phytopathotogy
Transkript
phytopathotogy
o'l --'\ o :::#::i.i{..r.r.lj1::::.{::::il::ii.ti:i:i:::::I ifim{ii++citt+ti{+[*i il-qft#ftfifi+i#ilE#tI ':!-:Hi$:::r{$S:F+rt*i{+$Ai tt Fl lz ' frt o.r, VOLUME: 19 NUMBER :I JAI{. I.99O q+}}}1:t#tttr:*:.4t++i+*(rlrtlli*trl$iitnitlltr:tiliiti:!*rlrlii{ilififlrrH THE JOURNAL OF TURKISH PHYTOPATHOTOGY PUBLISHED BY THE TURKISH PIIYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY TURKISH. PHYTOPATHOLOGY SOCIETY Dr. Cogkun SAYDAM Dog. Dr. Semih ERKAN Dr. Ernin ONAN S. Tank DEMIR K. Necclet ONCPI t President Vice-President General Secretary Treasurer Chief of Editorial Board -1 I i The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology is published by Turkish Phytopathological Society and issued twice or three times a year to from volirme. The subscription rate per volune is $ 21.00 CONTENTS Investigations on The Detection and Seed Transnrission of The Virus Diseases Occnrring on Pulse Crops in Aegean Region. 2. Seed transr.nission of vims cliseases by grorver seeds and seecls.of artifially infected pulse crops. Ulkii FIDAN and Ulkii YORGANCI 1 Investigation on the Susceptibility of Economically Inrportant Almond Varieties Against "Pseudontonls aln)'gdali" Pslllidas and Control Measnres in Aegea.n Region Alnrond orcharcls - TURKEY l\{ehmet I;UXOOCDU ancl Girniil DEN'llR 7 Investigations on The Incidence of Tobtcco Charcoal Rot Disease (N{acrophornina phaseolina (Tassi) Gold.) in The Aegean Region, Its Pathogenicity and Susceptibility of Turkish Tobacco Cultivars. Giilseren ARCA and Meltn:tt YILDIZ 13 I The Prelirninary Studies on The Turfgrass Diseases in TURKEY. YILDIZ and Nafiz DELEN Figerr YILDIZ, Mehrnet Chen-rical Control of Storage Rots in Ankarlt Peius. Mer:rl GUILElt and Salih Bu clergini n basrnrnclu f Dofruluk Matbaacrhk Sun. Ug MADEN ifA rc deste$i nclert yitrarlurt thnlstlr. veTic. Ltcl. $ti. IZMIR - 1990 27 3l J. Turk Phytopath., Vol. 19, No:l, 1-5 ,1990 ISSN 0378-8024 lnvestigotion on The Detection ond seed Tronsmission of The Virus Diseoses Occurring on Pulse Crops in Aegeon Region , I -t t 2. Seed tronsmission of virus diseoses by grower seeds ond seeds of ortificiolly infected pulse crops. fitr Urrri yoncANcr rinaN Plant Protection Research Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Ege IZMIR/TURKEY Institute, Bomova IZMIR /TURKEY ABSTRACT Seed transmission of viruses, lms been studiecl tltrough tltis str.tdy by testing the seeds obtained from artfficially infected plants as well as the seeds obtainedfrom local growers. Virus infections were cletectedwith all grower seeds, except chickpeas samples. with artificially inlzrrlatecl pulse crops, all virytses tested were transmitted by seeds , except AMV and ByMV. INTRODUCTION J virus diseases have been known for a long time on pulse crops and are of widespread occurrence causing economically important losses. A grcat deal of extensive studies have been made with pulse crops viruses. These viruses have been reported to be transmitted by the seed (1,. n, 8, 9, 10, 13, 1g, 19, 20). In this study, considering the importance of seeds as the source of viruses in the fields, transmissibilities through pulse crop seeds obtained from grolvers and artificially infected plants, with l3 isolatcs, wcrc tested anchenopotlitgtt arnaranticolor and_C. quinoa have been uscd as test plants. MATERIALS ancl METHODS 1. Assay of seed transmission by growcr sccds : Three hundered seed samples for each legume vadety, collected fiom the growers in the region, have been seeded in steril pot soil in the greenhouse. After the symptoms had developed, c. anruranticolor and c. quinoa were inocu- latbd by mechanical inoculation tcchnique (tablc 1). Then these samples were homogenenized with mortar and pestle using 0.1-0.01 M phosphatc buffer pH.7.0 For bean samples 0.1 VoZ-Mercapto-ethemol and for soybean samples citrate buffer and 0.1 Vo2-Mercapto-ethanol were added to this bulTer. In addition, small amount of carborandum dust (500 Mesh) was added into the inoculum as an abrasive. Then the inoculum was applied to host plants mechanically. After inoculations the leaves were rinsed with tap water. Primary leaves ol leguminosae plants, and 3-4 true-leaf stages of othcr hosts were used in lhese inoculations. The test plants were obserued after inoculations for symptom dcvclopment. 2. Assay of seed transmission by infected plants. The primary leaves of seedling-bacthes of hundered obtained from healthy seeds of 7 pulse crop varieties were inoculated with 13 different virus isolates. These seedlings have bcen protccted against pcst and diseases and then seeds have been harvested from these plants seperately. Sccds, haryested from one plant, have been accepted as one sample and secdcd in pots. Seedlings developed from these seeds, under thc greenhouse conditions in steril pot-soil, have been observed. The plants, showing virus symptonts, have bccn evaluatcd separately. Infected leaves, collected from each plant, and thcn the extracts havc bccn inoculated on the C. anmranticolor and C. quinoa by mechanical inoculation technique (Table 2). Test plants have bcen protcctcd against pcst and diseases. i RESULTS ancl DISCUSSION It has been found that Alfalfa mosic virus is not transmitted by seed ac- cording the rcsults of this study cardcd out with the isolates obtained [rom chickpea (N-1 isolate) and lentil (M-2 isolatc). It is recordcd that (1 1, 12) Alfalfa mosaic virus is transmitted by alfalfa but not by chickpea and lentil seeds. Chickpea seeds collected from growers have been lbund virus-free but lentil have been found infected at the raLio of 1 .3o/a. The broadbean seeds, harvestcd, from thc Broadbean stain virus (Ba-1, Ba-19 isolates) infcctcd plants, have bcen lbund inlccted at the ratio of 20-23Vo. The broadbean seeds collected from the growers havc bccn found inlcctcd at the ratio of 1.6Va.li is indicated by scvcral workcrs that thc diseascs is transmitted by l)Vo by seed (14, 15). The seed transmission of thc Bcan ycllow mosaic virus, isolatcd from bean (F-3, F-67 isolates) and broadbcan (Ba-2 isolatc) and pca (Be-2 isolatc), has not been brought in to light by this study. Somc rccords indicatc that it is transmitted at the ratio of 0.7-2.4a/a but some not (2, 9, l3). By this study it has bccn found that Bcan common mosaic viius isolated from beans (F-62 isolatc) is transmittcd by sccd at thc ratio of 56c/o. Grower's bean seeds have been found inl'ccted at the ratio of 3.6a/o. According to the litera- I IJ. FII)AN an(I iJ. \,()RGANCI Iut'c citcrl this nrlio is sivr.rr ls 5-()07c (10-21). 6',111,1'lca sctrtls. hlrn'cslctl ft'onr tlrc Cor.vpca aphid lrornc ntosaic virus (BdI isolltttt) itttrl (lttctttrhcr rt.tositic vinrs (llrj-2(r isolatc) in{'cclccl I)laltts. havc bccn toLrnd inl'cctcd llt tllc ntlio ol'l(r9i; anrl 3.3% rcspcctivcly in tlrc rcgiorr. N4ctnr,r'ltilc grovc't't g9u;pcil scccls lravc bccrr lbund virus inlcctcd at lhc ratio ol-67o. : Accol'ding tlrc scvcrll rcconls this lulio fluclrratcs bctrvccn 0-2li7,' (3.5), Thc pca st'cds. hltn,cslcd ll'ortt Pca sccd borlc rnosaic virus (Bc-9 isolatc) irtl'cclcrl plarrls. havc l-rccrr oltscrvcd. ll 'uvlls sccn thill. lhcy'uvcrc irrl'cctcd at tltc raIit't<tl'76(k. Glor.vcrs's pca scctls havc hccn lbund inf'cctcd by thc ratio ol'6.6%. Accoruling lo tlrc litcraturc. triursnrission is trctwccn 0-100a/a (6, l6). It is fbund by this study, llral, trirnsmission o['lhc Soybcan nrosaic vilr-rs (S-1 isolatc) by sccd is l8%. Glor.vcr's scctls havc bccn lbund as inf'cctcd witl, vit'us discasc b1, 1.(r9i'. Accoxlirtg tlrc scvcral rccoruls, this mlio cluurgcs bctr.vccn 0-94% (7. 