Connected Vehicle
Transkript
Connected Vehicle
MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TEKNOLOJİ FAKÜLTESİ OTONOM ARAÇLAR BAĞLI ARAÇ TEKNOLOJİLERİ Abdullah DEMİR, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Teknolojide öyle gelişmeler var ki adeta bugüne kadar bildiğiniz şeyleri unutun cinsinden. Daha düne kadar uçaklarda otomatik pilot uygulaması var diye bakıyorduk. Şimdi otomobillere de geliyor. Artık sensor teknolojisi o kadar gelişti ki araçlar kendi aralarındaki mesafeleri kendileri ölçüyor. Şoför frene basmasa bile araç kendi basıyor. Artık dijital ortamda tanımlanmış yollarda sürücüsüz araç görme imkanımız var. Şimdi daha ileri teknolojiler de gelişmeye başladı. İnterneti biz insanlar arası iletişimde kullanıyorduk. Artık her şeyin interneti günlük hayatımıza girdi. Artık araçlar konuşacak. Araçların içerisindeki parçalar birbirleriyle konuşacak. Siz direksiyon koltuğunda giderken kitabınızı okuyacaksınız, tanımlanmış yolda araç kendi kendine gidecek. İleride bir araç yeri geldiğinde havalanıp yoluna devam edebilecek… Karayolu taşımacılığı birçok teknoloji değişiminden etkilenmeye devam ediyor. Örneğin kablosuz teknoloji, araçların birbiriyle ve altyapı bileşenleriyle konuşmasına yardımcı olurken ileri seviye sürüş destek sistemleri uyarı özelliği ve sınırlı miktarda otomasyon imkanı sağlar. Bu teknolojik değişimleri tetikleyen en önemli faktörler; sensör, aktüatör, kablosuz bağlantı ve yapay zeka gibi sistemlerinin çoğalması olmuştur. Bu sistemler aracın, gerçek sürücülerin algılayamayacağı çevre şartlarını bile algılamasını ve uygun şekilde hareket etmesini sağlar. Otomatik araç teknolojisi tehlikeli durumları algılar ve sürücüye gerekli uyarıyı yapabilir; hatta araç sisteminin kontrolünü bile yapabilir. Bağlı araç teknolojisi sayesinde araçlar birbirleriyle ve karayolu altyapısıyla sürekli iletişim halindedir. Paylaşılan bilgi, ulaşım şartlarının daha güvenli ve verimli olmasını sağlar. Otomasyon ve bağlanabilirlik, güvenlik, hareketlilik, rahatlık ve çevresel performanstaki iyileştirmelerin yanı sıra ekonomik gelişim ve endüstriyel büyüme için de çok önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Otomobil üreticileri, otomobil tedarikçileri, devlet kurumları, üniversiteler, araştırma kurumları ve diğer kuruluşlar birbirleriyle işbirliği yaparak yeni teknolojiler üreterek bu fırsatlardan yararlanmaya çalışıyor. Joshua Cregger, (Çeviri : Onur Kulaat), Otomatik ve Bağlı Araç Teknolojileri: Otomotiv Sektörünün Yeni Teknolojisi http://www.otomasyondergisi.com.tr/arsiv/yazi/70-otomatik-ve-bagli-arac-teknolojileri-otomotiv-sektorunun-yeni-teknolojisi Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 Automated Vehicle Terminology Automated vehicles are those in which at least some aspect of safety‐critical control function (e.g., steering, throttle, or braking) occurs without direct driver input Autonomous vehicles are those which operate in isolation from other vehicles using internal sensors Connected vehicles are those which use wireless technology to communicate among vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and other road users. Connected automated vehicles are those which leverage autonomous and connected vehicle capabilities “driverless”, “self-driving”, “autonomous” Manual driving (free agent) human sensing and human control Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) sensing + automated longitudinal control Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) sensing + V2V communication + automated longitudinal control Autonomous vehicles Sensing, communication and lateral and longtidinal control are fully automated, humans not in the loop H. Michael Zhang, Stability of CACC Vehicle Platoons in a Semi-autonomous Driving Environment,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China July 1, 2014 The “Language” of Autonomous Vehicle Juergen Weyer, Vice President Automotive Sales EMEA - The Intelligent Automated Vehicle: the Last IoT Node, M A R . 0 5 . 2 0 1 5 Advanced Driver Assistance System Applications Juergen Weyer, Vice President Automotive Sales EMEA - The Intelligent Automated Vehicle: the Last IoT Node, M A R . 0 5 . 2 0 1 5 Simplified Autonomous Vehicle Model Nesnelerin İnterneti (Internet of Things) kısaca IoT teknolojisi Juergen Weyer, Vice President Automotive Sales EMEA - The Intelligent Automated Vehicle: the Last IoT Node, M A R . 0 5 . 2 0 1 5 Progress Toward Autonomous Vehicle Juergen Weyer, Vice President Automotive Sales EMEA - The Intelligent Automated Vehicle: the Last IoT Node, M A R . 0 5 . 2 0 1 5 Automated Driving – Computing Challenges Processing resources need to be dynamically managed to execute probabilistic AND deterministic functions ... Within the same vehicle context Juergen Weyer, Vice President Automotive Sales EMEA - The Intelligent Automated Vehicle: the Last IoT Node, M A R . 0 5 . 2 0 1 5 Computing Challenges – FSL Solution Juergen Weyer, Vice President Automotive Sales EMEA - The Intelligent Automated Vehicle: the Last IoT Node, M A R . 0 5 . 