EFFECT OF MATERNAL BODY WEIGHT OF QUAIL
Transkript
EFFECT OF MATERNAL BODY WEIGHT OF QUAIL
Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996 EFFECT OF MATERNAL BODY WEIGHT OF QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) ON PROGENY PERFORMANCE S. YALÇIN1, Y. AKBAŞ1, S. ÖTLEŞ2, I. OĞUZ1 SUMMARY 1. The effect of maternal body weight of Japanese quail on the progeny performance was investigated. 2. Forty five female and male Japanese quail were weighted individually and divided into three groups (light: 180-210 g, medium:211-240 g, and heavy:241-270 g) based on individual body weights. Egg quality characteristics were measured individually for each bird/maternal weight group. Hatching weight, body weights at 4 and 5 weeks, and carcass part weights of the offsprings from each maternal weight group were obtained. Nutrient composition of breast meat was analyzed. 3. The response to maternal body weight for egg quality characteristics could be explained by second order polynomial equation. 4. Body weights of progenies at 4 and 5 weeks of age were lighter when birds were produced from light females than those birds produced from medium and heavy females. Breast part weight of progenies was significantly and linearly affected by the maternal weight group. Nutrient composition of breast was not affected by maternal weight group. 5. The results suggested that removing females lighter than flock average, may improve uniformity in weight of birds at the hatchery and processing plant. INTRODUCTION Body weight differences during the prebreeding period have been associated with changes in egg production and egg weight in broiler breeder hens (Leeson and Summers, 1987, Lilburn and Myers-Miller, 1990). Flock uniformity also has importance after sexual maturity because of high positive correlation between body weight and egg weight, egg weight and chick weight at hatching (Shanawany, 1987; McNaughton et al., 1987; Wilson, 1991). Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Aegean University, Izmir, Turkey 2 Faculty of Food Science, Aegean University, Izmir, Turkey 1 9 Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996 Triyuwanta et al. (1992) reported that body weight of the progeny at hatching were enhanced by increasing maternal body weight and this positive maternal effect was still present at 40 days of age in dwarf broilers. Similarly, Yalçın et al. (1993) observed that females's body weight has an effect on body weight of broilers at hatch, 5, 6, and 7 weeks of age. Murrani (1978) also reported that a marked egg weight advantage was still evident in the broiler stock at day 56. Although, the effects of maternal weight are well documented in chickens, reports on quail are scarce. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal body weight of Japanese quail on the progeny performance. MATERIALS AND METHOD At 20 weeks of age, forty five female and male Japanese quail were randomly placed into cages with a ratio of one male and one female. Female quail were weighted individually and divided into three groups based on individual body weights. The groups were classified as light (180-210 g), medium (211-240 g), and heavy (241-270 g) weight. Eggs were gathered daily from each bird/weight group during one week. Weights of egg, yolk, white, shell and eggshell thickness were measured for each egg. Then, eggs collected from each bird/weight group over a 10 days period were set. The offsprings were wingbanded, weighed and placed on wire floored cages. The diets used contained 25 g/kg protein and 12.3 MJ ME/Kg, and 20 g/Kg protein and 12 MJ ME/Kg from 0 to 3 weeks and from 3 to 5 weeks of age, respectively. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum during the experimental period. Offsprings were submitted to 23 h of light and 1 h of darkness, daily. Birds were individually weighed at 4 and 5 weeks of age. At 5 weeks of age, the birds were sexed and processed. After carcass weights were recorded individually, carcass parts were obtained. Leg quarters were obtained by separating the femur from ilium and by separating the tibiatarsus and metatarsus at the hock joint. Wings were removed by cutting through the shoulder joint at the proximal end of the humerus. The breast was obtained by cutting through the ribs, thereby separating from the back. The remaining portion of the carcass was termed as neck plus back. Breast was used for carcass nutrient composition analysis. Dry matter content was determined by oven-drying at 103°C, total fat content was obtained by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, and total nitrogen content was determined by using kjeldahl method and crude protein was expressed as 6.25 multiplied by N (AOAC, 1980). 