11.21\. (\ZET Egc Bdlgc-si nclc 13 l k I agi I I crdc Gdriil cn Vi rus l{asLal rklunnr n Tlnr I lrrnrasr vc T<lhunrla Ta;rnnta Du nr nr I arr nrn Bc-l i rlcnnrcsi Uzcrindc Ar.lq Lr rnr al a r 2. Qiltqi toltutttlanntia vc viruslu bitkilcrdcn cldc cdilmi; tolrurnlarda La$rnnta Egc Bdlgcsi ycnrcklik baklagil ckint alanlarrndan. hcr bitki Ec,sirli iqin 300 toltutn olacak qc-kildc, toltutn drlcklcri Loplannuqtrr'. Ulcticidcn alrrrll-r lru tohurllalln, viruslu olup olmrdrEtnr aralirrmak anracryla tcstlcr yaprlnrr,s vc nohut dlStndaki ttim qc;itlcritt tohunrlannrn virusla bullrsrk oldu!,u saptannrlllr. Ycmcklik baklagillcr dcn iz.olc cdilcrt vi ruslunn lohuntlu ta!st nt p tasrrr ru acl Ir da alaqttnlmrqtrr. Nohut vc nrcrcintcklcrdc. AMV (),oncu nrozul,rk vir.usu)'nun. bakla, lttsulye vc bczclyc'dc, BYN4V ( lasulyc sitrr ruozayrk vinrsu ) rrtrrr tohunrla tar;ttrtuadtSl silplannugtlr. Raklalanll: IlllSV (llrkla. lrcrrck vinrsu)'rrurr %,20-23, lasulyelcrde; BCMV (f'asulvc atli tnozal,rk vinrsu)'nLrn 7'.5(r. lrtjrtilcclc.nlc. C r 1r ahMV (btiriilcc alld kcikcrrlitttoz.aytk virrrsu)'ttrrtt 91, l(r. CN,IV (lrr1,1''n.rclz.u1,rk vintsu)'nun a/o3.3. bct.elyclcrtlc: PsbN4V (bczclvc lolrrrrrr k(ikcrrli rrtozuyrk virustt)'nttn o/o76. st>yttl'ltsttll'csindc: SN4V (suvlllsulycsi nrozal,rk vinrsrr)'rrurr (,,i, lli oranr ncla tohunrl a tu,s r ncfi $ r bc Ii ll cnrrr ist i r. SEED TRA}{SMISSION OF VIRUSES Table 1. Seed transmission by grower's seeds. pulse crops Chickpea Broad bean Bean Lentil Cowpea variety Napolyon Sakrz Qalr Yegil Karagtiz sprinter Williams 0 1.6 3.6 seed transmission Vo T able 2. S 1.3 -t --1 Pea 6.6 Varielv isolates Chickpea Napolyon N-1 Broadbean Broadbean Sakrz Ba-1 20 Sakrz Ba-19 23 Broadbean Sahz Ba-z Bean Dermason F-3 Bean Dermason Dermason F-67 F-62 0 0 0 56.8 Yegil Kuagdz Kuagoz M-2 0 BO-1 16 Lentil Cowpea Cowpea seed transmission Pea Soybean Williams Vo 0 B6-26 Be-2 Sprinter Sprinter Pea 1.6 eed transmission by infected-plants. Pulse croos Bean Soybean 7 Be-9 0 16 s-1 18 LITERATURE CITED 1. AAPOLA, A.l.E and J.E. KNESEK., 7972. Host-virus relationships of pea seed bome mosaic virus in aphid and mechanical inoculation tests. Phytopath. 2. 3. 4. 5. 62:1101. / AFANASIEN, M.M. and H.E. MORRIS., 1952. Bean virus 2 (Yellow) on Great Northern bean in Montana. Phytopath. 42:101-104. ANDERSON, C.W., 1957. Seed transmission of three viruses in cowpea. Phytopath. 47: 515. BLASZCZAK, W. andZ. WEBER., 1970. Effect of bean yellow mosaic virus on the growth and yield of pea and Trigonella in the glasshouse. Rew. Plant. Path. 58 :436. BOCK, K.R. and M. CONTI.,1974. Cowpea aphid bome mosaic virus CMI/AAB Descriptions of plant Viruses No: 141. U. FIDAN and U. YORGANCI 6. BoswELL, K.F. and A.J. GIBBS., 1983. virus identification data exchange. The Australian National Univcrsity Research school of Biological Sciences, Canberra. 193 pp. 7. BOWERS, G, R. and R.M. GOODMAN., 1979. Soybean mosaic virus: Infection of soybean seed parts and seed transmission. phytopath. 69: 569572. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. t7. 18. 19. 20. 2t. 22. EKPO, E.J.A. and A.w. SAETTLER., 1974. Distribution parrem of bean common mosaic virus in developing bean seed. phytopath. 64 :269-270. EVANS, I.R., 1973. Seed bome yellow mosaic virus of fababean in canada. Virology Abstracrs 7 :711. GooDELL, J.J. and R.o. HAMproN., 1984. Ecological characteristics of the lentil strain of Pca seedbome mosaic virus. plant Disease 6g : 14g-150. KAISER, W.J., D. DANESH., M. OKHOVAT and H. MOSSAHEBI.; 1968. Diseases of pulse crops (Edible legumes) in Iran. plant Dis. Reptr. 52:687-69t. and _ , 19j 1. Biology of four viruses affecting Cicer urietinum in Iran. Phytopath. 61:372-355. ., 7912. Seed transmission of bean yellow mosaic virus in broad beans in Iran. Phytopath. 62 :168. MAKKOUK, K.M., O.I. AZZAM., L. KATUL., A. RIZKALLAH and S. KOUMARI., 1986. Seed rransmission of broad bcan stain virus in the wild legume Vicia palaesline Boiss. Fabis Ncwslctter No: 16. , L. BOS., O.l. AZZAM. L. KATUL and A. RIZKALLAH., 1987. Broad bean srain virus : Idcntification, detectability with ELISA in faba bean leavcs and seeds, occulence in west Asia and North Africa and possible wild hosts. Neth. J. planr. path. 93:9j - 106. PELET, F., 1981. Pea seed bome mosaic virus. Rew. of plant path. 60: 35s. PHATAK, H.c., 1974. Seed bome planl viruses idcntification ancl diagnosis in seed health testing. Seed Sciencc and Tcchnology 32: 155 pp. PORTO, M.D.M. and D.J. HAGEDORN., 1975. Sced rransmission of a Brazilian isolate of Soybean mosaic virus. phytopath. 65 :713-716. SAHTIYANCI, $., 1964. orta Anadolu baklagillerinde gdrtilen baqhca virus hastahklan tizednde qahqma. Ankara Zirai Mtjcadele Araqtrrma Enstitrisri 104 808 nolu proje (Unprinted) SILBERNAGEL, M.J., 1969. Mcxicon strain of bcan common mosaic virus. Phytopath. 59 : 1809-1812. surERI, B.D., 1982. Effect of soybcan mosaic virus on seed germination and its transmission through seeds. Rew of plan path. 61 : 513. uYoToMo, J.K. and R.G.GROGAN.,1977.southem bean mosaic virus: Evidence for seed transmission in bean embryos. phytopath. 67:1190-1196 J. Turk Phytoparh., Vol. 19, No:1, 7-12, 1990 ISSN 0378-8024 lnvestigotion on The Susceptibility of Economicoly lmportont Almond Vorieties Agoinst "Pseudomonos omygdoli" Psollidos ond Control Meosures ln Aegeon Region Almond Orchords - TURKEY Mehmet CUNOOCnU Gtiniil DEN,liR Prctcction Rcscar ch lrrsti tutc Bomova - IZMIR/TURKEY Plalrt" AB STITTICT Through tli.s stttdy tltc suscclttiltilitl' of l5 uLntontl vurictic.r lut.s been stutlied and con.trol ftrcosurcs ltt:c bccn sca.r<:httl. Two ultltliccltkstrs, on.c i.t in o.L1twnn at 757o lcaves.ftr.ll sttr.ge witlt 3o/o tltc sccontl in .rpring at thc pittk ltutl stuge witl IVo bordeotmmixtu.rc htt.ve givctt.stt.tisfitr:torl,rcsu.lts. Ou.tof'1,1 vttrittics: I0t-23, Texas, 104-l . Nottlttrreil, 120-1, 109-l anrl.300-l tut.vc rtccn observetl us re,sistant against tltis disease rcspectivcly. INTR()DUCTT()N onc third o1'thc alnrond trccs o1'Turkcy is plantccl in Acscan ltegion. Acrcagc of'thc alntond plantations has bcirrg stcildly irrcrcasctl in Izmir, Mu[la and Dcnizli provicnccs (Anonynrus. I 97tt). Mtl$la is llre nrost conspicuous anrong llrc ollrcrs'"vitlr rcgarcl to pro6uction o{'alnrond. Accorclirrg to Grindof;du ct all. (1976). it has bccn ltluncl rhat lhe ratio of thc discasc in Datqa (Mu$a) is 13.Sc/o. Rut thc discasc is loc:llisctl only in a Iimitcd arca. Il lras bccn fburrcl llrat llrc rliscasc alrclll is Ps. ttrttl,gtlrtli. pslllidas ct all. (19(rtt) stal,cs tllllt. tl)c santc cliscllsc cilr"rscs grcal" rlanragcs in lhc alnr<lncl orchards in Crctc Islancl-Grcccc. N{ATI]RIALS and I\,lIIT'IIODS A - Conhol of'tlrc discasc 7 spraying prograllts, indicatcrl lrclow, lurvc bccn carriccl oul. at scvcral stagcs to cont.ml thc diseusc. I. 2. Afic.r'harvcst (3% horrlcuux nrixlurc.) lcal-lall in irul.unrn (3%, l-p11lgx1rx nrixlurc) 759h BACTERIAL CANKER OF ALMOND 5. Pink bud stage (1 7o bordeaux mixture) 4. After hawest + auntmn (3 7o bordeux mixture) 5. After harves t (3 Vo bordeaux mixture) + pink bud stage app. (1 Vo bordeaux mixture). 6. After harvest (3 Vo bordeaux mixture) + autumn app. + pink bud stage app. (1 7o bordeaux mixture) Autumn app. (3 % bordeaux mixture) + pink bud stage app. (1 Tobot7 deaux mixture) . The study was done with 8 characters and 3 replications according to the randomized blocs design. Two trees wep one plot. Counting of cancer on the trees was canied out on 14. July. 1981. 200 of yearly shoot in four different sides from each trees were counted as diseased and healthy. Effects of bactericides were evaluated according to Abbott and done Variance Analyse. B. Determination of the suspectibility of several almond varieties. Alibey, Akbadem, Kababa$, 300-1, Nonpareil, 120-1, Texas, 104-1, lO7-23,106-1, 101-9, Tuono, Davey, 5-l and 101-13 almond varieties have been tested against the disease. The density of bacterial suspension used in the study was 3x108 cell/ml according to Mc Farland scale (Kiraly,1970).Inoculation was done in accordance with Psallidas et al (197 5) 30 Vo of leaf was observed. One drop from 1 ml of bacterial suspcnsion was given to each of five leave traces on each yearly shoot, totally orl ten yearly shoot from each tree' Each variety had five trees and one tree was accepted as one replication. Counting was done on the leave-traces in July and disease ratio was determined. M. GUNDOdDU andG. DEMIR RESULTS A. Control of the disease Results, for 1981, have been given on table (1). Table 1: Effectivenness of spraying programs camied out in Yazr (DatEa) village - 1981. Shootings examined Characters After harvest 75 Vo leaf fall rr Efficacy 107 293 26.7 5 47 98 110 302 24.5 27.5 53 I tr tr autufim ration Discased trI I II Efficacy Disease Healty Replications 51 60 48 290 349 340 12.7 5 15.0 12.0 7t 53 t3.25 73 tr 48 352 12.00 il 44 r 1.0 77 75 After harvest+ I 65 356 335 t6.25 67 aunrrTrn tr 60 340 15.0 7t III 40 10.25 77 20.25 16.25 7.5 59 I 81 359 319 tr 65 335 il 30 6 1.5 97 autumn app.+ I II 370 394 t8 382 4.5 91 pink bud il 4 396 1.0 98 Autumn app.