No.4: F No.4: FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS
Transkript
No.4: F No.4: FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS
No.4: F No.4: FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS M Mu ussttaaffaa S SÖ ÖZ ZE EN N aan nd dA Ah hm meett K KA AR RA AT TA AŞ Ş JJu un nee 22001100 Y YIIL LD DIIZ ZM MO OU UN NT TA AIIN NS SB BIIO OS SP PH HE ER RE EP PR RO OJJE EC CT T R RE EP PO OR RT TS SE ER RIIE ES S FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS CONTRIBUTORS Lepidoptera Odonata Freshwater fishes Marine fishes Herpetofauna Tree-dwelling bats Tree-dwelling rodents Small mammals Large mammals by Dr. Ahmet KARATAŞ and Dr. Mustafa SÖZEN by Dr. Ahmet KARATAŞ and Dr. Mustafa SÖZEN by Dr. Hasan M. SARI and Dr. Ali ILHAN by Dr. Murat BILCENOĞLU and MsC student Nilay AKÇA. by Dr. Beytullah ÖZKAN and Dr. Serbülent PAKSÜZ by Dr. Beytullah ÖZKAN and Dr. Serbülent PAKSÜZ by Dr. Beytullah ÖZKAN and Dr. Serbülent PAKSÜZ by Dr. Mustafa SÖZEN and Dr. Ahmet KARATAŞ by Dr. Mustafa SÖZEN and Dr. Ahmet KARATAŞ Dr Ferhat Matur, PhD student Faruk Çolak and MSc student Sercan Irmak also contributed to the collection of small and large mammal data in the field. Dr Michael J. B. Green reviewed and edited this report. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 i FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS This document may be cited as: YMBP (2010). Fauna of Yildiz Mountains. A report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by M. Sözen and A. Karataş for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4. Other documents in this series of reports prepared by the Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project are as follows: Land and vegetation cover, habitat and landscape mapping of the Yildliz Mountains, using satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques. A report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by S. Berberoğlu, C. Donmez, O. Şatir for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 1. Eco-hydrology of Yıldız Mountains. A report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by Yusuf Serengil for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 2 Flora of Yildiz Mountains. A report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by N. Özhatay, E. Akalin, Y. Yeşil, S. Demirci, N. Güler, and H. Ersoy for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 3. Caves of the Yildiz Mountains and their fauna. Report prepared on behalf AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by BUMAD (E. Çoraman, Y. Özakin, Y. Çelik, M. Döker, K. Kunt, and E. Özel) for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 5. Diversity and distribution of birds in the Yildiz Mountains. Report prepared on behalf of AGRER-AgriconsultingAGRIN by Korhan Özkan for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 6. A participatory approach to planning the management of the proposed Yildiz Mountains Biosphere. Report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by S. Alpan Atamer, Sevgi Gül and Okan Can for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 7. Resource management in the proposed Yildiz Mountains: a community-based approach. Report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by Francis Hurst for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 8. Identification and valuation of ecosystem goods and services in the Yildiz Mountains. A report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by Dominic Moran for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 9. Social profiling of villages in the Yildiz Mountains. A report prepared on behalf of AGRER-Agriconsulting-AGRIN by Dominic Moran and Axel Tarisse for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ankara. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 10. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 ii FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS ...........................................................................................................................................I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................1 ÖZET ..............................................................................................................................................................5 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3. ODONATA AND LEPIDOPTERA ................................................................................................................. 