured at heights of 100 cm above the ground surface. Time to 50% reduction of environmental radiation dose rates was estimated for each ground surface all surface properties. Artificial turf showed the longest time to 50% reduction (544.32 d, standard error: 96.86), and soil showed the shortest (213.20 d, standard error: 35.88). The authors found the environmental radiation dose rate on artificial materials to have a longer 50% reduction time than that on natural materials. These results contribute to determining an order of priority for property. Radiation dose rates on 11 November had decreased significantly compared with those on 11 April for decontamination after nuclear disasters. Health Phys. 104(1):102-107; 2013 Okyanus/Deniz’de Yapılan Gözlemler Nevertheless, Cs readings from fish samples taken from Fukushima coastal waters, where commercial fishing is practically banned, still exceed the guideline (19). The radioactivity in fish appears not to follow the rapid decrease in seawater radioactivity. A comprehensive survey of radioactivity in the marine food web is called for. Balık avlamak hala yasak Balıklardaki radyo aktivite birikimi sudaki azalmaya paralel azalmakta Küresel Hareketlilik Fukushima-derived radionuclides in ground-level air of Central Europe: a comparison with simulated forward and backward trajectories P. P. Povinec • I. Sy´kora • M. Gera • K. Holy´ • L. Brest’a´kova´ • A. Kova´cˇik Atmosferde taşınım, hava koşullarına bağlı olarak gelişmiştir. Partikül maddenin 12 Mart -31 Mart arası farklı atmosfer katmanlarında görülen taşınım modellemesi verilmektedir. Fig. 2 Simulations of the forward and backward air mass trajectories between Fukushima to Bratislava. Grey points represent 925 hPa pressure level (*800 m a.s.l.), black points 850 hPa (*1500 m a.s.l.), violet points 700 hPa (*3000 m a.s.l.), and blue points 500 hPa (*5000 m a.s.l.). The coloured background represents the sea level pressure at the start of the simulation. Time of particle release at Fukushima: a 12 March at 12:00; b 20 March at 12:00; and c 30 March at 00:00. Start of the simulation from Bratislava: d 22 March at 12:00; e 31 March at 12:00; and f 13 April at 00:00. (Color figure online) Avrupada Cs ve I seviyelerinde üç defa artış gözlenmiştir. Toprak yüzeyinde kuru depolanmaya neden olmuştur. Bu ölçümler Çernobil kazasına göre düşük seviyelerde kalmaktadır. Conclusions Three 134Cs and 137Cs maxima were observed in the Bratislava ground-level air in March– April 2011, which were associated with different air masses present in the Central Europe. The observed activity concentrations (maximum values of 0.5, 0.05 and 0.07 mBq/m3 for 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs, respectively) were much smaller when compared with the Chernobyl data obtained for the Bratislava station during April–May 1986 (maximum values of 14, 2 and 4 Bq/m3 for 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs, respectively [8]). The 131I/137Cs activity ratio records showed two dominant maxima which were associated with the presence of fresh air masses in the Bratislava ground-level air. Simulations of forward and backward trajectories between Fukushima and Bratislava were carried out, which supported experimental observations. As the simulated horizontal transport was predominantly going on at 500–700 hPa pressure levels, in the case of absence of rains, a dry deposition from the heights of several 1000 m a.s.l. Was required to transport the radionuclides to ground-level air. Still radioactive.Changes in total cesium (137Cs + 134Cs in Bq/kg wet) over time in demersal (bottom-dwelling) fish for five prefectures in eastern Japan closest to Fukushima. Balıklardaki radyoaktivite seviyesi Since the nuclear disaster, total cesium levels have been highest in fish caught off Fukushima prefecture. Güvenlik Bölgesindeki Büyükbaş Hayvanlarda Yapılan Gözlemler Research Article Distribution of Artificial Radionuclides in Abandoned Cattle in the Evacuation Zone of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Tomokazu Fukuda equal contributor, equal contributor Contributed equally to this work with: Tomokazu Fukuda, Yasushi Kino Affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Yasushi Kino equal contributor, equal contributor Contributed equally to this work with: Tomokazu Fukuda, Yasushi Kino Affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Yasuyuki Abe, Affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan Hideaki Yamashiro, Affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan Yoshikazu Kuwahara, Affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Hidekazu Nihei, Affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Yosuke Sano, Affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Ayumi Irisawa, Affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Tsutomu Shimura, Affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Motoi Fukumoto, Affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Hisashi Shinoda, Affiliation: Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Yuichi Obata, Affiliation: RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Shin Saigusa, Affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Chiba, Japan Tsutomu Sekine, Affiliation: Center for the Advancement of Higher Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Emiko Isogai, Affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Manabu Fukumoto mail 18 Farklı türdeki canlı/gıda maddesinde sınır değerin (500 bq/kg) üstünde radyoaktivite gözlenmiş (üst değerler bq/kg) (IAEA, 2012): Shitake mushrooms 2,390 greenling fish 1,540 goldeye rockfish 1,630 common skate 640 rockfish 2,130 bitter melon tea 1,020 boar meat 13,300 dehydrated taro stalk 750 righteye flounder 1,380 Yuzu citrus fruit 930 Japanese smelt 591 dried Japanese radish 800 Asian black bear meat 1,110 sika deer meat 573 dried yacon leaf 570 lefteye flounder 540 fox jacopever fish 1,310 dried oyamabokuchi 570 Pacific bluefin tuna transport Fukushima-derived radionuclides from Japan to California Author(s): Madigan, DJ (Madigan, Daniel J.)[ 1 ] ; Baumann, Z (Baumann, Zofia)[ 2 ] ; Fisher, NS (Fisher, Nicholas S.)[ 2 ] Source: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Volume: 109 Issue: 24 Pages: 9483-9486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204859109 Published: JUN 12 2012 1 adult human (100 Bq/kg) 7000 Bq 1 kg of coffee 1000 Bq 1 kg superphosphate fertiliser 5000 Bq The air in a 100 sq metre Australian home (radon) 3000 Bq The air in many 100 sq metre European homes (radon) up to 30 000 Bq 1 household smoke detector (with americium) 30 000 Bq Radioisotope for medical diagnosis 70 million Bq Radioisotope source for medical therapy 100 000 000 million Bq (100 TBq) 1 kg 50-year old vitrified high-level nuclear waste 10 000 000 million Bq (10 TBq) 1 luminous Exit sign (1970s) 1 000 000 million Bq (1 TBq) 1 kg uranium 25 million Bq 1 kg uranium ore (Canadian, 15%) 26 million Bq 1 kg uranium ore (Australian, 0.3% 500 000 Bq 1 kg low level radioactive waste 1 million Bq 1 kg of coal ash 2000 Bq 1 kg of granite 1000 Bq Ders Almak ≡ Ekosistemi Anlamak • Yüzme havuzlarından suların boşaltılması – Zeolit ve flokülant kullanımı – Radiocesium ölçümü DECONTAMINATION OF OUTDOOR SCHOOL SWIMMING POOLS IN FUKUSHIMA AFTER THE NUCLEAR ACCIDENT IN MARCH 2011 Author(s): Saegusa, J.; Kurikami, H.; Yasuda, R.; et al. Source: HEALTH PHYSICS Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 243-250 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0b013e318277b3ee Published: MAR 2013 Fukushima Daiichi Reaktör kazasının Çevresel Etkilerini görmek için er Çevresel etki kaza bölgesinde ve Küresel boyutta ölçülebiliyor. Toprak ve deniz farklı etki altında ve yansımaları farkı gelişecek. Daiichi kazasının etkilerini küresel izleme gereği var. Teşekkür ederim