+ I 9 391 95 pink bud stage tr trI 16 394 3't2 2.25 4.0 7.0 50.0 After harvest+ Control stage I II ilI 28 200 209 r92 200 I 191 I 208 a 72.00 b 70 I After harvest+ pink bud stage 46.33 39 75 352 347 Pink bud stage on average 68 75.00 b 7r.66 b 70.00 b 83 92 84 95.33 c 90.33 c 52.5 48.0 B . Determination of the susceptibility of several almohd varieties. The results, for the 15 varieties, have bcen givcn in Table2. BACTERIAL CANKER OF' ALN,IONI) Table 2. Susceptibility of scvcral almond varieties against Ps. amygtlali Varieties Hacr Ali Bey Rcplications I Canccr : , numbcrs i Ii455 i il III'473 lv'49 v482 Frce From Canccrs 50 o 1 Ii4s1 Akbaclem rr i so III i 50 i ryisoo v Kab.rba! I2822 IIi4?8 III i IV v,2723 I II 300- I Iil IV Nonpareil 120-1 Tcxas 104-1 10t-23 ; t tr,2327 tll IV V;2327 I2624 It ',, IU IV'7337 v,2-228 t2624 tI ilt842 lv ' v , 12426 u292t Iil tv v I . II lll tv v050 50 o 0 0 I)iscasc ratio 90. 100 94 98 96i 98 100 I I ' avcrage 95.6 b , i loo i 100 100 Discasc ratio on I qo.at I i 56 38 35 12 15 84 76 70 I 68.0 e , 54 26 29 32 37 36 24 52 21. 58 18 23 14 13 37 64 49.6 g 46 28 26 46 22 22 28 28 26 tC , 24 -14 44 i 41.0 i 44 46 5? 52 32 , 26; 44. 41.2 i 52 941 1lt 16 2t 15 22 l8 20 () 248 3 9 2() 42 :]5 30 4ri ?8 32 44 j 58 3r) 50 45.2 i 36 40, 0 4 47 41 6 : In 0 10 31.6 5.6k M. GUNDOdDU Varieties Replications 13 74 48 I 34 29 34 16 21 II 16 68 58 68 r6 IN 21 34 29 IV t7 32 42 JJ V 28 50 50 22 34 56 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 70 84 96 30 84 28 III Itr IV 101 13 averape 26 I II 5-1 D*;;;; 24 IV V Davey D;.. ratio m ry I II Tuono Frce Frorn Cancers 47 37 V 101-9 G. DEMIR I l 106-1 Cancer numbers ANd -t 0 0 0 50 50 0 50 0 50 "0 50 50 0 0 0 0 V 50 50 I II 50 0 0 35 l5 IV 42 8 u 50 V 48 I II 2 15 35 42 8 m r4 IV 23 46 36 27 4 94 68.4 d 46.4 h 100.0 a 100.0 a 90.0 c 56.0 f 46 92 DISCUSSION Through this study, several applicar.ion programs have been evaluated, as one or two or three applications togcther. Howevcr discase can be inhibited at 46.33-75.00 vo by one applicarion but 70.00-90.00 o/o by two applications to_ gether. Three applications together give a contrcl of 95.3i % but is not econom_ ic. so two applications; the first in autumn at75 o/a leaves fall stage with 3 vo and the second in spring at the pink but stage wir.h 1 o/o Bordcax mixlure, have been given to thc practice. Tuono, Davcy, Akbadem, Hacr Ali Bcy, 5_1, 106_1, Kababag and 101_13 varieties have been found susccptibre but r0r-z3,Tcxas, Nonpareil, r2o-r, r04_ 1' 101-9 and 300-1 are more rcsistant against the disease rcspectivety. . 11 BACTERIAL CANKER OF ALMOND , Ps. unygilali is problem in Yazr (MUGLA) since the susceptible Akbadem, Hacr Ali Bey and Kababa! varieties are planted. 6znr EGE BOLGESi BADEMLERINDE CONUIEN BADEM AGACI KANSERI (Pseudontonas antygdali Psallidas) HASTALIGININ SAVA$ IM YONTEMLERI VE BOLGEWIN OXETT,I-I BAOEN4 qE$iTLERiNiN DUYARLILIKLARININ SAPTANMAS I UZERiNDE q ALI $ MALAR Ege bcilgesi bademlerinde gdnilen Badcm Afacr Kanseri (Pseudomonas amygdali Psallidas) hastahfrnrn mr.icadele metodlannr ve bdlgenin dnemli badem geqitlerinin duyarhhklannr saptamak amacr ile gahqma 1980-1988 yrllannda Datga (VtUGLa)'nrn Yazr kdytinde ve enstitii bahEesincle ytiri.irtihnriqttir. 19801981 yillannda Datga'nrn Yazr kdytinde yririitiilen dcncmenin sonunda soz konusu hastah$a karrsr sonbaharda kuru vc gok hastahkh dallar kesildikten sonra yerine Vo 5 oranrnda gdz ta$l eriyifi ve kuruduktan sonra da nebati katran stirtilmUqti.ir. Yapraklar Vo 75 oranrnda dcikrildrifri devrede Vo 3 ve ilkbaharda pembe dcinem devresinde Vo I orannda bordo bulamacr uygulamasr tatminkar sonuE vemriqtir. Bdlgenin cjncmli 15 badem qeqitlerinden srrasryla l0l-23, Texas, 104-7, Nonparel, 120-1, 109-1 ve 300-1 Ps. arnygdali etmenine dayanrkh bulunmuqtur. En duyarh qeqitlerini ise, srrasr ile, Tuono, Davey, Akbadem, Hacr Ali Bey,5-1, 106-1 ve Kababa[ oluqturmuqtur. LITERATURE CITED Anonymus, 1978. 1974-76. Tanmsal Yapr ve Uretim. Bagbakanhk Devlet istatistik Enst. No: 858. Gdndofdu, M., S. Kaya, 1976. Preliminary Studies on a New Bacterjal Disease of Almond. J. Turkish Phytopat. V. 5 Num. 2-3: 87 -98. Psallidas, P.C, C. G. Panagopculos and N. E. Malathrakis, 1968. A new Bacterial Disease of Almond. Ann, Inst. Phytopath. Benakr N. S. 8(3), 8588. ' Psallidas, P. G. and C. G. Panagopcules, 1975. Bacteriosis of Almond caused ' by Pseudomonas amygclali sp. No. Reprinted from Ann. Inst. Phytopath. Benaki, N. S. 11(2),94 - 108. ISSN 0378-8024 lnvestigotions on the lncrdence of Tobocco Chorcool Rot Diseose (Mocrophomino phoseolino Oossi.) Goid,) in the Aegeon Region, lts Pothogenicity ond Susceptibility of Turkish Tobocco Cultivors Mehmet YILDIZ Giilseren ARCA Aegean Agricultural Research Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute Menemen-IZvIIRIURKEY University of Ege IZMIR/TURKEY ABSTRACT In this study, according to surveys carried out in lzmir for two years (1985-86) the mean of incidence of the charcoal rot disease of tobacco was estimated to be 53,75 7o. 52 isolates which selectedfrom collected specimen, showed variation in their pathogeniciry Q-1007o). 24 tobacco cultivarsllines Srown in Turkey tested against two virulent isolates were all found to be susceptible to the pathogen. INTRODUCTION Turkey is the pioneer country for producing causcd high quality oriental type of tobaccoes. Tobacco, is one of the most important export crop, and is commonly grown in all regions of Turkey, particularly where the soils are deficient for nutriment and poor for any other crops. various studies on charcoal rot disease caused by Macropttorttina phaseoline have been exclusively carried out in several countries. REICHERT (1977), declared rhar R. bataticola was isolated from 35 plant species and it mostly damaged to phascolus, tobacco, sesamum, potato, sweet potato, sugar melon, peppcr and tomato in Palestine. WYLLIE and ROSENBROCK (1985) reporrcd that the fungus had a host range of about 400 plant species. A research done at Srrbistan (Yugoslavia) showed that the incidence of charcoal rot could occur up to 98vo in com (PENCIC, tg77). BREMER (1944), reported that it caused an epidemy on tobacco in 1938 and he mentioned that the incidence of the disease of tobacco in samc ycar, was 70-90vo in Aegean region and total reduction in harvesr was 6vo. BORA (1970) found out that M. phaseolina was one of the fungi caused damping-off in the seedbeds of tobacco. KARCILIOcLU et al. (1985), carried out some studies on sesame and Soybean in Aegean region, they found out that the disease incidence was 6,2 vo and g,0z 13 CHARCOAL ROT OFTOBACCO in thc 1983 lnd l!)tt4 r'cspcclivcly. Tlrcrc arc scvcral sludics on lhc ptlhogcl'ticity of'thc pathogcn und susc:cptibility of thc crops aglinst to this lirngus in llrc 7o r.r,o ll cl. IBRAIJINI ct al (1979), claimcd that pathogcnicity sccnrcd lo bc lhc rnosL rcliablc critcrion lor idcntillcation. EL-DAHAB ct al. (191J3.), stuclicrl on cltarcoal rot ol'sunllor.vcr and groupcd l6 isolatcs as virulcnt, ntodcratcly vinrlcnl and wcakly virulcnt. I\4ORE ct al. (1982) lras not corne accrosscd vvillt intntun lincs altloug l3 scsanrc c:ulturcs tcstcd undcrnalurill condilions. Thcy lound out thfll" thc incidcrrcc rvas trcing nin.20-51c/a ott 2077-8. Tl-ris rcscarch aimccl at - : To find out thc discasc incidcncc ol'charcoal rot in iznrir arca by sur- vcys, - To llnd out variation in the pathogcnicil"y o['11. lthaseolittu isolatcs sclccted ftom fivc provinccs samplcs in Acgcrn rcgion. and lltc rcuctions o['Tulkish lobacco cnltivars or lincs against sclcctcd tr.vo virulcnl isolatcs o['thc [iurgus. Mr\TIIIIIALS itnd MIITIIODS For finding thc incidcncc o['thc tliscasc wcrc carricd out only in l4 towns or 36 villagcs ol'iznrir pmvincc Ior two 1'cars (19ti5 and l9ti6). Tobacco l'iclcls ovcr onc dccitr llrgc wcrc ralrdornly cltosctr attd countings rvcrc dortc ort 20 plants in l'ivc ror.vs fl'onr lc colrcrs attd tltc ccl-ltcrs o['cach licld survcycd. Nuurbcr ol'siuuplcs r.vcrc dctcnnincil as onc samplc pcr 15.