10 Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996 Data were analyzed using Harvey's LSMLWM (1987). The statistical model included maternal body weight group, sex effect and interaction of these two main effects. Orthogonal polynomials for linear and quadratic responses to maternal weight groups were calculated. Treatment means were compared by Tukey's test (Steel and Torrie, 1980) when significant F values were obtained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Egg weight was 10.50, 11.70, and 11.29 g for the light, medium and heavy female quail, respectively (Table 1). The response to maternal body weight for egg weight was found to be quadratic manner (Table 2). The highest weights of yolk, white and shell were obtained for eggs from medium weight females while the differences did not significant for eggs from light and heavy weight birds. These effects could be explained by second order polynomial equations (Table 2). Shell thickness was not influenced by maternal body weight groups. Similarly, Triyuwanta et al. (1992) reported that maternal weight had no significant effect on shell breaking strength. Table 1. Effect of maternal body weight on egg quality characteristics in quail Maternal body weight group Egg weight g Yolk weight g White weight g Shell weight g Shell thickness mm .213±.002a .217±.002a .211±.004a Light 10.50±.10c 3.58±.04b 6.05±.09b .869±.007b a a a Medium 11.70±.13 3.85±.06 6.92±.10 .928±.011a b b b 3.60±.09 6.81±.15 .884±.016b Heavy 11.29±.19 Source of variation Statistical analysis (Mean squares) Weight group 33.663*** 1.781** 19.370** .0792*** .00045 Linear 38.992*** .521* 28.249** .0428* .00001 Quadratic 28.334*** 3.041** 10.491** .116*** .00090 *P<.05 **P<.01 ***P<0.001, Light: 180-210 g; Medium: 211-240 g; Heavy: 241-270 g a,b,c Means for each trait with no common superscripts differ significantly Hatch weight was significantly affected by maternal body weight. The weights of day old chicks were 7.47, 8.24 and 8.47 g for the chicks hatched from light, medium and heavier females, respectively (Table 3). The effect of maternal body weight on hatch weight could be explained by a first order polynomial equation (Table 2). Yannakopoulos and Tserveni-Gousi (1987) found that egg weight did not affect the hatching weight if egg weight was above 11 g. The results of no significant differences between chicks hatched from medium and heavy breeders may be attributable to the egg weight. Body weights at 4 and 5 weeks of age were lighter when birds were produced from light females than those birds produced from medium and heavy females (Table 3). 11 Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996 Similar results reported by Triyuwanta et al. (1992) in dwarf broilers and by Yalçın et al. (1993) in broilers. For the body weights at 4 and 5 weeks of age, the responces to maternal body weight were best fit by first order polynomial equations (Table 2). Sex effect was significant at 4 and 5 weeks of age. Table 2. Linear (Y= B0+ B1 X) or quadratic (Y=B0 + B1 X + B2 X2) responses of several traits to maternal body weight groups Traits Egg weight Yolk weight White weight Shell weight Body weight Hatch 4 week 5 week Carcass Breast weight Wing weight B0 11.70 3.85 6.92 .93 B1 .3920 .0083 .3760 .0076 B2 -.801 -.262 -.488 -.051 8.10 111.68 136.60 .573 7.55 7.49 - 32.88 9.92 2.24 0.09 .103 Carcass weights of progenies were not affected by maternal body weight (Table 4). However, carcass weights of progenies were 91.69, 98.49, and 98.36 g, for the progenies hatched from light, medium and heavy female quail, respectively. Breast weight of progenies was significantly and linearly affected by the maternal weight, being lower for the quail hatched from light females (29.83 g versus 34.95 and 33.88 g for the birds hatched from light, medium and heavy weight females). Second order polynomial coefficients of the maternal body weight group were found to be significant for the weights of wing (Table 2). Sex had a significant effect on the weights of carcass, breast, and leg, being heavier in females. There were no significant effects of maternal body weight and sex on carcass nutrient composition of meat (Table 4). However, sex differences were significant for fat and dry matter content of meat for progenies hatched from medium and heavy female breeders led to a significant maternal body weight group by sex interaction. The results showed that egg quality characteristics, hatching weight, body weights at 4 and 5 weeks and breast part weight were significantly affected by maternal body weight of female quail. On the other hand, improved breeder flock uniformity, especially removing females lighter than flock average, may improve uniformity in weight of birds at hatchery and at the processing plant. 