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Print this article - Geological Society of India
SHORT COMMUNICATION SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY OF TERTIARY DEPOSITS IN A RECYCLED OROGENIC AREA, KALE-DENIZLI, WESTERN TURKEY E. BAYHAN and S. HASDIGEN Hacettepc University, Department of Geological Engineering. 06532 Beytepc, Ankara, Turkey Email: ebayhan@hacetteppe.edu.tr Sedimentary petrology of Tertiary deposits of KaleDenizli area of southwestern Turkey is presented in this short communication.Coupled with heavy mineral studies, the results obtained permit one to conclude that these sediments are products of a recycled orogen. Introduction The study area is located at the southwest of DenizliKale, Western Turkey (Fig.1). There are large number of previous studies which deal with geology of the area. l ~954), General geological studies were carried out by A l t ~ n(1 (SW Denizli); $im$ek (1 982), (Denizli-Sarayktry-Buldan); Gl)kw et al. (1 989), (Civril<ardak); Okay (1989), (SW Denizli, Menderes Massif); stratigraphical studies were carried out by Becker and Platen (1970) (SW Anatolia); Bilgin and Kaseoglu (1985), (Denizli -Babadag); Sozbilir et al. (2000) (~enizli-fmir);Hakyemez (1 987,1989), (Kale- Kurbal~k,SW Denizli); sedimentological studies were performed by Hakyemez and OrCen (1982), (Mugla- Denizli, S W Anatolia); Gdk~enand GUndogdu ( 1 984), (Denizli-Mugla); j! g 9 2 a.Sekko :gzz ;:.,I I Miocen Milet F r n o" Yataban Fm --- Kale Fm. - Kunar Yenldere Fm. Mortuma Fm. Kcrrodere Fm. Me*zo'cvm Paleozoic ~osernentRocks Fig.1. Location and geological map of the study area (aJ!er Ilakyc~ncr,,Y., 1989). JOUR GEOL.SOC INDIA, VOL 6 5 , APRIL 2005 SHORT COMMWlCATlON Algigek et al. (2000), (Cameli-Actpayam-Benizli); paleontological studies were carried out by Taner (1974, 1975), (Denizlj); GOk~en(1982))(Denizli-Mugla); Kaya (1993), (Sazak-Kale, DenizIi); Akglln and Stizbilir (200 I), (KaleTavas); Taner (200 I), (Denizli); Dumsnt et al, (1979), (SW Anatolia) and Ercan et al. (1983); (Denizli) have studied tectonics ofthe region. There are no detailed sedimentary petrological studies on this areas. The purpose of this study is to determine sedimentary petrological parameters and to interpret the provenance of the study area .in the global tectonic perspective. 4 83 measured (Fig.I) and samples taken firom these sections were utilised for sedimentary petrographical studies. Sections of selected samples were prepared to investigatemineralogical, petrographical and textural properties of these Tertiary deposits. These samples were also examined by using polarizing microscope. Grain size analysis of sandstone samples were evaluated in order to find their statistical parameters according to F o k (1 968). Petrographical modal. analysis of samples was carried out in order to determine the quantitativemineralogical aspects of sandstone samples, In addition to this, heavy mineral assemblages were also determined. - Stratigriphy In the study area, there are Paleozoic and Mesozoic basement rocks and sedimentary rocks which range in age between Oligocene and Quaternary, The sequence taken into consideration in the present study is of Tertiary age and is composed of Oligocene to Lower Miocene Akqay Group (Karadere Formation, Morturna Formation, Yenidere Formation, Kale Formation with lateral transition to KUnar Forrnation) as defined by Hakyemez (1 989). These deposits represent continental and partly lagoonal-marine clastics and carbonate rocks. Mugla Group (Sekkdy Formation, Yatagan Formation, Milet Formation) unconformably overlying the Akgay Group constitutes the Middle Miocene-Pliocene lacustrine continental sediments (Fig.1). Quaternary deposits overlie unconformably on all of these units (Hakyemez, 1989). . Methodology In the study area, five stratigraphic sections were Sedimentary Petrography Sandstone samples were examined horder to determine the location of source area, to find out the composition and to classify the sandstones. Results of modal analysis of the sandstone samples are given in Table 1. McBride's (1963) classification was applied to sandstone petrography (Fig.2), According to McBride9s(1 963), two feldspathic litharenite samples and 15 litharenite samples are found. On these sandstone samples textural studies were performed by using polarizing microscope. Grain size distribution curves were drawn and formulae