(XX) balc in towns ol'flvcr c:ilics (Aydrn. Balrkcsir, Iznrir. Manisa and Mu$la) (x) BORA and KARACA (1970) wcrc rcl'crccl in orclcr to dctcmrinc thc iricidcncc ratc and sampling sturlics. Isolatcs ol'114, phuseolirra uscd in this sludy werc obtained liom thc discasccl plant sanrplcs c:ollcctcd lkrrn llvc citics. To idcntily Lhc pathogcnicity of 52 isolutcs sclcclcd lbr various cultural chlractcristics wcl'c uscd six tobacco cultivrrrs (izrlir - Ozbaq 31715, Karaba$lar 62(15, Bursa 183/35, Samsun-Maden 2,121, iz.nrir-incckara l0ll2l5. antl Burley 37). Isolation ol'lhc pathogcrl was rcalizcd by cutting oIthe basal part of the planI into lhlcc picccs. cach ol' 1 cm. disinf'ccting in thc NaI-ICl0,5o/o for two rrrin., and aficr r.vashing undcr stcril watcr placing on lhc PDA (PENCIC,1977). Tobacco sccdlings usccl in pathogcnicity and rcaction Lcsts wcrc pullcd up at thrcc to six lbliur stagcs. Roots wcrc rinscd with top watcr and woundcd by nlciurs of'cutting. arrtl lhcn thcy r,vcrc dippcd in thc inoculum lor 20 ntinutcs. The sccrllin_ss ol'cach c:ultivar rvcrc plantcd into lbur pots autoclavcd ancl lillcd lvith 7(X) gr soil lirnrigatcd. Euc:h pot colrsislc(l ol'tltrcc sccdlings. Thc rcmaining inoculurT ol' 100 nrl 'uvcrc dividcd up crlrally t0 cr.rclr poL and thc pots wcrc placed in (x) Egc Tiirtin lhrlcatgrlan Birli[i, l98l Yrllr!r. 14 G. ARCA and M. YLDIZ chamber with 15 h. lighting at25 + zoc. To prepare the inoculum the agar picces of original culture of selected M. phaseolina isolatcs were sown on 100 ml PD medium and kept in an incubator at 30oC for 10 days. (DHINGRA and SINCLAIR, 1975). Two virulent isolates of the fungus were used in the reaction tests of 24 tobacco cultivars / lines. Statistical analyses were conducted depending on the number of diseased plants (dead / wilted) which were counted in 15 days after inoculation, in pathog- enicity and susceptibility tcsts. RBSULTS and DISCUSSION Surveys were conducted in two consecutive years (1985 and 1986) in selected towns or villages of izmir provinces. Vcry high infection rates were found in some fields. The mean infection rate of two ycars over locations was calculated to be 53,7SVo which means more than half of tobacco crops is affected by charcoal rot disease. The countings werc done betwcen thc end of July and beginning of Septembcr. This is a logical cxplaination for vcry high counrings of diseased plants. The results are in accordance with BREMER (1944)'s findings. He reported that, thc disease incidence was 10-90olo in Tire and Sclquk 2O-80Vo in Menemen and izmir andT\Va in Ayctrn, 50-600/o in Qine in 1938. And in 1939 it was 40-50Va in Izmir-Qigli,5-707a in Mencmen and 50Vo in Aydrn. He also stated that the discase incidencc incrcased as the time proccedcd. According to statistical analyscs, 52 isolatcs wcre grouped depending on then virulence. Some isolates were more virulent than the others (Table 1). They were grouped into four catcgories as given below according to the rnrmbers of wilted and dcad plant of six tobacco cultivars: l-75 vo weakly virulent, 16-40 70 moderately virulent, 4l-70Vo markedly virulent,71-100 Vo strongly virulent. This grouping was also used by DHINGRA and SINCLAIR (t973). REICHERT and HELLINGER (1947) apptyed rhis systcm as pre-cmergence and post-emergence. Pathogenicity of isolates studied was found as 0 to 1007o which means that there are large variations for this trait. In the studies of DHINGRA and SINCLAIR (1973), SULAIMAN and PATIL (1977) the parhogeniciry was found betweenO-837o and 59,4-100 %, rcspectively. Also in this rcscarclt rcaction of 24 tobacco cultivars / lincs werc evaluated against two virulent isolatcs of M. phaseolina. The rcactions of cultivars were similar. However thcrc was sorne dilfercnccs in their susccptibilities due to the gencl.ic makc-up (Tablc 2). Most cultivars wcrc found to bc scnsitive to both isolates. They slrowed 25-100vo discasc ratc. Thcsc wcrc groupcd trs25-60vo and 61-1007o discase ratc. QADRI and DESHPANDE (1983) uscd similar grouping lor sunflowcr. Since thc studics on this diseasc arc not sulficient in Turkey, this research is a basic study of charcoal rot disease on tobaccoes caused by M. phseolitto. By the results of this study somc basic knowlcdgc about the diseasc, such as disease incidence, pathogcnicity of the isolates and reactions of Turkish tobacco cul15 CHARCOAL ROT OF TOBACCO tivars were obtained in aegean region. It can be suggested that the yield reduction caused by the disease should be found out. If this reduction is at economic levels all means of controlling the disease should be investigated. iable 1: Pathogenicity of M. phaseolina isolates within a period of 15 days. observation i Angle valuea of the No. Isolate Number Locations disease rate Torbah 3 49 50 48 4 51 4l Qeqme 5 1 a 7 28 24 8 25 6 9 8 10 36 29 11 15 26 40 34 37 16 39 t7 52 42 L2 13 t4 18 19 20 2l 22 llzmir Merkez llzmir / lzmi 48.30 47.79 27 25 30 Yatalan / Mulla 26 27 38 Merkez / Mulla Sarrgdl / Manisa 31 6 32 46 JJ 2 34 45 35 3i 36 5 37 38 2l 39 40 47 32 22 55.33 5 0.90 49.35 47.r4 45.87 45.69 44.20 Kiraz llzmir 7 24 1 5.87 55.51 Merkez / Mulla 23 J 59.8 5 Turgutlu / Manisa Karacasu / Aydrn Grirdes / Manisa 43 64.59 61.34 5 Krmk / Izmir 29 30 79.42 7 5.40 73.55 Akhisar / Manisa Yata[an / Mulla Akhisar / Manisa Salihli / Manisa Krrkalag / Manisa t2 28 87.2t 82.2r Ula / Mulla Bergama llzmir Siike / Aydm Milas / MuEla Ovakent llzmir Akhisar / Manisa Saruhanh / Manisa Yatalsn / MuEla 23 35 33 l0 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 lJrla llzmir Qine 4t.41 / Aydrn 41.09 38.34 38.02 3r.24 Krnrk / Izmir Srndrrgr / 30.66 27.97 27.82 27.06 Bahkesir Tire / lzmir Merkez I lzmir Merkez / MuEla Menemen llzmir Saruhanh / Manisa Odemiq llzmir Odemig llzmir Fethiye / Mulla Akhidar / Manisa Merkez / Mulla Alaqehir / Manisa 25.7 6 24.85 23.87 23.r9 22.86 22.64 22.64 22.33 16 Groups (p=0.05) G. ARCA and M. No. Isolate Number Locations 4l 44 42 4 Bigadig / Bahkesir Tire / Izmir 43 11 Soma 44 16 Saruhanh /Manis,r / Angle valuea diseasc rate 45 9 46 47 19 DeEirmendereAzmir G6lmarmara/M anisa 1.7 Sarrgril 48 T4 18 Krrkalag 20 Fethiyc 49 50 51 15 T3 52 Table 2. Sarrg<il / the 17.10 17.10 r6.92 1 1.81 9.02 7.79 Manisa Manisa 5.5 8 11q 214 / Mulla Saruhanh / Manisa Soma / Manisa 2.79 Conibincd susceptibility order of 24 tobacco cultivars against the two isolates of M. phaseolind. Ratc of thc Numbcr of I Numbcr of the diseascdl thc cliscascd plant Cultivar cliseasc(%) 12 I (square root Izm. Incekara 101121,5 Izm. 62ba1917/5 Samsun-Maden 2421, Tagova 19419 K. ballar 6265 S.Maden 188/35 Burley 37 S. Canik 190/5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Trakya-Ozbag 198/20 9r.66 Bursa 18000 83.33 83.33 83.33 83.33 83.33 Yaylada! 18205 Malarya 676 Dnzce-Ozbat 196123 Bafra 6391 Taqova 10670 12 12 t2 t2 l2 t2 t2 t2 1l 1l 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 r.89 10 10 10 10 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.86 66.6 8 r.73 7 Diizce 985 Trakya 20292 Basma 438 58.33 58.33 58.33 58.33 7 S. Canik 5 8.33 7 1.66 1.64 I .61 1.58 1.58 6 1..52 5 1.48 Bafra 1.9313 10821 Bursa 199/9 Bahkesir 16880 Basma 192/23 Ege-64 Groups (p=0.05) 17 .79 Manisa / of 20,43 Manisa / YLDIZ 50.00 41.66 33.33 25.00 7 7 4 r.36 3 1.27 '17 | (p=0.01) CHARCOAL ROT OF TOBACCO 6znr EcE sor-cpsiNos rUrUNoE ozUruRu uesralt6t as e o tin a (Tassi.) G OID)'NIN DURUMU, paf OmNiSifBSi vn rUnr rUrUN qeqirl-EniNiN DUYARLTLTKLARI unnimne ARA;TTRMALAR (M.ph Bu araqflrmada, izmir ilinde yaprlan 2 yrlhk (1985-86) stirveyde, tiitiinde <iz{ikuru hastahlrna yakalanma oranr ortalama olarak 7o53,75 oranrnda saptanml$ur. Toplanan dmeklerden seEilen 52 izolatla yaprlan testlerde, izolatlar patdenisteleri agrsndan (Vo 0-100) farkh bulunmuq ve gruplandrnlmrqlardrr. Iki virulent izolatla reaksiyon testine ahnan Tiirkiye'de yetiqtirilen 24 tiittin ge$it / hattrrun M. phaseolina'ya karqr duyarh olduklan saptanml$fir. LITERATURE CITED BORA, T.; i. KARACA. 1970. Krilri.ir Birkilerinde Hastahfrn ve Zarann OlEtilmesi. Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakriltesi Yardrmcr Ders Kitabr. Yayrn no. 167,43. BORA, T.1970.Izmir, Manisa, Mu$la illerinin Tiittin Fideliklerinde Qdkerten Hastah$rnrn Zarar Derecesi, Fungal Etmenlerin Genuslannrn Tanrmr, Dafrhqr ve Patoj eni siteleri Uzerinde Aragtr rmalar (Do gentlik T ezi). BREMER, H. 1944. Uber Welkekrankheiten in Stidwest-Anatolien. Instanbuler Schriften 18: l-44. DHINGRA, O.D.; J.R. SINCLAIR. 1973. Variation among isolates of Macrophomina phaseoli (Rhizoctonia bataticola) from different Regions (1972) Phytopath. 2., 7 6, 200-204. . 1975. Survival of Macrophomina phaseoli solerotia in soi1. Effects of soil moisture, Carbon : Nitrogen ratios. Carbon Sources and Nitrogen concentration Phytopathology 65 : 236-240. EL-DAHAB, M.K.A.; TARABEIH, A. M.; MOHAMED, S.E. 1983. Studies on sunflower diseases in Egypt 1. studics on charcoal rot and its control. Review of Plant Pathology Vol. 62 No. 3 1148. IBRAHIM,I.A.; A.M. KAMARA; N.G. GAHIN. 