14 FRESHWATER FISHES ................................................................................................................................. 15 MARINE FISHES............................................................................................................................................ 16 AMPHIBIANS ................................................................................................................................................. 17 TREE-DWELLING BATS............................................................................................................................... 18 DORMICE ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 SMALL AND LARGE MAMMALS ................................................................................................................. 18 SURVEY RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4. ODONATA ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 LEPIDOPTERA............................................................................................................................................... 10 FRESHWATER FISHES ................................................................................................................................. 11 MARINE FISHES............................................................................................................................................ 11 TREE DWELLING BATS AND DORMICE.................................................................................................... 12 HERPETOFAUNA .......................................................................................................................................... 12 OTHER SMALL AND LARGE MAMMALS ................................................................................................... 12 OVERVIEW..................................................................................................................................................... 20 FRESHWATER FISHES ................................................................................................................................. 21 MARINE FISHES............................................................................................................................................ 24 HERPETOFAUNA, DORMICE AND TREE-DWELLING BATS .................................................................. 29 LARGE AND OTHER SMALL MAMMALS ................................................................................................... 30 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 ODONATA AND LEPIDOPTERA ................................................................................................................. 34 FRESHWATER FISHES ................................................................................................................................. 34 MARINE FISHES............................................................................................................................................ 36 HERPETOFAUNA, DORMICE AND TREE-DWELLING BATS .................................................................. 40 SMALL MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................................ 41 LARGE MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................................ 41 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 43 ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................................... 50 ANNEX 1: ANNEX 2: ANNEX 3: ANNEX 4: ANNEX 5: ANNEX 6: ANNEX 8: ANNEX 9: FAUNAL RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN IN YILDIZ MOUNTAINS PRIOR TO 2009 ................................ 50 METHODOLOGY -DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF SURVEY SITES............................... 53 INVENTORY OF FAUNA RECORDED IN PROPOSED YILDIZ MOUNTAINS BIOSPHERE ..................... 58 ODONATA - DISTRIBUTION, HABITATS AND IMAGES TAKEN IN YILDIZ MOUNTAINS................... 69 LEPIDOPTERA - DISTRIBUTION, HABITATS, THREATENED STATUS AND IMAGES TAKEN IN YILDIZ MOUNTAINS...................................................................................................................................... 