suggested by Folk (1968) were applied with the help of these c w e s and by this way, statistical parameters of grain size distribution were determined (Table 1). Graphical skewness (SkJ values are between fmely skewed and near symmetrical. Graphical kurtosis (KG) values are between leptokurtic and mesokurtic. Sandstones are generally moderately sorted and the average grain size is between very fine and medium sand size. In addition Tablc 1. Percentages of the main components -of sandstones and statistical grain size parameter values of sanstones in Denizli-Kale region - Sample No. Quartz Feldspar Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Uftramafic MonoPolvRock Rock Rock Rock fragments fragments fragments fragments 'quartz quartz Binding Material M, Statistical parameters Si Ski KG - SHORT COMMUNICATION 484 Table 2. Heavy minerals of sandstones in Denizli-Kale region and their percentage abundance Sample No. Amphibole Pyroxene % % Epidote % Biotite/ Garnet chlorite (%) % % % YO Zircon YO Opaque YO Interpretation heavy minerah were examined to find the source rocks of this Tertiary sedimentary sequence. The abundances of heavy minerals in samples are presented in Table 2. It is supposed that heavy minerals such as pyroxenes, epidote, chlorite, garnet and glaucophane indicate a metamorphic source whiIe zircon, rutile, apatite and tourmaline show an acid-intermediate magmatic source (Pettijohn et aI. 1972; Tucker, 1992). I Quartz arenite Apatite Rutile Glaucophane and Chert) Statistical analysis of thin sections revealed that sandstones are fine-grained in size and semi-rounded in shape. Moreover; they are also platykurtic and leptokuirtic. Sandstone grains are generally cemented with carbonate cement and are moderately well sorted. In the study area, sandstones Ski-SI coordinate relations (Bjorlykke, 1989) show (Fig.3) the sandstones are characteristic of river sediment. Litharenites (Fig.2) are not only deposited in marine envirorrnent in frontal basins but also in proximal alluvial fans or in 7ther fluvial environments (Boggs, 1995). In the source area, 5edimentar-yand metamorphic rocks are more abundant as evidenced by the percentage of rock fragments. With the help of minerals, obtained from heavy mineral study, it can be suggested that the source area consists of magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rock units. These rock units might have supplied the material to the basin during Tertiary. Petrotectonic Facies (Feldspar] . - (~ockfra~ments) Fig.2. Classificationof Tertiary sandstones in Denizli-Kale region according to McBride (1963). According to Dickinson et al. (1983) plate tectonics controls the relation between provenance and basin and its determined by the dispersion of sandstones having different compositions. Therefore sandstone composition is directly related to sedimentaryprocesses, and provenance attributes. As per Q, F, L and Qm, F, L diagrams Dickinson et. al. (1 983) Fig.4, sandstone composition indicates undissected arc and recycled orogen provenance. Dickinson et al. (1 983) defined three main provenances recycled orogen, magmatic arc and continental block. Furthermore, recycled orogens are zones of plate convergence, where collision of major plates creates upliftid source areas along the collision suture belt (Boggs, 1995). Conciusions Fig.3. Plot of skewness versus sorting values of the sandstones in the study area in Bjorlykke (1989) diagram. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1- Based on modal analysis result of samples, it is observed that sandstonesare litharenite in composition. JUUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.65, APRIL 2005 SHORT COMMUNICATION Craton Interior Craton Transitional Continental Transitional Continental / Transitional AT' 0 4 ' Felds~ar Quarhose Recycled @ Arc 13./&- 7~.-l \ . - .. \ : ;',- \ /- , lJndlsse%& /- Arc Arc # Total unstable lithic fragments 50 -\.: \ Transitional Felds~ar 23 45 13 Unstable lithfc fragments plus polycrystalline quartz Fig.4. QFL and QlnFLt triangle diagram according to Dickinson et al. (1983) of the Tertiary sandstones in the study area. Q - Monoquartz+polyquartz; F Feldspar; L - volcanic+sedimentary+metamorphic rock fragments; Qm - Monoquartz; - Lt - Voicanic+sedimentary+rnetarnorphic+po~yquartz. Based on the heavy mineral sfudies, clastic rocks were derived from magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary source areas and the sedimentation basin was fed by these rock units during Tertiary: 2. Source area of the basin was sedimentaw rocks and ophioljtic rocks of id^ - id^ lid^ platform, and metamorphic rocks belonging to Menderes Massif. 