1979. Studies on two isolates of Sclerotittm bataticola Taub. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae l4(3 14) 383-390. KARCILIOcLU, A.; M. ESENTEPE; E. ONAN; E. SEZGIN. 1985. EgC Bcilgesi ltinci Urtln Ekim Alanlannda Gcinilen Hastahk, Zararh,Yabancr Otlar ve Bunlann DoSal Dtiqmanlan Uzerinde Araqtlrmalar Bor- novaZirai Mricadele Araqlrma Enst. 8/A 600. 001-1 no'lu projenin sonuE raporu (basrlmamrqur). 18 G. ARCA and M. YILDIZ MORE, B.B.; P.V. WANT; K.D. KALE; B.K. KONDE. 1982. Screening of sorghum cultuvars againts charcoal rot disease. Agricultural science Digest (1981) 1 (l) 17-18. Review of Planr Parhology Vol. 61 No. 6, 2846. PENCIC, V. 1977 . Sclerotium bataticola as a causal agent of stem and root rot of maize in Serbia. Agron. Glasn (1970) 32: 69-76. An Ann. Bibl. of M. ph. 1905-1975,1592. QADRI, S.M.H.; K.S. DESHPANDE. 1983. Studies on root/collar rot of saflower caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola. Indian Botanical Reported (1982) | (2) 141-143. Review of Plant pathology. yot. 62. No. 4, 1605. REICHERT, T. 1977. Palestine : root diseases caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola.Int. Bull. Plant Prot. (1930) 4: l7 An Bibl. of M. ph t90S-1975. 650. HELLINGER. 1947. On the occurence. morphology and parasitism of Sclerotium bataticola. Plastine J. Bot. 6: 107-147. SULAIMAN, M; B.c. PATIL. 1977. Existence of phsiological races of Macropltomina phaseoli causing root rot of Cotton. Beitr. Trop. Subtrop. Land-Wirtsch. Tropenveterinamedizin (1966) 4 : 29t -298. WYLLIE, T.D.; S.l,t. ROSENBROCK. 1985. Crop rotation as a means of controlling populations of Macrophondna phaseolina in Missourisoils. Phytopathology 75, (from Annual Meeting). ; E. 19 J. Turk Phytopath., Vol. 19, No:1, 21-29, ISSN 0378-8024 1990 The Preliminory Studies on The Turfgross Diseoses in Turkey Figen YILDIZ Mehmet YILDIZ Nafiz DELEN Department of Plant Protection,.Agricultural Faculty Ege University, Bomova, Izmir, TURKEY ABSTRACT In this study the pathogenic charactcrs oJ the different fungi, isorated both on the seeds and the infected turfgrasses were exarnined. naria Different pathogens as Rhizoctonia, Curvuloria, h'usarium, Alter- Helninthosporium ware isola.ted. Jiom the diseased turJgrass pktnt. patlwgenswere 68.3,68.6, 14.0 and 5.0 7o respectively. On the seeds, mostly Penicilliunt, Altentaria and Aspergilhts species were isolcued in addition to many othar Jungi. Ilelminthosporiurtt species and The rate oJ were also isolatedfrom the Bermudagrass. According to the pathogeniciry rcsts; Rhizoctonia, Fusariunt, Helntintltosporium and Curvularia wcre d.eterntined as the most virulent fungal organisms. Some of the turfgrasses such as l.oliturt, Festuca, poa belonging to the different varieties which obtainedfront tlte sced companies were found to have dffirent degrees oJ'sensitivity to tlrc above mentionedlungi. INTRODUCTION Turfgrasses are used on grounds, surrounding business, parks sports gtounds and roaclsidcs. Tl'rc significance ol turls cannot be neglcgtctl. The ornamental beauty and acsthctic bcncfits was contdbute to mcntal health and provide the morc favorablc cnvilonment for social intemction among peoples espccially in densely populatcd arcas. The turfgrass's plant pathogcnic problems are great especiarly in the fields to which new cultivars have bccn introduced. The lack of fundemental knowledge is very high, compared with the traditional agricultural commodity areas. Enrphasis 'uvas placed on rlelminthosporium and curvularfa spccies among lhe determincd lungal organism. In thc early research in the turfgrass in 7941, a disease was rcpofled wherc the turlgrass bccame chlorotic and thinned 27 TURFGRASS DISEASES rluring the hot wcallrcr. Thc causal ilgcnts'uvcrc claimctl as Cttn'ltlaria ot IIel' mintlrusporilrlt (Wcnrham ancl Kirby, 1941). Srlilcy (1983), indicatcd that 8 Crrn,r/aria spccics lo l'n plllhogcnic to the turfgrasscs. Brown ct al. (1972) wcrc rcportccl that tliscasc sytttptorlls wcrc primarily a lcal tip clicback r.vlrcrc llrc tissuc llt'st bccomc ycllow attd lltcn brtlr.vn and leal'finally shrivclccl l\4ucltovcj ct al. (19ti-5), rcporlcd that23 spccics of Curvulsria occurrcd on 29 spccics o['grasscs. Hoclges (1972), dcrlonstrllctl tlrat Curyulurio geniculnto could not clearly shown palhogclticity ott Agraslis p(lustris or Pou prutctrsis. Flodges, concludcd that C. geniuilttla is pritttat'ily a saprophytc ar-rd nlity bc sccondary invadcr ol'lcsions causcil lty Dre chslcra sorokinianu. In anothcr lcpoil, it was sltor.vn L\L\L Hclmitttltosporiutil vogorts was a bliglrtirrg pathogcn attd occurrcd on thc P. prolensis, P. co,,tp,'e.r.sn and P. triyialis.It rvas also rcportccl ott tltc Agrostis and h-estuca (Bror.vn, 1972). A cliscasc causiug cilcular ncclotic pirttct'ns it't Pott prutensis wus thc lirst scrious ncrv problcnr in 1950's. Thc allbctcd plartts oftcn occun'cd in thc ccntcr ol'al't'cctcd patcrllcs. fbrlring a ring pal"l"cm. Thcsc syntptolus wcrc dcscribcd as a singlc discasc that rvas namccl Iiusurium blight. According to thc sanlc rcscarch I.-ttsurium wils lhc most isolatcd plthogcn on li'cclttcnt clippcd tu-lgrasscs, it was also dctcrntincd tltal Fu.sarittrrt spccics wcrc morc aggrcssivc to thc Agroslis spccics than Poa sp (Snrilcl', l9li7). Furlltcrmotc it was rcportcd that niany turl'varictics wcrc al'f'cctctl l::y Il. solunf (Bloom antl Cottcl-t, 1960). Il. was plannccl that kincl of'rcscarclr lrccarrsc ol'tlrc scrious ttrrf'grass cliscascs bcing clccunccl in our courrlly, rclatccl w'ilh lhc incrcasing ttrrlgrass llclds as many coulttrics donc. Thc ainr ol'this study was to dclcnniltc thc possitrlc causal pathogcns on thc sccds and on thc cliscascd plant parts and also to llid ouL the susccptibility ol'sittnc turlgrass varictics against to thcsc pathogclls. I\{ATERIALS and N'{ETIIODS Fungi isolatr:d lr<lrr thc sccds aird af'lcctcd plant pilrl"s wcl'c h'ttsurium, Rhiz.oct6nia, Curvuluria, IIelminllrrtsporium tntl Alternuria. h-esluca, Agrostis, Poa, Lglittttt, Agropyron, Bromus spccics ancl Bcrmudagrass wcrc provitlccl by vari'ous conrmcrcial tufi'gl'ass scctl conrpanics. Two dif'f'crcnt tcchniqucs wcrc uscd to isolatc thc f ungal llora otr thc secds. Thc scctls wcrc placcd on moist filtcr papcr (25 sccds pcr platc) within the pctri platcs arrd incubatcd at tcmpcraturc22-26"C itt thc clat'k fbr4[l lrours. T'hcn idcntifications wcrc rcalizctl undcr microscopc (Brown ct al., 1972). 10 sccds ol'caclr varictir wcrc surlitcc tlisin['csl"cd with 0.5olo sotlium hypochloritc (NaOCl) fbr l0lniltuLcs.'fhc sccd santplcs wctc lhcn rinscd in dislillcd watcr and platcd onto PotaLo Dcxtrosc Agal mcdiurtr. Anotltct' 10 sccds wcrc plat- F.YLDIZ,M.YILDIZ and N. DELEN ed without disinfected with NaOCI but only distilled watcr. The identificarion of the fungi were realized after incubatcd at 22-24"C. Both of the treatments were replicated thrce times. The seeds belong to various turfgrass varieties used in the pathogenicity tests were washed and dricd aftcr disinfcction. (0.5 7o sodium hypoctrloridc for 10 minutes). Thc secds wcre sown in 15 cnr diamcter clay pots containing a soil mixture of l13 rurf, 1/3 sand, 1/3 soil. Thcy were sce<Jcd ar 0.05g to 0.0g5 g/pot depending on the varieties (Brown et aI.,1972) The turfgrasses wcre grown for 6 to 8 wecks and thc clown of turfgrass plants had becn clippcd to 3 cm high at 24 hours prior to inoculation. Isolates were grown on PDA for 8-10 days. conidia were washed from the surface of fungal colonies (Curvuloria sp., Helmirtthosporiunr sp., A/ternsria sp.) with distillcd watcr. The suspcnsions wcre standardized to iontain 300.000 - 350.000 sporc / ml. The conidial suspcnsions wcre sprayed to run off on the foliagc and crowns. Thc tcsts wiLh Rhizoctortis and F-usorium isolatcs wcrc prcparcd in the conrmeal-sand mcdium and incubatcd at2l days at room tcmperaturc. After t5e fungus had grown throughout thc medium, the cultures were air dried just prior to inoculation. The tcst plants wcrc cut to 3 cm in hcight, uniform amounts of the air dried inoculum wcre then scattcred at l0 grlpcr pot ovcr the foliage. After inoculation with both of lwo methods the pots of grass were covercd with individual plastic covers to maintain the high humidity. The pots were incubated in a rcom with a tcmpcraturc of 25 i loC and rcccived an illumination of 15 hours light and t hours dark. Aftcr 10 days incubation pcriod the plants wcrc cvaluatcd for symptom