12 Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996 Table 3. Effect of maternal body weight of quail on body weight of the progeny Body weightg Hatch Male Female Mean 4 week Male Female Mean 5 week Male Female Mean Light Maternal body weight groups Medium Heavy 7.79± .21 7.27± .19 7.47± .15b 8.13± .29 8.35± .29 8.24± .22a 7.91± .36 9.21± .41 8.47± .28a 90.99±4.54 105.53±4.18 102.99±3.35b 103.57±5.70 130.50±7.54 113.36±4.96a 108.03±7.54 121.81±8.71 113.94±6.21a 124.90±4.76 133.14±4.21 129.50±3.28b 130.71±5.97 134.00±7.89 143.67±6.45 153.33±9.11 136.69±4.55ab 142.29±.621a Statistical analysis (Mean squares) 4 week 5 week 904.658* 688.418* 1346.481* 1371.082* 462.835 5.747 1869.358*** 1555.950* 410.764 88.681 Source of variation Hatch Weight group 8.266*** Linear 7.939*** Quadratic .327 Sex 1.038 Weight*Sex 4.350 *P<.05 **P<.01 ***P<0.001 a, b Means for ages with no common superscripts differ significantly 13 Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996 Table 4. Effect of maternal body weight of quail on the weight of carcass, carcass parts, and nutrient composition of the progeny Maternal body weight group Medium Heavy 91.67±5.21 93.70±5.82 105.32±5.21 103.20±6.72 98.49±3.62 98.36±4.34 Carcass g Light Male 90.64±5.21 Female 92.74±5.21 Mean 91.69±3.62 Wing, g Male 9.95± .68 9.57± .68 Female 9.93± .68 10.28± .68 9.93± .46b Mean 9.94± .46b Breast, g Male 28.82±1.98 31.99±1.99 Female 30.84±1.98 37.92±1.99 b 34.95±1.37a Mean 29.83±1.33 Leg, g Male 30.75±1.85 28.90±1.85 Female 30.75±1.85 34.20±1.85 Mean 30.75±1.33 31.55±1.33 Neck+back, g Male 19.45±1.38 19.10±1.38 Female 18.64±1.38 22.14±1.38 Mean 19.04± .97 20.62±. 97 Nutrient composition of carcass Protein, g/Kg Light Medium Male 181.0±2.1 181.4±2.1 Female 180.8±2.1 180.6±2.1 Mean 180.9±1.4 180.7±1.4 Fat, g/Kg Male 47.8± .7a 46.4± .7b a 48.6± .7a Female 46.2± .7 Mean 47.0± .6 47.5± .6 Dry matter, g/Kg Male 257.2±1.4a 258.0±1.4a a 254.1±1.4b Female 255.6±1.4 Mean 256.4±1.1 256.1±1.1 Statistical analysis (Mean squares) Source of Carcass Wing Breast Leg Neck+ variation Back Weight group 44.43 .095* 71.210* 9.994 6.357 Linear 216.40 .124* 82.732* 19.388 2.209 Quadratic 72.44 .066* 59.688 .600 10.507 Sex 461.25* .592 67.863* 92.614* 5.835 Wight*Sex 85.196 .346 9.595 24.804 9.476 *P<.05 **P<.01 ***P<0.001, a, b 10.02± .76 10.23± .88 10.13± .55a 32.04±2.22 35.69±2.56 33.88±1.64a 29.96±2.07 35.96±2.39 32.78±1.60 19.29±1.54 19.89±.178 19.61±1.16 Heavy 174.5±2.3 177.7±2.7 175.9±1.7 47.3± .7a 45.0± .9b 46.3± .7 255.2±1.6b 260.3±1.8a 257.4±1.3 Protein Fat 56.900 83.597 30.204 1.774 10.943 3.856 2.269 5.443 1.968 13.175* Dry matter 6.293 6.444 6.142 .072 41.693* Means for traits no common superscripts differ significantly ÖZET 14 Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996 Bıldırcınlarda (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) Ana Ağırlığının Yavru Performansına Etkisi 1. Bu çalışmada, Japon bıldırcınlarında ana ağırlığının yavru performansı üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. 2. Bireysel olarak tartılan 45 adet dişi ve erkek bıldırcın, canlı ağırlıklarına göre 3 gruba (hafif: 180-210 g, orta: 211-240 g, ağır: 241-270 g) ayrılmışlardır. Her ağırlık grubu için yumurta kalite özellikleri (bıldırcın/ağırlık grubu) incelenmiştir. Her ana ağırlık grubundan elde edilen yavrularda civciv çıkış ağırlığı, 4. ve 5. hafta canlı ağırlıkları ve karkas parça ağırlıkları belirlenmiş ve göğüs etinin besin madde içeriği saptanmıştır. 3. Yumurta kalite özellikleri ana ağırlıklarına göre quadratik değişim göstermiştir. 4. Hafif ağırlık grubundaki dişilerden elde edilen yavrularda, diğer gruplardan elde edilenlere göre, 4. ve 5. hafta canlı ağırlığı daha düşük bulunmuştur. Yavruların göğüs ağırlığı üzerine ana ağırlığının linear etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Göğüs etinin besin madde içeriği ana ağırlığından etkilenmemiştir. 5. Araştırma sonuçları, damızlık kademesinde düşük canlı ağırlıktaki dişilerin kümesten uzaklaştırılmasını ile kuluçkahanede ve kesimhanede bıldırcın ağırlığında birörnekliğin sağlanabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. REFERENCES AOAC (1980) Official methods of analysis (Washington, DC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists). HARVEY, W. R. (1987) User's guide for LSMLMW PC-1 version (Columbus, The Ohio State University, Department of Dairy Science). LEESON, l. & SUMMERS, J. D. (1987) Effect of immature body weight on laying performance. Poultry Science, 66: 1924-1928. LILBURN, M. S. & MYERS-MILLER, D. J. (1990) Effect of body weight, feed allowance, and dietary protein intake duringthe prebreeder period on early reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. Poultry Science, 69: 1118-1125. McNAUGHTON, J. L., DEATON J. W., REECE , F. N. & HAYNES, R. L. (1978) Effect of age of parents and hatching egg weight on broiler chick mortality. Poultry Science, 57: 38-44. STEEL, R. 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