2 0 1 5 Automated vehicles Full automation Highway Pilot Automation intersection Overtake Assistance Urban platooning Emergency stop High automation Platooning Traffic Jam Assistant Crash Avoidance – Braking & Steering Partial automation Energy Eff. Intersection control Dynamic Speed adaptation Driver assistance Lane Keeping System Automated Emergency Braking System Driver only Cruise control Urban Highway Maxime Flament, "VRA: Support action for Vehicle and Road Automation network", ITFVHA meeting, 13 Oct 2013 Robert Leibinger, Software Architectures for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Elektrobit Automotive GmbH, July 7th, 2015 SAE J3016 Definitions – Levels of Automation Fundamental Issues in Road Transport Automation; Steven E. Shladover and Richard Bishop, ITS America Webinar, July 15, 2015 Example Systems at Each Automation Level Level Example Systems Driver Roles 1 Adaptive Cruise Control OR Lane Keeping Assistance Must drive other function and monitor driving environment 2 Adaptive Cruise Control AND Lane Keeping Assistance Traffic Jam Assist Must monitor driving environment (system nags driver to try to ensure it) 3 “Traffic Jam Pilot” Driverless valet parking in garage May read a book, text, or web surf, but be prepared to intervene when needed 4 “Highway driving pilot” Closed campus shuttle (driverless) May sleep, and system can revert to minimum risk condition if needed 5 Automated taxi (even for children) Car-share repositioning system No driver needed Fundamental Issues in Road Transport Automation; Steven E. Shladover and Richard Bishop, ITS America Webinar, July 15, 2015 Connected/Automated Vehicles – Issues for Transportation Research AASHTO Research Advisory Committee and Transportation Research Board State Representatives Annual Meeting, July 23, 2014 Ellen Partridge, Chief Counsel, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Levels of Autonomous Driving (AD) Robert Leibinger, Software Architectures for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Elektrobit Automotive GmbH, July 7th, 2015 Key Areas of NHTSA’s Levels 2 to 4 Automation Research Connected/Automated Vehicles – Issues for Transportation Research AASHTO Research Advisory Committee and Transportation Research Board State Representatives Annual Meeting, July 23, 2014 Ellen Partridge, Chief Counsel, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Connected and Automated Vehicles The path toward connected vehicles will ultimately lead to automated vehicles. Connected/Automated Vehicles – Issues for Transportation Research AASHTO Research Advisory Committee and Transportation Research Board State Representatives Annual Meeting, July 23, 2014 Ellen Partridge, Chief Counsel, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) V2V, V2I, V2P, V2x: Vehicle-to-Vehicle; Vehicle-to Infrastructure; Vehicle-to-Pedestrian; Vehicle-to anything Ulusal Karayolu Trafik Güvenliği İdaresi, "Taşıtlar Arası Telekomünikasyon" adı verilen teknolojinin yasalaşması ve uygulanmaya başlanması için rapor yayımladı. Araçlara özel olarak yerleştirilecek cihaz ile araçların kaza yapma riski azaltılmış olacak. Olası Kazalar Önlenecek: Özellikle hatalı sollama ve kavşak kazalarını önleyerek, her yıl binin üzerinde kişinin hayatını kurtarması beklenen taşıtlar arası telekomünikasyon teknolojisi, radyo sinyallerini kullanarak çalışacak. Bu teknolojiye sahip araçlar, birbirlerinin konumunu, yönünü ve hızını anında öğrenebilecek. Böylece, otomobiller kırmızı ışık ihlali yapacak başka bir aracı önceden fark ederek, olası bir kazayı önleyebilecek. Yaklaşık 300 metrelik alandaki araçlara ait bilgileri işleme kapasitesi sunacak teknolojiyle sürücüler, kendilerinden onlarca araç uzaklıktaki bir arabanın ani fren yaptığını öğrenebilecek. • Araçsal Ağlar 5.9 GHz bandında, 75 MHzlik band genişliğine sahip, yüksek veri transfer hızı (6-27 Mbps) sunan DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) standardını kullanır. • Bu standarda göre yol üzerinde hareket halindeki araçlar; mevki, zaman, yön, hız, trafik durumu bilgilerini içeren rutin trafik mesajını yaymak zorundadır. • • • • • Data is transmitted 10 times/sec (300 m range) Privacy is built-in (vehicle location is NOT intended to be recorded or tracked) Wi-Fi radio adapted for vehicle environment Inexpensive to produce in quantity Original FCC spectrum allocation in 1999, revised in 2004 and 2006 V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle), araçların yoldayken birbirlerine yönleri, konumları ve hız bilgilerini göndermeleri üzerine kurulmuş bir haberleşme standardıdır. 1999’da Amerika'da ilk girişimlerini yaptığı bu sistem daha sonra Cadillac araçlarında ilk denemeleri yapılarak faaliyete geçmiştir. BMW, Daimler, Honda, Audi, Volvo gibi diğer üreticiler de bu sistem üzerine çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir. Amerika’da 2014 Nisan ayında yayınlanan haberlere göre yetkililerin bu konuyu bir standart haline getirmek üzerine yasal çalışmaları onaylamaya yakın oldukları belirtilmiş ve 2017 yılından itibaren zorunlu olması planlanmıştır. http://www.m2mturkiye.com/vehicle2vehicle/ V2V Güvenli Haberleşme Teknolojilerinin Faydaları Geliştirilen bu sistem, araçlar arasında ve araç – karayolu arasında kablosuz iletişim kurarak; • Ölüm ve yaralanmalı kazaların azaltılması • Trafikte can güvenliğinin arttırılması • Ulaşım sürelerinin optimizasyonu • Trafik verimliliğinin artırılması • Sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltılmasını hedeflenmektedir. Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt V2V Güvenli Haberleşme Teknolojileri HMI Ünitesi V2V sistemi; • Araç CAN haberleşme altyapısına dinleyici modda bağlanarak güncel araç bilgilerini alır. • Kendi bilgilerini 802.11p protokolü kullanarak diğer araç ve altyapılara yayınlar. • Çevresindeki araç ve yapılardan aldığı bilgileri işler ve araç kullanıcısını HMI ünitesi üzerinden bilgilendirir. Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt V2V ile araç kullanıcısı; Çarpışma olasılığı, Kavşak noktasına yaklaşma, Güvenli fren ve takip mesafesi, Çevresindeki araçlar ve trafik bilgisi, Trafik ışıklarının durumu, Aracın kör noktalarındaki durum, Acil durum araçları hakkında bilgilendirilerek güvenli sürüş sağlar. Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt 1. Ad Hoc ağlar 2. Wireless LAN 3. Cell broadcast 4. DSRC 5. UWB (Ultra Wide Band) Gül Türker, Araçlarda On Board Diagnostic Sistem ve Mobil Cihaz Uygulamaları, ab.org.tr/ab14/sunum/9.ppt Reading Text: IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard to add wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE), a vehicular communication system. It defines enhancements to 802.11 (the basis of products marketed as Wi-Fi) required to support Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. This includes data exchange between high-speed vehicles and between the vehicles and the roadside infrastructure in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz). IEEE 1609 is a higher layer standard based on the IEEE 802.11p. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11p The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ya da kısaca IEEE (Türkçe: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisleri Enstitüsü) Reading Text: The IEEE 802.11p wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE) protocol providing for vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle radio communication is currently under standardization. We provide an NS-2 simulation study of the proposed IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol focusing on vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. We show that the specified MAC parameters for this protocol can lead to undesired throughput performance because the backoff window sizes are not adaptive to dynamics in the numbers of vehicles attempting to communicate. We propose two solutions to this problem. One is a centralized approach where exact information about the number of concurrent transmitting vehicles is used to calculate the optimal window size, and the other is a distributed approach in which vehicles use local observations to adapt the window size.We show that these schemes can provide significant improvements over the standard MAC protocol under dense and dynamic conditions. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4640898&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp %3Farnumber%3D4640898 Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt Temel Teknoloji ve Standartlar İlgili Paydaşlar Yeni iş alanları ve fırsatları Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt Geçiş Üstünlüğü Kavşak Senaryosu Işıklı Kavşak Uyarı Senaryosu Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt Otoyol Trafik Sıkışıklığı Uyarısı Senaryosu Otoyol Kaza Uyarısı Senaryosu Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt Bülent Erbaş, www.ubak.gov.tr/BLSM_WIYS/.../20130329_170343_204_1_64.ppt Noah Goodall, VDOT’s Connected Vehicle Program, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research, ASHE Old Dominion Section Meeting, June 13, 2013 Manual driving (free agent) human sensing and human control Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) sensing + automated longitudinal control Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) sensing + V2V communication + automated longitudinal control Autonomous vehicles Sensing, communication and lateral and longtidinal control are fully automated, humans not in the loop H. Michael Zhang, Stability of CACC Vehicle Platoons in a Semi-autonomous Driving Environment,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China July 1, 2014 Single vehicle control Vehicle platooning Platoon Leader H. Michael Zhang, Stability of CACC Vehicle Platoons in a Semi-autonomous Driving Environment,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China July 1, 2014 Teknolojik Liderlik ve Lokasyon Avantajları Teknolojik liderlik birçok sektördeki lokasyon kararlarının alınmasında önemli bir faktör haline gelmiştir. Birçok eyalet, bağlı ve otomatik araç teknolojisi için yapılacak yeni test yatakları ve Ar-Ge merkezleri gibi yatırımların peşinden koşsa da Michigan ve California bu alanda liderliği kimseye kaptırmıyor. Michigan, kuzey Amerika'daki en büyük otomotiv ArGe merkezi oluşu, birçok otomotiv üreticisi ve Tier-1 tedarikçilerine ev sahipliği yapması gibi özelliklerinden dolayı yatırımcıların ilgi odağı oluyor. Benzer bir şekilde Silikon Vadisi gibi bir oluşuma ev sahipliği yapması ve birçok otomotiv üretim tesisini içerisinde barındırması California'nın otomotiv teknoloji merkezi olarak tanınmasını kolaylaştırıyor. Joshua Cregger, (Çeviri : Onur Kulaat), Otomatik ve Bağlı Araç Teknolojileri: Otomotiv Sektörünün Yeni Teknolojisi http://www.otomasyondergisi.com.tr/arsiv/yazi/70-otomatik-ve-bagli-arac-teknolojileri-otomotiv-sektorunun-yeni-teknolojisi Connected Vehicle - Platooning “Computer Monitored Drafting” • • • • Vehicles travel closely together (drafting) resulting in a lower drag coefficient improving fuel economy, while reducing both emissions and traffic congestion. Spacing between vehicles can range from 2 - 10 meters with larger vehicles (class 8 trucks) having wider gaps. Inter-vehicle communication systems and cooperative cruise control technology allows speed updates to vehicles every 20 msec allowing the “convoy train” to automatically make adjustments to speed and gap space. Would new laws/regulations be required to permit platooning? Technology Assessment: Engine and Powerplant Optimization and Vehicle and Trailer Efficiency, Trucks and TRU Session, September 2, 2014 Connected Vehicle - Platooning • • • • • • Pilot studies have shown fuel consumption/GHG savings ranging from about 10-21% in trial trucks to 310% fuel consumption savings in the lead truck (1). Anticipated costs cover additional safety features and sensors. Large scale testing of platooning possible on public roads by 2015 with goals of developing a reliable selfdriving system within 5 years and implementing the technology sometime within the next decade. Implementation Challenges Public Acceptance: Driver Discomfort, Safety Issues What happens during an unforeseen emergency? Joining/Leaving Platoon How to keep platoons from hindering ability of other vehicles to merge onto highways? Technology Assessment: Engine and Powerplant Optimization and Vehicle and Trailer Efficiency, Trucks and TRU Session, September 2, 2014 Bağlı araç teknolojisi, DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communications) gibi