devclopmcnt. .Discasc scverity in all cxpcrimcnts was ratccl by a 1-5 scale (couch and Bcrlfor<t, t9ii6; Brown ct al., t9t2). All trcatmcnts were replicatcd thrce times and the samc tcchniqucs uscd in all turf varicLies. RESULTS . . Thc rcsults obtaincd from thc studics, rclatcd with the idcntification of the fungal flora of ,turfgrass sceds providcd by commercial secd companics were summarized at Table 1. The given scorcs were thc mean numbcr of thc ditferent spccics of each genus Alternaria sp., Penicilliunt sp., clailosporium sp. and Aspergitius sp. which were thc most frcqucntly isolatcd fungi, according to the different techniques used in all, of the turf varieties. Helminthosporium sp. known as a potential pathogen of turfgrasses was isolatcd only on the Festuca sp., Loliwn sp. and Bennudagrass turf varietics. B TURFGRASS DISEASES The incidence of fungi, isolated from the two of the sport fields samples were shown atTable2. Table 1: Fungi The rate of presence of fungi, obtained in various trufgrass seeds. Festuca sp, Poa sp. (7 sampleg (4 sample$ ,) 3 1 Altemaria 19.t 34.9 10.5 Fusarium Cladosporium 1.1 ).s4 0.5 I 7 J 0.5 1.6 0.94 5.5 5.5 t.l ,1 7.7 aa J.J 2.6 3.8 {spergillus 2.2 4,5 0.1 Lt t.l Vardomyces 7.7 7) 0.1 1.1 0.5 3.8 ,) 2 -t )) 9.8 0.9 1.1 2.7 4.4 I 1.0 0.5 (1 sample) J ) 2.6 80.( r6.f 66.0 1.1 4.4 J.J 6.6 3.3 4.4 J.J 3.3 J.J 6.6 J.J 1.1 I : Disinfested seeds 2 : No 7.7 3.3 6.6 0.4 J Disinfested I 7 sp. J 9.9 14.9 3.3 3.3 1.6 J.J 1.3 2.6 0.5 J.J 7.6 4.4 Agropyron (2 sample) Bermuda grass t.1 )enicillium Ulocladium Agrostis sp. (3 sanple$ 1.1 0.5 Ielminthosporium Jthers Loliurn sp. (5 samples) 3.3 1.3 1.1 Seeds 3 : 1.1 Blotter test Curvularia spp. and Fusarium spp were the main fungi in both of two stadium samples. Rhizoctonia sp. and Helminthosporium sp. were the secondary fungi according to the isolation tests. Pathogenicity experiments were conducted by using the isolates which were obtained from both seed and affected plant parts. These selected isolates were 12 Curvularia 13 Fusariurn ,6 Rhizoctonia and 5 Helminthosporiurn species. According to the fungi's speciality, the results of the inoculations both of leaves and soil on the 5 turfgrass varieties were summerized at Table 3. When the Table 3 was examined it was obseryed that, the rate of disease was obtained between 18 Vo to 52 Vo, with the isolates belonging to 3 fungi (Curvularia sp., Helminthosporium sp., Alternarfa sp.) except Lolium sp. Rather, the disease rate was reached pretty high percentage with Culvuhrta and Helminthosporium on Lolium sp. (80 Vo and 96 % respectively). Thus the Lolium sp. was the most influenced turf variety. 24 F. YILDV, M. YILDV and N. DELEN Table 2 : Incidence of the fungi isolated from infected turfgrass samples (zo) Ali eker Stadium Stadium (Trabzon) (MuSla) Curvularia spp. 43.3 93.3 Fusarium spp. 63.3 s0.0 Rhizoctonia spp. 3.3 13.3 Helminthosporium spp. 0.0 10.0 Altemaria spp. 3.3 10.0 Othen 6.6 6.6 Fungi isolated Table 3 : The rate of, disease Mu$a in the various turfgrass, determined in the pathoge- nicity tests. Isolates Festuca sp. l€af Soil Agrostis I-eaf sp. Soil Poa sp. L€af Soil Lolium Leaf sp. Soil Bermudagrass Leaf Alternaria sp. (25 Isolate) 24 36 18 18 16 Helm. sp. 26 50 36 96 52 (6 Isolate) Curvularia sp. (12 Isolate) 28 Rhizoctonia sp. 30 30 24 16 80 40 20 20 40 46 30 70 60 20 34 t4 40 30 (6 Isolate) Fusarium sp. (3 Isolate) 36 Soil After the pathogenicity tests, the most virulent 2 curvularia 2 Rhizocand I Helminthosporium isolates were selected to the va- tonia,l Fusarium riety tests. The variety reaction test were realized with 5 Festaca,4 Lolium,l Bermudagrass varieties supplied by 4 commercial seed componies. Lotium perenne % TURFGRASS DISEASES pr,er&rno was the most affected turfgrass variety by both of leaf and soil-bome pathogens. Nevertheless, most of the Festuca species wcre influcnced by the soil-bome pathogenes (Table 4 and 5). r/) F- o (t) O td ;h O= tLd iO l\o (..l cd (t) <€ 9.c c.r r- \n S c.l c- \.o c.l t-. !- \a c)> t& a> c) ,.1 J€ ()a> tEZ a/) \o , c.l Ilcl\o i\o ! c.l a) () () a $ \ !) -----f- d , s o O at) =d o= r&tr 'l @ \c) oo I co --1ool.+ i\9 ,<\ \o ao \o .+ d 3 \o 6 e.l O o bo € o. (,) r/) 8 * \c) & t' \o o> q.o = _t s= -i f- a,= \o le 6l C) c) ,o o C) o <! O -6= ko =a o<€ (t) o= r&tr s F .+ C) C.l o, c.l o\ c-] \o * I I c-.r r-- \o * dt Pio c.) o ;!2 l.r IV' \o \o -f, 3'AlE \o .+ .+ Ir-i:ls -o \o F oo o d cl c.) o () ! (J N N d, & 26 Ir. \o d L t CJ C) a E E 1 F.YlLDlZ, N,I. YILDIZ and N. DELEN o, o (,) A cn F- an c{ r a \t ol .J 6 J J o \o a) -i a oa (n <) a 0c € a { C) ,) O a. ri .!O -a -(J\ <a otr I F A '' aa o cr; JE. cl ctl F- '7 c) f-- .- c.l (t) \c a I ,q N o' J c'l (\ :+ \c e.l \o o\ co o ts C) ,.) \c \c ;;Q o' J th o .. c0 ): 'rc \o d ;\c i ra) O i ': o .rA o ,;€ ,i J F ol ----------r- >' o U) C) I I a a '; \c I o li \o \o J C) ca O' I e.l r) cl I F c.l al -ls I .J o s I '- t N ea lL L) =lo Q:C i : I T TURFCRASS DISEASES DISCUSSION In the first step of this study, it was detelmined the fungal flora of thc 23 sced saniplcs supplicd by the secd companies. The fungi found intcnsely in the seeds werc Altcrnuria, Puticilliuttt, Cladosporium, Aspergillus bcsidcs tlrc otlrers. The most fi'cqucntly isolated fungi AIle rnaria spp. and Ilelntinthosporium spp. which known as important pathogens of turfs wcrc found on Fesluca, Lolium and Bcnnudagras but not on all samplcs. Ilowcver, anothcr inlportant secd bomc pathogen Curvularia was not detected on thc sarnpling of turf varietics (Table 1). Thc most frequently isolatod fungus was Alternaria spp. It was obserycd that Curvularia spp (Va 68) and Fusaritlrn spp (Va 56) were usually isolated with high ratcs from affccted turlgrasses. In addition to ltre others; Rlricoctonia spp. and Ilelnrinthosporium -cpp rnay be addcd as thc rnain fungi (Tablc 2). When coniparcd with thc findings in litcrature, it can be said that thcre are some similarities with thc datii wc obtaincd. As a mattcr of fact, in the prcvious studics. Curvularia spp. and Ilelmintltosporium sp. had becn reportcd as bcing pathogcns on various turf varictics (Wcrnham and Kirby, 1941; Brown, 1972; Snriley, 1983; Muchovcj, 1985). Similar statc is currcnt for Fusarium spp. (Smilcy, 1987) and Rhiuctonra spp. (Bloom and Couch, 1960). As thc rcsults oIPathogcnicity tcst (Tablc 3), it was found that virulcnt pathogcns were llelntinthosporit rrr sp. andCurvularia sp. forleaf, Illtizoctonia sp. and Fusurit rr sp. for soil LlcatmcnLs. Essentially thcse rcsults werc in coincidcnce rvith prcvious turf discasc rcports. It had bccn studicd with many A/ternaria isolatcs bccausc of frcqucntly isolation of this pathogcn from thc sccds. But tlrc lcss discasc ratcs wcrc obtainccl with thcsc Allernaria sp. isolatcs (Tablc 3). Lolitutt sp. was thc most influcnccd Lur[ gcnus by both of lcaf and soilbornc pathogcns. Inoculation of 7 cultivars of I'eslrrca,5 of Loliurrt and Bcrmudagrass wclc cxhibitccl a vcry high ratc of discasc (Tablc 4 and 5). It was also obscwcd tliat tlrcrc arc son"lc difl'crcnccs bctrvccn thc fungal isolatcs rcgarrling thc virulcncc cvcn in Lhc samc gcnus. Gcncrally Lolium spp wcrc morc af'fcctcd by tlic both o['lcal and soi[bome pathogcns than Lhc Bcrmudagrass. Thcsc results arc tlrc [irst daLa oI thc cor"rtinuing rcscarch. Thcsc findings indicatcd that thc discascs or1 tulfgrasscs mly bccamc also a problcm in Turkcy. It has bccn intendcd to stu(ly on thc control of thc tur[ discascs in thc further r.vith virr.rlcnt isoliltcs stndics. F. ruRriyn'oE YILDIZ, M. YLDIZ and N. DELEN 6znt' QiMLERDE cORur_EN HASTALTKLAR UzenNnp 6u gal-rgvAl-AR Bu gahqmada, hem Eim tohumlan i.izerinden, hem de hastahkh qim bitkilerinden izole edilen de$iqik funguslann patojenik karakterleri incelenmigtir. Hasta Eim cimeklerinden, ortalama olarak va 68.3 Rltizoctonia spp, 7o6g curvularia spp., va56 Fusarium spp., vol4 Alternaria spp ve va 5 oranrnda Helminthosporium spp. izole edilmiqtir. Tohumlardan ise; pekgok fungusun yanrsrra alrrhkh olarak Alternaria spp., Penicillium spp ve Aspergillus spp. saptanml$tlr. Bermudagrass gim geqidinde aynca H elminthosporium tiirleri izole edilmigtir. Yapilan pekgok patojenisite testinde; Rhizoctonia spp, Fusarium spp, Helminthosporium spp ve curvuluria spp etkin izolatlar olarak sap- tanml$ur. Tohum firmalanndan sallanan deligik ttirlere ait geqitlerin bu organizmalar farkl duyarhhkta olduklan bulunmuqtur. kargrsrnda LITERATURE CITED Bloom, J.R., and H.B. couch, 1960. Influence of Environment on diseases of turfgrasses. I. Effect of nutrition pH and soil moisture on Rhizoctonia Brown patch. Phytoparhol. 