73 MARINE FISHES - THREATENED STATUS, COMMERCIAL CATCH RECORDS AND IMAGES FROM COASTAL REGION OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS............................................................................................... 92 HERPETOFAUNA, DORMICE AND BATS: THREATENED STATUS, COMMERCIAL CATCH RECORDS AND IMAGES FROM COASTAL REGION OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS .......................................................... 98 SMALL AND LARGE MAMMALS - TRAP RECORDS, THREATENED STATUS, AND IMAGES............129 Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 iii FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Thrace is the only region of Turkey that lies geographically in Europe, which is why some faunal elements in Turkey occur only in Thrace. The Yildiz Mountains are among the most important natural areas in Thrace because of their unique ecological features, such as longos (swamp) forests and undisturbed mixed forests. Due to the lack of comprehensive data concerning the diversity of Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) in the forests and coastal areas of Yıldız Mountains, a field survey is essential for inventory and management planning purposes. Thus, the aim of this survey was to examine fauna diversity (except avifauna) in support of Biosphere management planning. Field trips were undertaken between June and August 2009. The main focus of the fauna survey was to cover different habitat types representative of the area proposed for the establishment of the Yildiz Mountains Biosphere. Lepidoptera, odonata, fresh water fishes, marine fishes, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals, tree-dwelling rodents, large mammals and tree-dwelling bats were included in this survey. Six main habitat types were surveyed for mammals and Lepidoptera, as follows: 1.) Longos forests, 2.) agricultural fields, 3.) open areas inside forests, 4.) mixed forests, 5.) shrubs along streams, and 6.) pine plantations. In addition, suitable habitats such as water courses, way sides and grass areas were opportunistically checked for Lepidoptera. Small mammals were surveyed in each of these habitats using approximately 100 traps, each set for 3-4 consecutive days and checked daily. Transects within each of the habitat types were also walked in order to search for mammals and their signs (droppings, tracks etc.). During the survey, habitats seen as suitable for Odonata were searched and, as for Lepidoptera, specimens sampled were photographed. Herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles), tree-dwelling bats and tree-dwelling rodents were sampled within 36 locations within the main habitat types. Nets were used to catch amphibians in aquatic systems. In the case of tree-dwelling bats and dormice, live traps and mist nets were used, respectively. Freshwater fish were sampled at 28 sites (6 lakes and 16 streams) in each of the seven river basins of the Project area, using a variety of nets and electro-fishing. Marine fish were sampled by means of bottom-trawling in three locations offshore and also by skin diving. A full list of species recorded within the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere, based on the results of this survey and previous studies, is summarised in the Table below for the main taxonomic groups, together with details of their threatened status. Key findings and recommendations are given in following sections for each taxonomic group. Odonata Two species of damselfly and five species of dragonfly were newly recorded. None of the damselflies and only a small number of dragonflies has been assessed with respect to their conservation status. None is threatened but the Bulgarian Emerald (Somatochlora borisi =Corduliochlora borisi), which is endemic to the Balkans, is Near Threatened. No species is listed in Appendix-II or Appendix-III of the Bern Convention. Odonata prefer aquatic habitats such as creeks, lakes, streams and wetlands. To protect such habitats irrigation activities and dam building activities must be carefully planned and managed. Also water bodies must be protected from pollutants such as sewage effluents and pesticides. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 1 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table Summary of species inventoried in the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere, based on pre-2009 studies (see Kaya et al., 2009) and the results of the 2009 surveys. Class Vertebrates Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Freshwater fish Marine fish Total Invertebrates Lepidoptera - Butterflies - Moths Odonata - Damselflies - Dragonflies Order Family Species Turkey’s fauna species Total Yildiz 8 20 2 2 10 18 60 18 57 9 5 13 46 148 66 264 27 9 35 121 522 167 463 112 21 248 *170 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 7 6 9 5 5 117 75 42 34 12 22 5,182 405 4,777 115 43 72 40% 67% 24% 43% 14% 71% Threatened species1 CR EN VU 1 1 Bern Convention2 General Hunting Commission3 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 1 Annex 2 1 4 2 4 5 2 3 11 33 180 7 5 13 70 8 3 7 4 183 26 47 225 83 187 73 2% 19% 1% 30% 28% 31% *This is an approximate total number of marine fish species occurring within the Black Sea. Lepidoptera In the absence of any previous inventory for the Project area, a total of 42 species of moth and 75 species of butterfly have been recorded for the first time in the current study. The latter total represents 66% of butterfly species recorded in Kirklareli Province. None of the 117 species of Lepidoptera has been evaluated with respect to their conservation status, with the exception of the Large Copper (Lycena dispar), which is at Lower Risk. No species is listed in Appendix-II or Appendix-III of the Bern Convention. Lepidoptera especially prefer open areas inside the forest, meadows and open areas along the ways, creeks and streams. Such areas should be protected and, in particular, open areas inside forests should not be re-afforested. Freshwater fishes Six species were newly recorded for the first time as follows: Alosa caspia, Knipowitschia caucasica, Lepomis gibbosus, Liza aurata, Neogobius eurycephalus and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Of the 35 species inventoried, two species are Vulnerable, Crimea barbel (Barbus tauricus escherichi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and seven species are listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Key findings from the survey of 28 sites are as follows: Cyprinidae is the most diverse family with 14 taxa, followed by Gobiidae with 7 taxa. Species diversity within the 7 stream basins surveyed, in order of importance, is Bulanık Stream (with 18 species), Yavuz Stream (17), Rezve River (15), Pabuç Stream (13) Çavuşköprü Stream (12), Kazan Stream (7) and Şahin Stream (5). Barbus tauricus escherichi is the most widely distributed species (recorded at 16 stations), followed by Phoxinus phoxinus (15), Alburnus chalcoides and Squalius cephalus (10), Alburnoides bipunctatus and Gobio gobio (9) and Salmo trutta (7 stations). Other species exist in one or a few stations. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 2 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS The main threats to freshwater fish are water transfer schemes, domestic sewage (especially in tourist areas) and alien species (e.g. Oncorhynchus mykiss, Carassius gibelio, Gambusia affinis and Lepomis gibbosus) entering aquatic systems. Marine fishes Kirklareli Province has 60 km of coastline, all of which lies within the proposed Yildiz Mountains Biosphere. Although it constitutes only 4.3% of the entire Turkish Black Sea coast, the local ichthyofauna is rich and requires appropriate management measures to protect biodiversity and sustain its utilisation as a fishery. Three species were recorded for the first time within the coastal waters just offshore from the Project area, namely Parablennius incognitus, P. zvonimiri and Salaria pavo, all of which are considered to be nationally Vulnerable (Fricke, 2007). They have not been previously recorded from Turkish Thrace. Of the 121 species of marine fish recorded during this survey, one species is Critically Endangered (angel shark, Squatina squatina), four are Endangered (three sturgeon fishes, Acipenser nudiventris, A. gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus and beluga, Huso huso) and three are Vulnerable (piked dogfish, Squalus acanthias, Gymnura altavela and Alosa immaculate) at global level; and 54 species are nationally threatened. Eleven species are listed in Annexes II and III of the Bern Convention. The only non-indigenous species recorded off the Kirklareli coast is the Pacific mullet (Liza haematocheila). This species feeds on small bottom-living organisms and, thus, does not appear to compete with native grey mullet. It is caught by local fishermen from Kirklareli but has low/moderate commercial value. Commercial fishery activities off the Kirklareli coast are concentrated on a few species: turbot, red mullet and whiting are fished