3' Based On the sorting and diagrams it is concluded that the sediments were transported to the basin by rivers. 4. Based on diagrams of Dickinson et al. (1 983) it is concluded that they derived the material fiom cIastics fed kom undissected arc and recycled orogenic area. Acknowledgements: This study was accomplished under a project "stratigraphic tectonic and sedirnentological examination of Tertiary aged sequence in Outer Taurid Belt (Denizli-Burdur)" which was supported by the Hacettepe University Research Foundation. Authors thank the Hacettepe University for their suppod, and Prof. Dr. Abdurrahim Sahbaz (Mugla University), Sezai Gdrm(iS and Dr. Cemal Tunoglu, Dr. Kagan Tekin (Hacettepe University) for their help, and authors would like to thank the reviewers for their vafuablecomments. References AKGON,F. and SOZBILIR H. (200 1) A palynostratigraphic approach BJORLYKKE, K. (1989) Sedirnentology and Petroleum Geology. to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasse. Geodinamica Acta, v. 14, pp.71-93. ALCICEK, M., K A Z A N CN. ~ ,and OZKUL, M. (2000) CameliAclpayam (Denizli, GB Tiirkiye) Neojen havzas~ve tortul dolgusu. 53. Tiirkiye Jeoloji Kurultayi Bildiri ozleri,Ankara, pp.20 1-203. A~T~N I. L E.~(1954) , Denizli guneyinin jeolojik incelenmesi. M.T.A. Enst. rapor no:2794, Ankara, 110p. BECKER-PLATEN, J.D. ( I 970) LithostratigraphischeUnterschungen in Kanozoikum Siidwest-Anatoliens (Kanozoikum und Braunkohlen der Turkei. 2)-Beih. Geol. Jb., Hannover, v.97, 244 p. BILGIN, A. and KOSEOCLU, M. (1985) Denizli - Babadag dolayln~n stratigrafisi. Akdenii universitesi Isparta Mlihendislik Fakiiltesi Dergisi, Isparta, v.1, pp. 29-65. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 363p. BOGGS, Jr. S. (1 995) Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 774p. DICKMSON, W.R., BEARD, S.L., BRAKENRIDGE, R.G, ERJAVEC, J.L., FERGUSON, R.C., INMAN,K.F., KNEPP, R.A., LTNDBERG, F.A. and RYBERG, P.T. (1983) Provenance of North American Pharozic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.94, pp.222-235. DUMONT, J. F., UYSAL, $., SIMSEK, $. and KARAMANDEwsI, I.H. (1979) Giineybatl Anadolu'daki grabenlerin olugumu. M.T.A. Dergisi, Ankara, v.92, pp. 1 17. ERCAN,T., G ~ A YE. , and BA$,H. (1983) Denizli volkanitlerinin petrolojisi ve plaka tektonigi a~isindanb6lgesel yorumu. Ttlrkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Blilteni, Ankara, v.26, pp.153160. - 486 SHORT COMMUNICATION MCBRIDE, E. F. (1963) A classification of common sand-stones. FOLK,R.L.(1968) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill's, Jour. Sed. Petrology, v.33, pp.664-669. Austin-Texas, 170p. OKAY,A.I., (1989) Denizli'nin guneyinde Menderes Masifi ve GOKCEN,N. (1982) Denizli ve Mugla qevresi neojen istifinin Likya napiarin~njeolojisi. 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(1982) Denizl i-Saraykiiy Buldan alanlnln jeoloj isi vc Senozoyik y a ~ hqokel kayalar~njeolojisi ve stratigrafisi. jeotermal enerji olanaklar~.Istanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi fstanbul ~niversitesi,Ph.D. Thesis, ~stanbul,84p. Yaylnlar~,~stanbul,v. 1, pp. 145-162. HAKYEMEZ, Y. (1989) Kale-Kurbal~k(GB Denizli) bolgesindeki TANER, G. (1974) Denizli blilgesi Neajen'inin paleontoloj ik ve Senozoyik y q l l qokel kayalar~njeolojisi ve stratigrafisi.MTA stratigrafik etiidu. M.T.A. Derg., Ankara, v.83, pp. 145-178. TANER, G. (1975) Denizli bolgesi Neojen'inin paleontolojik ve Derg., v.109, pp.9-21. HAKYEMEZ, Y. and ORCEN,S. (1982) Mugla-Denizli araslndaki stratigrafik etiidii. M.T.A. Derg., Ankara, v.85, pp.45-67. (Giineybati Anadolu) Senozoyik y a ~ l lqokel kayalarin TANER,G. (200 1) Denizli Bolgesi Neojenine ait katlarln stratigrafik sedimantolojik ve biyostratigrafik incelenmesi.MTARaporu, konumlarinda yeni duzenleme. Tiirkiye Jeoloji Kurultayl, No.73 11, 236p. Bildiri ~ z l e r iAnkara, , 11-54?pp.21. KAYA,T. (1993) Sazak (Kale - Denizli) Geq Miyosen TUCKER, M.E. (1992) Sedimentary Petrology. Blackwell, Qxford, Perissodactyla' si. M.T.A. Dergisi, Ankara, v.115, pp.35-43. 260p. (Received: 19December 2003; Revised form accepted: 1 7 December 2004) JOUR.GEOL.SOC.MDIA, VOL.65, APRIL 2005