50 : 532 - 34. Brown, G.E., H. cole, and R.R. Nelson,1972. pathogenicity of curvularia sp to turfgrasses. Dis. Rep. 56 :59 - 63. couch, H.B. and E.R. Bedford , 1966. Fusarium Blight of Turfgrasses phytopathol. 56 : 781-86. Hodges, c.F. r9T2.Interaction of culture age and temperature on germination and growth of curvularia geniculate and on virulence. can. J. Botany 50 :2093-96. Muchovej, JJ., and H.B. couch, 1985. curvularia blight of turfgrasses : A Historical Perspective. Razon-Turf Gazon l6 (3) : gg-92. , 1966. Definition of leaf health is Agrostis palustris at the time of infection and colonization by curvuluria lunata Ann. Appl. Biol. lO9 :249-58 Smiley, R.w. 1983. compendium of turfgrass diseases, American phytopathological Society. Sr. Paul, MN 102 pp. Smiley, R.w., and M.c. Fowler, 1985. Techniques for inducing summer patch symptoms on Poa pratensis. plant Disease. 69 :492_94. ,1987. The etiologic dilemma conceming patch disease of blugrass turfs. Plant Disc;se 7l :774 - 81. wemham, G.c., and R.S. Kirby, 1941. A new turf disease (.dbst.) phytopa- thoL3l:24. E J. Turk Phytopath., Vol. 19, No:I, 31-39, ISSN 0378-8024 1990 Chemicol Control of Storoge Rots ln Ankoro peors Meral GURER Salih MADEN Plant Protection Research Institute Ankara, TURKEY Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty, Ankara Un. Ankara, TURKEY ABSTRACT Efficacy of sixfungisides against three of the impartant storage rot agents was investigated at 0"C ,22"C, and thefemperature offarmers strores. At 22"c, none of the fungicides was effective on the three fungi, penicil- lium expattsum, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria tenuissima. At farm- ers' stores and 0"C, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and imazalil controlled both P. expsnsum and B. cinerea at more than 90 vo of efficacy,for 3,5 months of storage period. INTRODUCTION control of storage rot of pome fruits can be achieved by either pre harvest spray or post harvest by dipping into fungicides. But, the more feasible and common method is the latter. The most of the works related with chemical control have been done on ar- tificially inoculated fruits and two ways have been suggested for the control. These are treatments to perform before and after inoculation an<t the farmers usu- ally prefer the treatment after inoculation beause effectiveness decreasses proportionally based on the time gap between inoculation and treatment. Treatment of fruits before or after inoculation not exceeding 10-15 h with benzimidazole was found effective in controlling storage rot caused by penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea by various workers (Maas and Mac Swan 1970; Beattie and Outbred 1970; Scom and Roberts 1970; Spalding and Hardenburg 1971). Effectiveness was higher at 0oc, and this was achieved by relativelly low concetrations of chemicals, while at higher temperatures such as 1g-30.C it was 31 STORAGE ROTS OF PEARS low and higher concctrations wcrc nccdcd. Against Altemaria spp., benzimidazoles generally were found ineffcctive (Spalding 1970), while thcsc was contradictory reports (Bcn Arie and Guelfat Reich 1973). This study was planncd to find out the effectivcncsses of two benzimidazoles, carbendazim and thiabendazole, imazalil, prochloraz, captan and NaOCI against storage decay of pears caused by important fruit rot agents at22oC,loc and farmers storage conditions. MATERIALS AND METTIODS In all the expcrimcnts artificially inoculatcd fiuits with the most effecicnt isolates of the commonest storage rot fungi, Alternaria tenuissinm, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillttm expansltrt were uscd. The following fungicidcs at thc givcn conccntration as pg/nil wclc cmployed to dip inoculated fruits: Captan 1200, carbcndazim 250, imazalil 1000, proctrloroz 500, thiabcndazolc 900 and NaOCl432. After surface disinfcction and drying at room tcmpcrilture the fruits wcre injurcd by a cork attachcd with thrcc pins at 2-3 mm depth on two sidcs, thcn dippcd in fungicide solutions for 1 min, in NaOCI for 10 min. but aftcr inocularion (Cappelini and Stretch 1962; Phillips and Grcndahl 1973). Aftcr thc trcatcd fruits were got dried, 1 ml suspension of 10s-106 spores/ml of the isolatcs wcre dropped on thc points of injured sidcs. After re-dricd, thc fruits were placed in plastic bags and incubated at OoC, 90 7oRH,22oC and a fatrner's storagc conditions shown at Figure 1. Evaluations were madc after 5,8 and 11 days at 22"C,3,5 months at OoC and 3,5 months at the farmcr's storc. Trcatcd fruits and conttols wcrc counted as diseased and healthy without mcasuring thc size of the rot. The stotcs wcre disinfectcd with, 5 7o formalin beforc thc fruits wcrc placcd. RESULTS Effectivcncss of thc fungicidcs against Penicillitgtl expansunt, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria tcnuissillc was givcn at Tablc 1, Tablc 2 and Table 3, respcctively. As sccn in Table 1, against P. expansurl, carbcndazim had significant effect on thc 5 th day, but it was decrcascd on 11. day to 60 a/o,The othcr fungicides did not give a promising rcsult on tlte 1 l. day. Against B. cinerea (Tablc 2), carbcndazim occupied the first rank at all the three perio<ls and it was followcd by thiabendazolc. On the 5 th day, NaOCI acted as carbcndazim, but lost its cffcctivcness on the timc incrcascd and it was on the 11 th day. On this last pcriod, thiabendazolc, prochloraz and captan and imazalil formed diffcrcnt groups in thcir cffccts. n M. GUREL and S. MfDEN Table l. Fffectiveness of the fungicides against penicillium expansum on5., 8. and ll days at22oC. Averages of replicates+ Fungicides Percent rot 5. day Carbendazim 17.5 Imazalil 47.5 50.0 Thiabendazolc Prochloraz 52.5 Captan 90.0 NaOCI 100.0 100.0 Control + 8. Percent effect day ll. 27.5 72.5 90.0 85.0 92.5 100.0 100.0 5. day 40.0 85.0 95.0 90.0 95.0 8. day 11. day 82.5 a 52.5 b 72.5 a 27.5 b 50.0 b 47.5 b 10.0 bc 15.0 bc 10.0 bc 10.0 c 7.5 bc 5.0 bc 0.0 0.0 100.0 t day 0.0 d 60.0 a 15.0 b 5.0 bc c c 00.0 (P < 0.01) Table 2. Effectiveness of the fungicides against Bortrytis cinerea on 5., g. and I 1. days at 22oC. Avcrages of rcplicates+ rot 8. clay 11. tlay percent eflect Percenl, 5. day Carbcndaz.im 17.0 Thiabendazole 2't.5 Prochloraz 32.5 Captan 50.0 85.0 Imazalil NaOCI Control + 15.0 100.0 35.0 60.0 52.5 67.5 82.5 92.5 97 .5 97 .5 97 .5 100.0 100.0 r00.0 r00.0 8 7.5 5. day 85.0 a 72.5 ab 67.5 ab 50.0 15.0 85.0 b c a g. day 65.0 a 40.0 b bc cd 2.5 d 0.0 d 17.5 7.5 ll. day 47.5 40.0 12.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 (P < 0.01) In case of Altemaria tenuissinw, imazalil was the most cffective fungi_ cidc (Table 3) on all thc thrce pcriods, but lhe e ffectivcncss was not saticfactory when the pcriod was cxtcndcd. Trrc othcr fungicidcs wcrc varying in effect. STORAGEROTS OFPEARS Table 3. Effectiveness of the fungicides against Alternaria tenuissima on5., 8. and 11 days at22"C. Averages of replicates+ day 5. NaOCI 15.0 22.5 33.0 45.0 70.0 73.3 Control 83.3 Imazalil Prochloraz Carbendazim Captan Thiabendazole + Percent effect Percent rot Fungicides 8. day 11. day 32.5 47.5 45.0 65.0 77 .5 82.5 80.0 92.5 89.9 r 00.0 87.5 95.0 100.0 5. day 82.21 8. day a a 22.5 b 20.0 b 7.5 b 10.0 b 67.5 52.5 a 72.83 ab 58.41 ab 46.15 bc 16.10 cd 12.t7 d 11' day 55.0 35.0 a ab 17.5 ab 12.5 bc 5.0 bc 0.0 c 100.0 (P < 0.01) None of the fungicides controlled fruit rot caused by Rhizopus stoloniat22 "C on the given periods. All the inoculated fruits decayed on the 3 rd fer day after treatment with fungicides. In the cold storage where inoculated fruits kept 3.5 months at OoC, naria tenuissima and Rhizopus stolonifer did not caused decay so effec- tiveness of fungicides against these two fungi could not be evaluated. Table 4. Percent decay and effevtiveneSses of the fungicides against Penicillium expansum kept at OoC for 3.5 months. Average of replicates+ Fungicides 7o Vo decay efferl NaOCI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.0 100.0 a 100.0 a 100.0 a 100.0 a 10.0 b Captan 92.5 7.5 b Control 100.0 Carbendazim Imazalil Prochloraz + Alter' (P < 0.01) u M. GUREL and S. MADEN Inoculated fruits with P. expansum and B. cinerea yielded 100 and 95 percent decay on the controls, respectively. F.fficacy of the fungicides against P. expansum and B. cinerea was given at Table 4 and Table 5, respectively. As it can be seen in Table 4, at OoC, Carbendazim, imazalil, thiabendazole and prochloraz controlled P. expansum rot at a very high percentage. captan and NaOCI on the otherhand, found completely ineffective. AgainstB. cinerea (Table 5), a different situation was appeared. Carbendazim with 100 vo of efficacy had the first rank and prochloraz, thiabendazole and imazalil formed the second group, captan with slightly lower effect formed the third group and NaOCI with 2.5 Vo of effectthe fourth group. Table 5. Percent decay and effectivenesses of the fungicides againsr Botrytis cinerea kept at OoC for 3.5 months. Average of replicates+ Fungicides Vo decay Vo effect Cafuendazim 0.0 100.0 Prochloraz 2.5 97.22 ab Thiabendazole 5.0 94.44 ab lmazaltT 7.5 91.66 ab Captan a 15.5 83.38 b NaOCI 92.5 2.5 c Contrcl 95.0 + (P < 0.01) Effectiveness of Fungicide Treatment at Farmen Stores. Effectiveness of fruit dip treatment on the fruits kept at the farmers store of wich conditions were given at Figure 1, against p, expansum and, B. cinerea. 