by bottom trawlers; and Atlantic bonito, bluefish and anchovy are main species caught in purse-seine nets. Since several schooling fish species migrate (in counter-clockwise direction) from the northern Black Sea to Turkish coasts, huge numbers of fishery vessels equipped with hi-tech instruments congregate around the ports of Kirklareli at the beginning of the fishing season. Signs of overfishing are evident, with sharp declines in the population of highly esteemed turbot and Atlantic bonito reported by fishermen and substantiated by the official fishery statistics. For example, Atlantic bonito production decreased almost 20-fold from 30,000 tonnes in 2005 to 1,500 tonnes in 2007. The coastal waters of Kirklareli have been overlooked with respect to ichthyological research. Concrete data are required to regulate local fisheries and the population dynamics of highly commercial species should be studied, in order to determine maximum sustainable yields and permissible off takes. The minimum landing sizes given in the official Fishery Bulletin should also be revised accordingly in the light of scientific research results. Special emphasis should be given to research on threatened species, especially for those commercially exploited, to inform the development of appropriate conservation policies and other measures. Amphibians and Reptiles No species of amphibian or reptile was newly recorded from within the Project area; and none is threatened, although four reptile species are Near Threatened. Eight and 13 species of amphibians and reptiles, respectively, are listed in Annexes II and III of the Bern Convention. The main threats that need to be addressed are as follows: Removal of old, especially hole-bearing trees, negatively impacts all faunal elements. In particular, some snakes and lizards reside or shelter in or under fallen, rotting trees. Thus, places where forestry activities are not taking place should be protected from disturbance. Both spur-thighed and Herman tortoises (Testuda greaca and T. hermanni), as well as marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) are collected from the region and exported, despite their protection under the provisions of the Bern Convention (Annexes II and III). Proper enforcement measures are required to control such illegal activities. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 3 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Damming of streams that flow into the Black Sea in order to provide drinking water for Istanbul not only negatively affects Longos forests fed by these streams but also the reduced water flows in these streams threatens aquatic life, including amphibians, water snakes and fishes. Mammals One mammal, Gunther’s vole (Microtus guentheri) was recorded for the first time within the Project area. Four of the 66 mammal species are Vulnerable: marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) and three species of bats, Rhinolophus euryale, Rhinolophus mehelyi, and Myotis capaccinii. The otter (Lutra lutra) is Near Threatened. Seven species are listed in Annexes II and 13 species in Annex III of the Bern Convention. The blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon, was excluded from the mammal inventory for the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere since no new records were obtained during the survey. It is thought that previous records may have resulted from misinterpretation of mole burrows, Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) was also excluded in the absence of any new records in recent decades. Trapping proved to be a moderately effective means of generating information on small mammal species diversity and abundance in different habitats, with an overall success rate of 19%.. Longos forest was by far the richest habitat for small mammals, based on a 46% rate of trapping, followed by open forest and streams with an understory of shrubs, and then pine plantation. Least productive in terms of small mammals is agricultural field. The higher productivity of pine plantation versus mixed forest with respect to small mammals is surprising, especially since pine forest does not occur naturally in Turkish Thrace. This warrants further investigation, especially given the small sample size. No specific threats were identified with respect to small mammals. The main threat to large mammals, such as roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), is illegal