TÜRKİYE EKONOMİ KURUMU TARTIŞMA METNİ 2007/4 http
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TÜRKİYE EKONOMİ KURUMU TARTIŞMA METNİ 2007/4 http
TÜRKİYE EKONOMİ KURUMU TARTIŞMA METNİ 2007/4 http ://www.tek. org.tr TÜRKİYE’DE HANE HALKI: İŞGÜCÜ, GELİR, HARCAMA ve YOKSULLUK AÇISINDAN ANALİZİ Zafer Yükseler ve Ercan Türkan Haziran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• "5 " $ * @ " #@ /0> @1" " ) ' ' " 5 "@ 44 5 %@ 44# 5 % #7 " / @ *' ! " ) " " , +$ " +$ " & & " @ 44% ' ' 4 ' '!' " )5 )5 '' * '!' ) ! @ 0' " " ' ' 5 " • ) " * ) ! " @ " ' ' ) " ' * ! ) " @ " 5 * . 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ra fik.3 -Ha ne Ba ına Gelirin Fert Ba ına GSY H'ya Ora nı (Ka tsa yı=1.0) G ra fik.2 -Ha ne Ba ına G elirin Asg a ri Üc rete Ora nı (Ka tsa yı = 1.0) Asga ri üc ret Fert b a . G SY H Top la m 5.%20 4.%20 3.%20 2.%20 1.%20 Asg a ri üc re t Fert b a .GSY H To p la m 5.%20 4.%20 3.%20 2.%20 1.%20 0 2 4 6 2002 - * ' * " )5 " 4 % %7 @ *' 47 " *' @ " @ '$ %7 " * & 7 @ " " C * & 2217 " 8 10 12 0 2005 1 2 2002 * & 7 "@ 44 * * 44% 4 % 27 " . 17 #7 @ " ) " * " ! " !" 5 @ * ' * ? %7 4 ? %7 " ! )5 " ? %7 " * 4 43%7 4 4237@ 4 ? %7 " 3 4 5 6 2005 * ! " & 7 % ? ! " 5 * !@ ! ' * %( 7 Gra fik.5 -Fert b a ına g elirin fert b a ına GSY H'ya ora nı (Ka tsa yı=1.0) Gra fik.4 -Fert Ba ına Gelirin Asg a ri Üc rete Ora nı (Ka tsa yı=1.0) Asg a ri üc ret Fe rt b a .GSY H Top la m 5.%20 4.%20 3.%20 2.%20 1.%20 Asg a ri üc re t Fert b a .GSY H To p la m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ra fik.7 -Fert Ba ına Tüketim Ha rc a m a sının Fert Ba ına Özel Niha i Tüketim Ha rc a m a sına Ora nı (Ka tsa yı=1.0) Gra fik.6 -Ha ne Ba ına Tüketim Ha rc a m a sının Asg a ri Üc rete Ora nı (Ka tsa yı=1.0) Asg a ri Üc ret Fert B.Tük.Ha r. Asg a ri Üc ret Top la m Fert B. Tük.Ha r. 5.%20 Top la m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" 0' *) " ' ' $@ * @ * 5 $" @ * $" " @ ' 5 " * " @ " ' $ " Grafik.15 - Türkiye: 15+ Ya Nüfusa Oranlar (%) 2 ? 44 4 #( %# #2% ( #%2 31 ## % 1 53 5 52 4 51 3 50 2 49 1 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 gücüne dahil olmayanlar (sol eksen) aramayıp i ba ıyapmaya hazır olanlar +, 9 > ) * + 7 5 " " @ $ ' ' "' ' G5 @ " !' " ;+ @ - $ $ " " $* ' '" *'"' " " " " * ! * * 0) *'' " ! *" ! " * ' 5 9 8 " , " B * " ' " @ )! * $" D " 6 =B " =B " 9 N ." * " ! &' " " 5 8 )*G %=(# ! ! 5> 2 3 " 5 ! " @ " , ! * +, 9@ UEI .KQI +/+ " ' @ " '' * " @ @ 5 * " ) ' '"' $ " !) " * " " " !" 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" ' ' " 5 > * * @ $ " " '' '' " ) " $ )5 " 7 " " * ! 5 $ 5 * )5 * " * " Grafik.19 - Türkiye: Alternatif i sizlik Oranları Grafik.18- ABD: Alternatif sizlik Oranları (Aralık Ayları) 7 " + " @ *' ! '' $ " " " / ) '*F ' '!' ! 17 6 14 5 11 4 8 5 3 2001 2002 2003 2004 sizlik Oranı(U-3) 2005 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 sizlik Oranı(U-3) Alt. .Oranı(U-5) Grafik.20-Türkiye- Alternatif Oranları(Erkek) sizlik Grafik.21-Türkiye- Alternatif Oranları(Kadın) 15 25 12,5 20 10 15 7,5 10 5 5 + ) ' '" 9 $ 9' '" @ " " ' $ " " 5 " * " @ sizlik Oranı(U-3) Alt. .Oranı(U-5) 7 " " sizlik 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 sizlik Oranı(U-3) Alt. z.Oranı(U-5) + $'" ' " " ' " %4 44( !" @ ) " " Alt. .Oranı(U-5) ** 5 5 ( 5 ) " ;K= <@ " " 5 * @ ) " ' ! 5 0' '*'@ 5 @ 5 44 ) " ) " 5 31@ 5 4 # 7@ 5 #7 @ 5 5 :8 <8/ ) " ' *' ) " $ " 5 3 , K=% 5 "@ 44( @ 5 " Q " @ " " " 5 5 ;K=%< ;K= < 5 " 3 ) @ 33#= 44% ) " @+ 7 ! " ! 5 ! ) " 0 5 " ! * 5 " $ ' ' !E /" @ " ! 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