35 1 STORAGEROTS OFPEARS I 10 ; 9 8 7 U o 6 lm E 9 (l! 5 90 & d.) F{ s >a 4 80 3 70 *to (! o o il 2 I 50 0 1 5 11 16 21 26 I 6 11 16 A % 31 5 l0 t5 n 25 30 4 9 14 Notmber Figure 1. Deccmber -Jamary 19 February Temperature and relative humidity of the farmers store where the experiments were canied out for 3.5 months. 1 T *- ar Percent effects of fungicides against P. expansum and B. cinerea were presented at Table 6 and Table 7, respectively. Against P. expansum similar results were, obtained in farmers' store, however percent effectiveness of the fungicides were slightly lower than 0"C. Against B. cinerea the almost same effectiveness of fungicides were obtained (fable 7). ."LA M. GUREL and S. MADEN Table 6. Effectiveness of fruit treatment fungicides against penicillium expansum after 3.5 months of storage at a farmer store. Average of replicates+ Fungicides 7o decay Imazalil 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 92.s 97.5 100.0 Prochloraz Thiabendazole Carbendazim Captan NaOCI Control + Vo effeot 97.5 a 97.5 a 97.5 a 95.0 a 7.5 b 2.5 b (P < 0.01) Table 7. Effect of fruit treatment fungicides against Botrytis cinerea after 3.5 months of storage at a farmer's store. Average of replicates+ Fungicides I Carbendazim Prochloraz Thiabendazol Imazalil Captan Vo decay 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 NaOCI 64.75 100.0 Control 100.0 Vo effwt 100.0 a 97.5 a 95.0 a 92.5 a 32.25 b 0.0 c (P < 0.01) DISCUSSION In our study, captan was ineffective in controlling storage rot caused by Peni^cillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea though ttrere trio been reports mentioning its effectiveness (Nidubizu and Blanpied l97l; Rosenbergerit al., 1979), during 5 months of storage at OoC. g7 STORAGE ROTS OF PEARS Regarding with NaOCl, we found the same results as the other authors (Mc Clure, 1958; Spotts and Peters, 1980), it was ineffective against the above mentioned fungi. At cold storage effectivenesses of the other fungicides on the two fungal rots are very high and this results are in accordance with the other researchers S.osenberger et a1., 1979). At 22"C, we also found that none of the fungicides tested had prevented fruit deay for a long time. At about this temperature and higher temperatures similar results were reported by other workers (Prusky and Ben-Arie 1981; Spotts 1934; Rosenberger et a1., 1984; Tak et al., 1985). In the light of these results it is possible to conclude that at 22"C and higher temperatures it is impossible to keep pears for a long time even if they are treated. On the other hand, at OoC not only fungicides were effective but temperature itself controlled the decay of some fun- gi as Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria tenuissima. However, these two fungi could cause fruit rot at farmers stores, where temperature had been between OoC - 8oC during storage period (Figure 1). Four fungicides, carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil and procttloraz controlled the most common storage rot agents; P. expansum and B. cinerea, at both OoC and farmers' store. However, we think that at farmers' stores imazalil and prochloraz could be more versatile since A. tenuissima and R. stolonifer might cause damage, even though they were not so important such as P. expansum and B. cinerea. The importance of treating fruits soon after inoculation has been mentioned by various authors (Cappelini and Stretch, 1962). Ifit exceeds 18 h, then effectiveness decreases. By taking into consideration this stuation, we recommend that fruits should be treated soon after harvest. If it is not so, treatment would not give positive results. 6znr ARMUTLARDA DEPO gunuWmniNE KAR$I MEYVE ilAqlAVrALARr Onemli tig depo gtiriikltik etmenine karqr, altr fungisidin etkinlikleri 22oC, i.iretici ve soluk hava deposunda araqunlml$tlr. Kullantlan fungisidler, 22"C'de Penicillit,,m expansum, Botrytis cinerea ve Alternaria tenuissima'ya etkili olmemrqlardrr. Uretici deposunda ve 0oC'de carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz ve imazalil P. expansum,veB. cinerea'ya karqr 3.5 ay stireyle 7o 90ln tizerinde etkili bulunmuqlardrr. 38 M. GUREL and S. MADEN LITERATURE CITED N.L. Outbred, 1970. Benzimidazole derivaties as postharvest fungicides to control rotting of pears, cherries and apricots. Rev. Pl. Path., 50 (4) : 1301. 2. Ben Arie, R. and S. Guelfat-Reich, 1973. Preharvest and postharvest applications of benzimidazoles for control of storage decay of pears..Hort 1. Beattie, B.B. and : Science.8 (3) 181-183. Cappelini, R.A. and A.W. Stretch, 1962. Control of postharvest decays of -1 . peaches. Plant Dis. Reptr., 46 3l-33. 4. Maas, J.L. and I.C. Mac Swan, 1970. Postharvest fungicide treatments for reduction of Penicillium decay of Anjou pears. Plant Dis. Reptr., 54 (l) : (10) : 887-890. 5. Mc Clure, T.T., 1958. Brown and Rhizopus rots of peaches as affected by hydrocooling, fungicides, and temperature. Phytopathology, 48 322- : 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. t2. 323. Nrdubrzu, T.D.C. and G.D. Blanpied, 1971. Further evaluation of thiabendazole as a postharvest fungicide for apples. Plant Dis. Reptr., 55 (9) : 791-794. Phillips, D.J. and J.Grendahl, 1973. The effect of chlorinating hydrocooling water on Monilinia fructicola conidia and brown rot. Plant Dis. Reprr., 57 (10) : 814-816. Prusky. D. and R. Ben-Arie, 198 1 . Control by imazalil of fruit storage rots caused by Altemaria alternata. Ann. appl. Biol., 98 : 87-92. Rosenberger, D.A, F.W. Mcyer, and C.V. Cecilia, 1979. Fungicide strategies for control of benomyl tolerant Penicillium expansum in apple storages Plant Dis. Reptr., 63 (12) : 1033-1037. Scoot, K.L. and E.A.Roberts, 1970. Thiabendazole to reduce rotting in Packham's Triumph pears during storagc and marketing. Aust. Jour. of Exp. Agr. and An. Husb., 10 : 235-236. Spalding, D.H., 1970. Postharvest use of bcnomyl and thiabendazole to control blue mold rot development in pears. Plant Dis. Reptr., 54 (8) : 655-657. Spalding, D.H. and R.E.Hardcnburg, 1971. Postharvest chemical treatments for control of blue mold of apples in strorage. Phytopathology, 61:1300-1309. Spotts, R.A. and B.B. Pcters, 1980. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide for control of d'Anjou pear dccay. Plant Disease, 64 : 1 095- 1097. t4. spotts, R.A., 1984. Etlect of surfactant on control of decay of Anjou pear with several fungicides. Plant Disease,63 : 860-862. 15. Tak. S.K., O.P. Verma and V.H. Pathak, 1985. Control of Alternaria rot of apple fruits by postharvest application of chemicals. Indian Pytopath., 38 (3) : 471-474. 13. 39 SD(fiI NATIONAL PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL CONGRESS Swth NationaL PhytopathoLogi"caL Congress tuilL be held between the days oJ 22-25 October 1991 tn Izmir, TURKEY. The organizing committee of the congress rs expecting a nattontuide participatton of pLant pathologrsts. ALthough not speciftcaLLy an internattonaL congress, phgtopathologi"sts from throughottt tuorld are uel"come. Those who are interested. tn 6th Congress mau turtte to. Ttirtrcige Fi"topatoLoji Dernepi., Zirai" MilcadeLe Arasttrma Enstrtrisr-i, 3DO4O Bornoua IZMIR - TURKEY 40 r{tt!r5;:':: !- All Co.rrespondonce Should Be Mode To TURKiYE FiTOPATOLOJi DERNEGi Ziroi'Mucddele Aro$trrmo Enstitusu 35040 Bornovo , izmii TURKEY :