teknolojileri kullanarak araçların birbirleriyle ve karayolu altyapısıyla haberleşmesini sağlamaktadır. DSRC, GSM ya da taşıt iletişimi için özel olarak tasarlanmış 5.9 GHz spektrumunu kullanan bir kablosuz kanaldır. Bağlı araç sistemleri kurulumu fabrikada yapılarak araca monte ya da araca kablolu/kablosuz ara yüzlerle bağlanabilen mobil cihazlar olarak kullanılabilir. Operasyon halindeki birçok araçta (GM OnStar, Ford Sync, Chrysler Uconnect) farklı bağlantı çeşitleri vardır. Bağlı araç teknolojisi iki farklı haberleşme şeklinden oluşur: araçtan-araca (V2V) ve araçtan-altyapıya (V2I). V2V, doğrudan iki araç arasındaki haberleşmedir. V2I, araçlar ve karayolu, trafik işaretleri, köprüler ve karayolu altyapısının diğer bileşenleri arasındaki iletişimi içerir. V2V ve V2I haberleşme yetenekleriyle donatılmış araçlar sürüş sırasında bir veri yayını (fren durum, yer, yön, hız ve diğer araç verileri) yapar. Sistem gerektiğinde sürücüyü uyarmak için ses, ışık, ekran görüntüsü ve koltuk titreşimi gibi işaretler kullanır. Dedicated Short-range Communications (DSRC): Tahsis Edilmiş Kısa Mesafe İletişim Joshua Cregger, (Çeviri : Onur Kulaat), Otomatik ve Bağlı Araç Teknolojileri: Otomotiv Sektörünün Yeni Teknolojisi http://www.otomasyondergisi.com.tr/arsiv/yazi/70-otomatik-ve-bagli-arac-teknolojileri-otomotiv-sektorunun-yeni-teknolojisi Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 • • • 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short-range Communications (DSRC) 4G and older 3G cellular networks provide high-bandwidth data communications Other wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, satellite, and HD radio may have roles to play Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 • Benefits of the DSRC communications technology: • Reduced price • Improved reliability → fewer false alarms • Increased performance → addresses more crash scenarios • Challenges of the DSRC communications technology: • Both parties (vehicle/vehicle or vehicle/infrastructure) need to be equipped to gain benefit • Requires security infrastructure Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 • A system of specifications and requirements that allow the various components of V2I hardware, software and firmware to work together. • An agency will be able to select the capabilities and applications desired at a given installation. Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 • Definition of General Services: • Data Distribution • Security Credential Management • Infrastructure Management • Capabilities/Principles: • Secure exchange of trusted data between users and applications without pre-existing relationship or entering into a permanent relationship • Assurance of privacy between users and from third parties • More efficient data collection from various sources and distribution to many users Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 • Announced on February 3rd, 2014 for light vehicles; ANPRM issued on August 18, 2014 • Primary purpose: enable collision warnings to drivers prior to a crash • Based on several years of research including the safety pilot model deployment – 3000 vehicle road test in Ann Arbor, Michigan • Report Released 8/20/2014 • ANPRM Published 8/20/2014 • Security and privacy protections built into contemplated system • No exchanging or recording of personal information • No tracking of vehicle movements • After circulating the research report for public comment, NHTSA will then begin working on a regulatory proposal to require V2V devices in new light vehicles in a future year • Decision on heavy vehicles planned at end of 2014 Jim Arnold, Connected Vehicles -The Basics, 2014 Michigan • Michigan birçok bağlı araç altyapı çalışmasına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Test ortamı yatırımları birçok alanda yapılmıştır. Bunlar arasında Ulaştırma Bakanlığı (USDOT), Oakland ve Wayne bölgelerindeki test gelişim alanları, Auburn Hills’deki Chrysler Teknoloji Merkezi, Novi'deki Rock Financial Showplace, Southfield'daki bağlı araç deney merkezi, uluslararası Michigan sürat pisti, Telegraph yolunun 12. ve 15. milleri, Farmington Hills ve Owosso yer alır. Bağlı araç teknolojisi için en son kurulan büyük test alanı Ann Arbor, Michigan'da bulunan USDOT "Emniyet Pilot Modeli Yerleşkesi" dir. • Test için kullanılan araçların 64'ü yerleşik cihaza ve yaklaşık 300'ü de satış sonrası takılan cihaza sahiptir. • Bağlı araç teknolojisinin geliştirilmesinde görev alan ve Delphi, DENSO ve Visteon gibi Michigan'da tesisi olan firmalar bu teknolojinin kurulumundan büyük fayda sağlayacaktır. California • California, güçlü üniversite sistemi ve Silikon Vadisi sayesinde önemli bir araştırma merkezidir. Joshua Cregger, (Çeviri : Onur Kulaat), Otomatik ve Bağlı Araç Teknolojileri: Otomotiv Sektörünün Yeni Teknolojisi http://www.otomasyondergisi.com.tr/arsiv/yazi/70-otomatik-ve-bagli-arac-teknolojileri-otomotiv-sektorunun-yeni-teknolojisi • Vehicle Electronics • Navigation Systems • Infotainment Systems • Approaches to Voice and Infotainment Connectivity • Automaker Telematics System Architecture • Aftermarket Telematics Systems • Wireless Communications Technologies • Cloud Computing and Data Analytics • Intelligent Transportation Systems Infotainment: combination of information and entertainment Telematics: the application of both telecommunications and informatics in to deliver value-added services in the automotive context. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 VEHICLE ELECTRONICS • RFID TAGS • EVENT DATA RECORDERS: Event Data Recorders (“EDRs”) predate • modern telematics. It is estimated that 96% of recent model cars are now equipped with EDR capability and the U.S. National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) has proposed that they be made mandatory on all light passenger vehicles. M2M CONNECTIVITY: Telematics is a form of machine-to-machine (“M2M”) communication: the flow of data between network connected devices, without the need for human interaction. “The basic M2M operation is that remote sensors gather data and send it (wirelessly or wired) to a network, where it gets routed, through the Internet or cellular network, to a centralized server. On the server, the data gets analyzed and acted upon according to specific software in place. Data collected could include device identity, location, status, condition and so on. Data could be uni-directional or bi-directional. The transactions are primarily useful for improved decision making, better business processes and enhanced operational efficiencies. The scope is far reaching because it is not only about smart devices having an IP address but being able to link even passive objects on the network. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Most of today’s Connected Cars include a navigation system, whether built-in or brought-in. Built-in navigation systems may be stand-alone (i.e., based on their own control unit) or integrated with the telematics system. Regardless, they require a GPS antenna, a computer processor and a user display. The antenna receives signals from the GPS satellites orbiting around earth, and the computer uses these signals to determine the vehicle’s location to within a few meters, displaying it on a digital screen that is embedded in or mounted on the dashboard. Vehicle-based navigation systems increasingly incorporate external traffic, weather and road condition data from various sources in order to detect problems ahead and suggest alternative routes. They can also access information on local businesses and points of interest, allowing drivers to search using the vehicle system. Past routes can usually be stored in the system and retrieved later. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Infotainment systems, like navigation systems, can be stand-alone or integrated with the vehicle bus in order to make use of location data or other vehicle data. Either way, they typically involve their own operating systems to organize and manage their many functions and features. These include a dashboard interface, a system for connecting the vehicle to the internet so as to enable various private and/or public cloud based services and applications, and voice recognition systems that allow drivers to engage in hands-free communications and operation of the infotainment system. Once “paired” with the car’s internal system, the user’s phone connects with the car system each time it enters the vehicle. Calls can then be automatically transferred between the phone and the vehicle seamlessly, downloading or uploading preferences, contacts, calendar data and other content from the phone. Finally, modern cars are increasingly equipped with interior microphones and video cameras for hands-free communication as well as monitoring purposes. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 In order to transfer data wirelessly, a modem is required to modulate and demodulate signals. For voice and other human-generated wireless communications, a Subscriber Identity Module (“SIM”) is required to authenticate and authorize the end-user. Each SIM has a unique serial number, international mobile subscriber identity and authentication codes. SIM cards also hold the subscriber’s phone contacts and network-specific data, and can be programmed to display custom menus on the user’s device. Embedded SIM Cards Until recently, SIM cards could not be remotely programmed; they had to be manually swapped and updated in order to switch carriers, e.g., when the customer travelled to a different geographic region. This facilitates embedded connectivity in vehicles, by allowing carmakers (or vehicle owners, if the carrier’s contract is with the owner) to change carriers over the life of a connected vehicle without having to physically replace the SIM card. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Although OEM telematics systems can be designed in many different ways, a typical design includes the following key components: • A Telematics Control Unit (“TCU”) located in the vehicle and connected to the vehicle bus; • A GPS receiver that is attached to or forms part of the TCU; • A network operations hub (“Telematics Operations Centre”), located outside the vehicle, where data from the TCU is processed, other data is gathered, and telematics services are delivered; • A wireless communications system over which data and voice communications are exchanged between the TCU and the network operations centre; • A call centre where customer service representatives can communicate with vehicle occupants; and • Service and content providers who provide information, entertainment, and other services (e.g., traffic feeds, music, video, on-demand streaming of data) to the network operations hub for use in various telematics and infotainment applications. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 There are two primary differences between automaker and aftermarket telematics/infotainment systems: First, while automaker systems are internal to the car, aftermarket systems rely upon a device (“dongle”) that attaches to the OBD-II port and thereby provides access to vehicle data. The device also includes a built-in modem permitting it to communicate with both the customer and the service provider. It may also include a GPS unit, or may instead rely upon the customer’s mobile device for location information. Second, the interface for automaker infotainment systems is typically a screen or other unit built into the vehicle dashboard. Aftermarket providers do not have access to this interface, and must either rely upon the user’s mobile device or provide their own separate interface device that can be mounted on the car dashboard. Dongle: Güvenlik cihazı, Yazılımı koruyucu donanım. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Telematics uses a variety of wireless communications technologies depending on the application. Different functions require different distance ranges, speeds and reliability of communication and therefore call for different communication technologies. For example, safety-critical vehicle-based applications require high reliability but not high bandwidth, while internet streamed radio and video require high bandwidth but not high reliability. Short-range wireless communications within the vehicle, such as those connecting user smartphones to the car’s dashboard display or to the aftermarket dongle, are typically handled by Personal Area Network systems such as Bluetooth or Wireless USB. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Dedicated Short Range Communication, suitable for safety-critical applications in the 300 m – 500 m range, is being promoted for use in public safety-related Intelligent Transportation Systems. Communication of data between the TCU and the Operations Centre is typically handled by cellular communications. Cellular communications are rapidly evolving from second generation (2G) networks offering download speeds of 140 kbps, to 3G with speeds of up to 14 mbps, and now 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) offering 173 mbps, making it possible for carmakers to offer high bandwidth services such as internet access. Wireless Local Area Network technology, known as Wi-Fi, is also used together with high speed cellular communications to turn cars into moving internet “hotspots” with the capacity to link several devices within the car to the internet at a given time. Hotspots: (Bilgisayar) popüler noktalar The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 “Cloud computing” and data analytics are important tools used by telematics systems providers to process and use the increasing amount of data generated by telematics systems. Cloud computing is the distribution of computing tasks over several servers and other computer equipment so as to make efficient use of computing resources. Rather than each company using its own server to store and analyze data, several companies can pool server resources so as to provide faster and more reliable access to stored data. These pooled resources are referred to as a “cloud.” They must be managed to ensure that they have the necessary power, scalability, security, data storage and other capacities required by their users. Cloud services are offered by specialized cloud service providers or managed internally by large companies. Cloud computing: Bulut bilişim. Pooled: Birleştirilmiş The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 As one industry insider noted, “…connected cars need data. Lots of data. …But as connected cars before were sophisticated rolling wired devices, the amount of information flowing back and forth from them will skyrocket. And so they will demand for the cloud’s scalability and storage capabilities. The cloud also provides sophisticated processing and analytical capabilities. The cloud is the central hub where all of this quickly changing, far-flung information will pass through. It will provide the platform for making sense of this data. And the cloud is also the home for building and developing the apps and programs used by cars on the road.” far-flung: Çok uzaklara yayılmış The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Intelligent Transportation Systems involve the development of interoperable, networked wireless communications among vehicles and roadside infrastructure, as well as pedestrians, cyclists and other physical things on or near the roadway. The systems use a variety of mobile sensors (e.g., radar, GPS, laser, video, light and thermal) and fixed sensors (e.g., traffic counters, cameras and weather instruments), together with wireless communications (Dedicated Short Range Communication), backend computing and information management (cloud computing) to allow vehicles, other mobile devices and roadside infrastructure to communicate with each other. ITS are only possible if a representative amount of data can be collected, processed and made available, all in real time. As explained in the previous chapter under “Public Mandates”, Intelligent Transportation Systems are being developed by the public sector with the participation of the private sector, for public interest purposes. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Live Agent Assistance Automatic Collision Notification and Emergency Assistance Roadside Assistance Concierge Services Remote Monitoring and Control Remote Vehicle Diagnostics Remote Software Updates Fleet Management Usage-Based Insurance (“UBI”) Automotive Financing Car Sharing Electric Vehicles Convenience applications Location-Based Services Enhanced Navigation Geo-fencing Destination Finding and Local Search services Location-based Advertising Stolen Vehicle Recovery The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Personal Connectedness and Infotainment Hands-free Communications Contacts and Calendars Infotainment Wi-Fi Hotspot Health and Wellness Applications Enhanced Safety Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Driver Monitoring Autonomous Cars Intelligent Transportation Systems Taxation and Tolls Distance-based Road Taxation Electronic Tolling The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Enhanced Safety Advanced Driver Assistance Systems All carmakers are now equipping vehicles with increasingly sophisticated advanced driver assistance systems (“ADAS”) such as blind spot warnings, forward collision warnings, parking assistance, traffic sign detection and cruise control that adapts to the speedof cars ahead. ADAS systems rely on sensors, cameras, laser scanners and radar-emitting devices embedded in the vehicle, together with ECUs that receive, interpret and act on data generated by the sensors and other input units. Some applications are automatic (e.g., braking to avoid a collision) while others issue warnings or other information to the driver (e.g., traffic sign detection). ADAS are increasingly prevalent, especially in high end car models. GM, for example, has stated that the 2017 Cadillac will be able to operate hands-free in certain conditions. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Enhanced Safety Driver Monitoring In addition to external cameras offering 360 degree images to aid parking and recognize pedestrians or other obstacles, carmakers are increasingly looking to inward-facing cameras and biometric sensors to monitor driver alertness and behaviour as part of ADAS. For example, driver monitoring based on eye-tracking and/or other biometric sensing could be employed on semi-autonomous cars to determine whether the driver is ready to assume manual control of the car. One form of ADAS involves the use of cameras and vehicle sensors to detect driver lack of attention or drowsiness (e.g., if car is drifting out of the lane, together with changes in the driver’s pedal use, steering, speed, etc.) and set off alerts or other vehicle system adjustments designed to wake the driver up or encourage a stop. More advanced systems involve interior cameras that monitor driver attention, vision and/or head pose. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Enhanced Safety Driver Monitoring (cont.) A further refinement of such systems involves the use of biometric sensors. Biometric sensors in the steering wheel, seat and seatbelt can monitor drivers’ palms, facial temperature, heart rate and breathing rate. Volvo is reported to be working on sensors that detect driver drowsiness based on head and eye movements. Toyota was reported in 2011 as developing a steering wheel with an embedded ECG to detect abnormal heart rhythm through the driver’s hands. Ford has also been developing various health and wellness applications for its cars. In 2012, Ford was experimenting with a system it called “driver workload estimation” to use such data, in combination with data on driver use of the throttle, brakes and steering wheel, to adjust warning times for collision alerts and automatically filter out phone calls and messages if drivers seem to be losing attention or getting stressed. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Enhanced Safety Driver Monitoring (cont.) IMS, a Canadian-based supplier of usage-based insurance via its “DriveSync” connected car platform, recently showcased technology that would use insights gained from wearable technology to anticipate driver behaviours. In a news release describing its driver health monitoring service, IMS explains: “For example, sleep patterns, glucose monitoring levels and abnormal heart rate detection are used to signal driver drowsiness and potential health risks.” The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Enhanced Safety Autonomous Cars The ultimate manifestation of ADAS systems is the fully autonomous car. Nissan has announced plans to have fully autonomous cars ready for sale by 2020, while Audi piloted its prototype autonomous car on public roads in January 2015. Google’s well-publicized fleet of autonomous vehicles has been driving safely on public roads in California for years. By definition, autonomous cars do not rely upon communication with other vehicles or information sources, and are therefore not generally considered to be “Connected Cars”, nor do they necessary use personal information. However, autonomous cars will undoubtedly be connected in a number of ways – at a minimum, by receiving data from other vehicles and sources to create and continually update the “maps” on which they rely to navigate safely, and by updating vehicle systems software over the air and relaying information to the vehicle owner. As well, in-vehicle personal communications and infotainment are expected to play a much greater role in autonomous vehicles since occupants need not drive. More importantly, autonomous vehicles will undoubtedly be integrated with Intelligent Transportation System, thus becoming “Connected Vehicles”. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 Enhanced Safety Intelligent Transportation Systems V2V, V2I, V2P, V2x: Vehicle-to-Vehicle; Vehicle-to Infrastructure; Vehicle-toPedestrian; Vehicle-to anything Volvo has announced that its “Drive Me” project (endorsed by the Swedish government) will feature 100 self-driving Volvos on public roads in and near the automaker’s Swedish hometown of Gothenburg in 2017. GM is planning to include V2V technology in its 2017 Cadillac, challenging other OEMs to do likewise. Although currently focused on assisting human drivers to take appropriate corrective action in the face of danger, the ultimate manifestation of a road-based Intelligent Transportation System is the self-driving car. V2x technology takes autonomous ADAS a step further through its ability to “see” around corners and “through” other vehicles, thus perceiving threats sooner than vehicle-based sensors, cameras or radar can. It is estimated that a system of V2V and V2I communications could, by warning the driver of an impending hazard, prevent a significant number of vehicle crashes involving unimpaired drivers. Autonomous vehicle technologies are seen as complementary to V2V technologies and it is expected that the two will merge so as to augment system accuracy and efficiency. Some initiatives are already two-track, developing autonomous ADAS as well as V2V communications systems. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 CONNECTED CAR APPLICATIONS – LOOKING AHEAD Telematics and infotainment services offered by OEMs have evolved over the past few years from a differentiator to a mainstream offering in new vehicles and they continue to evolve by leaps and bounds each year. Common telematics services now offered by OEMs and aftermarket providers include emergency and roadside assistance, stolen vehicle tracking, remote vehicle diagnostics and remote control features. The number of GPS-based traffic and locationrelated services continues to grow. Infotainment systems are turning cars into another fully connected mobile device. With the addition of biometric sensors, cameras, and predictive analytics technologies, new applications based on gesture and mood sensing, consumer behaviour analysis and cloud-supported user experiences will result in increasingly personalized services. It is no longer science fiction to contemplate a car that, while you are preparing to drive to work, checks the weather, your schedule for the day, traffic conditions, and plans your route accordingly, rerouting as necessary to avoid traffic jams, before locating an available parking spot to save you time. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 CONNECTED CAR APPLICATIONS – LOOKING AHEAD Nor is it unrealistic to expect a rental car to recognize you when you enter the car, and to adjust the seat, mirror, calendar and music to your preferences based on the same brand of vehicle that you own. The technology exists now for a car to be able to check your blood pressure, and if it finds it elevated, play soothing music as it drops you off at work and then goes to park itself. With current technologies, cars can not only make restaurant suggestions based on your food preferences (as determined by your previous food purchases) but then make a reservation for a time of arrival taking into account the restaurant’s location, local traffic conditions and your driving style. In the words of industry executives: “We try to bring the digital life into the car and the car into the digital life… Not only do we want to make the internet accessible from the car, but also the other way around, that is, to make the car accessible from the internet – a truly bidirectional connection.” The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 CONNECTED CAR APPLICATIONS – LOOKING AHEAD “[We] are .. entering a new era of Connected Car innovation that will integrate all aspects of a person’s life…” According to Peter Sweatman, Director of the University of Michigan’s Mobility Transformation Center: “We are on the cusp of a transformation of mobility on a scale we haven’t seen since the introduction of the automobile a century ago.” Whether from a commercial or public service perspective, the development of Connected Cars is ushering in a completely new concept of transportation, one that centers around the collection of data about vehicles and their occupants on a massive scale - similar to that underlying mobile devices generally, but with more context and even more data. The Connected Car, FIPA Report, 2015 OTONOM ARAÇLAR • Otomatik araç teknolojileri video kamera, radar ve LIDAR (lazer tabanlı bir menzil sistemi) gibi sensörlerin yanı sıra tehlikeli durumlarda alarmları tetikleyecek ya da aktif kontrolü devreye alacak işlem birimi ve dijital haritalardan da faydalanır. Otomatik acil durum freni, şerit takip sistemi, adaptif hız kontrol sistemi ve aktif park destek sistemi gibi otomatik araç özellikleri şu anda kullanımda olan araçların birçoğunda mevcuttur. • Otomobil üreticileri yakın gelecekte bu sistemlerin kombinasyonlarını piyasaya sürerek aracın hızının, direksiyonun ve frenlerinin otomatik olarak kontrol edilmesine imkan tanıyabilir. Örneğin Cadillac şu anda otobanda yarı otomatik sürüş kabiliyetine sahip “Super Cruise” teknolojisini test ediyor. • Ford, Mercedes ve Volvo ise düşük hız ve dur-kalkın bol olduğu trafik şartlarında kullanmak üzere trafik ışığı asistanı sisteminin testlerini koşuyor. Bu teknolojinin Mercedes tarafından üretilen versiyonu dur-kalk pilotu olarak tanınıyor ve 2014 sonlarında S sınıfında kullanılmaya başlanacak. • Lexus aktif güvenlik araştırma aracı etrafındaki işaretleri gözlemlemek, işlemek ve cevap vermek için bir dizi sensör ve otomatik kontrol sistemi ile donatılmış halde. Araç GPS, stereo kameralar, radar ve ışık algılama ve lazer izleme (LIDAR) sensörleri içerir. Otomatik araç teknolojisindeki bir sonraki adım karışık trafiğin olduğu yollarda kendi kendini süren, tam otomatik araçlardır. Joshua Cregger, (Çeviri : Onur Kulaat), Otomatik ve Bağlı Araç Teknolojileri: Otomotiv Sektörünün Yeni Teknolojisi http://www.otomasyondergisi.com.tr/arsiv/yazi/70-otomatik-ve-bagli-arac-teknolojileri-otomotiv-sektorunun-yeni-teknolojisi 2012 sonunda, üç eyalet (Nevada, Florida ve California) ve Columbia bölgesi tam otomatik araçlarla ilgili yasalar çıkardı. Michigan başta olmak üzere ülke genelindeki diğer eyaletlerde de benzer yasalar kabul gördü. Mayıs ayında, Ulusal Otoyol Trafik Güvenliği İdaresi, kamusal yollarda tam otomatik araçların test lisanslarının verilmesiyle ilgili bir rehber yayınladı. Joshua Cregger, (Çeviri : Onur Kulaat), Otomatik ve Bağlı Araç Teknolojileri: Otomotiv Sektörünün Yeni Teknolojisi http://www.otomasyondergisi.com.tr/arsiv/yazi/70-otomatik-ve-bagli-arac-teknolojileri-otomotiv-sektorunun-yeni-teknolojisi Automated Driving: Enabling Technology Source: Texas Instruments ADAS Solutions Guide Fundamental Issues in Road Transport Automation; Steven E. Shladover and Richard Bishop, ITS America Webinar, July 15, 2015 Fundamental Issues in Road Transport Automation; Steven E. Shladover and Richard Bishop, ITS America Webinar, July 15, 2015 Automated Driving: Supporting Technology HIGH DEFINITION MAPS V2X COMMUNICATIONS Source: Texas Instruments ADAS Solutions Guide Fundamental Issues in Road Transport Automation; Steven E. Shladover and Richard Bishop, ITS America Webinar, July 15, 2015