hunting. C. elaphus sometimes crosses from the Bulgarian side of the border into Turkey but only a few ever return because of hunting on the Turkish side. Thus, protection from hunting is a prerequisite to the re-establishment of healthy breeding populations. It is also important to maintain a mosaic of open and closed canopy forest as open areas are important as grazing and rutting grounds. In summary, the proposed Yildiz Mountains Biosphere supports an important and diverse fauna, representing 40% or more of Tureky’s mammal and amphibian species and 70% of the Black Sea’s marine fishes. Protection from over-exploitation by hunting, fishing and collection for the wildlife trade, along with water damming and water transfer schemes, and inappropriate forest management practices are the key threats that need to be addressed. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 4 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ÖZET Trakya Bölgesi Türkiye’nin Avrupa’daki tek parçasıdır. Bu yüzden Türkiye’deki bazı fauna elemanları sadece Trakya’da bulunmaktadır. Trakya’daki Yıldız Dağları Bölgesi, subasar ormanları ve bozulmamış ormanları gibi eşsiz ekolojik özelliklere sahip olması bakımından Trakya’daki en önemli doğal alanlardan birisidir. Yıldız Dağları ormanlık ve sahil alanlarında memeliler, sürüngenler, amfibiler, balıklar, mayısböcekleri, kelebekler hakkında ayrıntılı verilerin eksik olmasından dolayı envanter hazırlamak amacıyla ve yönetim planlaması amaçlarıyla arazi çalışmaları yapılması kaçınılmazdı. Arazi çalışmaları Temmuz ve Ağustos 2009 arasında yapıldı. Arazi çalışmalarında başlıca, Yıldız Dağları Biyosferinin oluşturulması için önerilen alanın temsilcisi olan farklı habitat tiplerine odaklanıldı. Bu çalışmada lepidopterler, odonatlar, tatlısu balıkları, deniz balıkları, amfibiler, sürüngenler, küçük memeliler, ağaçta yaşayan kemiriciler, büyük memeliler ve ağaçta yaşayan yarasalar değerlendirildi. Lepidopterler ve memelier için başlıca altı temel habitat tipi çalılışdı, bu habitat tipleri şunlardır: 1.) Longos olarak adlandırılan subasar ormanlar, 2.) Tarım alanları, 3.) orman içi açıklıklar, 4.) Karışık ormanlar, 5.) Dereler boyunca uzanan çalılıklar, 6.) Çam ekim alanları. İlave olarak, arazi çalışması süresince dere yatakları, yol kenarları ve çayırlıklar gibi alanlar da lepidopter örneklerini belirlemek için tesadüfî olarak kontrol edildi. Küçük memeliler her habitat tipinde yaklaşık 100 kapan kullanılarak çalışıldı. Kapanlar 3-4 ardışık gün kuruldu ve günlük olarak kontrol edildi. Her habitat tipi içinde belirlenen transektler boyunca yüründü ve memeliler ve bunlara ait izler (dışkılar, izler vb.) araştırıldı. Arazi çalışması boyunca Lepidoptera’da olduğu gibi Odonata için uygun görülen habitatlar da araştırıldı ve gözlenen örnekler fotoğraflandı. Herpetofauna (amfibiler ve sürüngenler), ağaçlarda yaşayan yarasalar ve ağaçlarda yaşayan kemiriciler başlıca habitat tiplerindeki 36 lokaliteden örneklendi. Sucul ortamlarda amfibi örneklerini yakalamak için ağlar kullanıldı. Ağaç yarasaları ve ağaç kemiricilerini yakalamak için ise sırasıyla canlı yakalama kapanları ve yarasa ağı kullanıldı. Tatlısu balıkları, proje alanındaki 7 nehir sisteminde yer alan 28 alandan (6 göl ve 16 akarsu) çeşitli tiplerdeki ağlar ve elektroşoker ile örneklendi. Deniz balıkları ise açıkta dip tirolü ağları, sahile yakın kesimlerde ise tüpsüz dalışlarla örneklendi. Önerilen Yıldız Dağları Biyosferinden kaydedilen türlerin, bu çalışmaya ve literatür taramasına dayanarak hazırlanan, bütün bir listesi aşağıdaki tabloda büyük taksonomik gruplar altında tehlike durumlarına ait detaylar ile birlikte özetlendi. Alttaki bölümlerde anahtar niteliğindeki bulgular ve öneriler her bir taksonomik grup için verildi. Odonata Mayıs böceklerinin 2 türü ve ejder böceklerinin 5 türü ilk kez kaydedildi. Mayıs böceklerinin hiç birisi koruma statülerine göre değerlendirilmemiş, ejder böceklerinin ise sadece az sayıda türü değerlendirilmiş durumdadır. Balkanlara endemik ve Near Threatened (NT) olarak listelenmiş olan Somatochlora borisi =Corduliochlora borisi dışında hiçbir tür tehlike kategorilerinde yer almamaktadır. Hiçbir tür Bern Sözleşmesi Ek-II veya Ek-III listelerinde yer almamaktadır. Odonatlar dereler, göller, akarsular ve sulak alanlar gibi sucul ortamları tercih ederler. Bu tip habitatları korumak için sulama faaliyetleri ve baraj yapımı gibi etkinliklerin çok dikkatli bir şekilde planlanması ve yönetilmesi zorunludur. Ayrıca su kaynaklarının foseptik atıklardan ve korunması zorunludur. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 5 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Tablo Yıldız Dağları Biyosferinde belirlenen türlerin özeti, bu liste 2009 öncesi çalışmalara (bkz Kaya et al., 2009) ve 2009 yılında yapılan arazi çalışmalarının sonuçlarına dayanmaktadır. Class Takım Aile Omurgalılar Memelier Kuşlar Sürüngenler Amfibiler Tatlısu balıkları Deniz balıkları Toplam Omurgasızlar Lepidoptera - Butterflies - Moths Odonata - Damselflies - Dragonflies Tür Türkiye faunası Threatened Bern Sözleşmesi2 Merkez Av türleri species1 Komisyonu3 Toplam Yildiz CR EN VU Ek 2 Ek 3 Ek 1 Ek 2 8 20 2 2 10 18 60 18 57 9 5 13 46 148 66 264 27 9 35 121 522 167 463 112 21 248 *170 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 7 6 9 5 5 117 75 42 34 12 22 5,182 405 4,777 115 43 72 %40 %67 %24 %43 %14 %71 1 1 1 4 2 4 5 2 3 11 33 180 7 5 13 70 8 3 7 4 183 26 47 225 83 187 73 2% 19% 1% 30% 28% 31% * Bu sayı Karadeniz’de görülen deniz balığı türlerinin yaklaşık toplam sayısıdır. Lepidoptera Proje alanında daha önce yapılan bir çalışma bulunmaması durumunda 42 güve ve 75 kelebek türü proje alanından ilk kez bu çalışmada kaydedildi. Çalışma alanından kaydedilen toplam tür sayısı Kırklareli’nden kaydedilen tür sayısının % 66’sını oluşturmaktadır. Kaydedilen 117 Lepidopter türünden, Düşük Risk kategorisinde bulunan Lycena dispar hariç, hiç birisi koruma kriterleri bakımından değerlendirilememektedir. Hiçbir tür Bern Sözleşmesi Ek-II veya Ek-III listelerinde yer almamaktadır. Lepidopterler özellikle orman içi açıklıklar, çayırlar ile yollar, dereler ve nehirler boyunca görülen açık alanları tercih eder. Bu tür alanlar korunmalı ve özellikle orman içi açıklıklar ağaçlandırılmadan bırakılmalıdır. Tatlısu balıkları Tatlusu balıkların altı tür ilk defa kaydedildi, bunlar şunlardır: Alosa caspia, Knipowitschia caucasica, Lepomis gibbosus, Liza aurata, Neogobius eurycephalus ve Oncorhynchus mykiss.. Kaydedilen 35 türden iki tür (Barbus tauricus escherichi ve Cyprinus carpio) VU kategorisindedir, ve yedi tür Bern Sözleşmesi Ek-III listesinde yer almaktadır. Alnada çalışılan 28 lokaliteye göre elde edilen anahtar bulgular şöyledir: Cyprinidae 14 takson ile en yaygın familyadır, bunu 7 takson ile Gobiidae takip etmektedir. Çalışılan 7 akarsu havzasının tür çeşitliliği önem sırasına göre şöyledir: Bulanık Deresi (18 tür), Yavuz Deresi (17), Rezve Deresi (15), Pabuç Deresi (13) Çavuşköprü Deresi (12), Kazan Deresi (7) ve Şahin Deresi (5). Barbus tauricus escherichi en yaygın türdür (16 istasyondan kaydedildi), bunu sırası ile Phoxinus phoxinus (15), Alburnus chalcoides and Squalius cephalus (10), Alburnoides bipunctatus ile Gobio gobio (9) ve Salmo trutta (7 stations) takip etmektedir. Diğer türler sadece bir veya birkaç istasyondan kaydedildi. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 6 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Tatlısu balıkları için başlıca tehditler su taşıma etkinlikleri, evsel atıksular (özellikle turistik alanlarda) ve sucul sistemlere yabancı türlerdir (ör. Oncorhynchus mykiss, Carassius gibelio, Gambusia affinis ve Lepomis gibbosus). Deniz Balıkları Kırklareli ili, tamamı Yıldız Dağları Biyosfer projesi kapsamında bulunan 60 km’lik kıyı şeridine sahiptir. Her ne kadar Türkiye’nin Karadeniz kıyılarının sadece %4.3’lük kısmını oluşturuyor olsa da, bölgesel balık faunası oldukça zengin olup biyoçeşitliliğin korunması ve bu kaynakların balıkçılık açısından sürdürebilirliğinin sağlanması amacıyla gerekli önlemlerin alınması gereklidir. Proje alanının kıyısal sularında, hepsi ulusal ölçekte “hassas” olarak tanımlanan (Fricke ve diğ., 2007) üç tür (Parablennius incognitus, P. zvonimiri ve Salaria pavo) ilk defa rapor edilmiştir. Söz konusu türlerin, Türkiye’nin Trakya kıyılarından daha önce kaydı bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma esnasında rapor edilen toplam 121 deniz balığından global ölçekte bir tür “kritik” (keler, Squatina squatina), dört tür “tehlikede” (mersin balıkları, Acipenser nudiventris, A. gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus ve Huso huso), ve üç tür “hassas” (mahmuzlu camgöz, Squalus acanthias; kazıkuyruk, Gymnura altavela ve tirsi, Alosa immaculata) olarak, 54 tür ise ulusal ölçekte tehlike altında olarak tanımlanmıştır. Toplam 11 tür, Bern sözleşmesinin Ek II ve Ek III kapsamında listelenmiştir. Kırklareli kıyılarında gözlenebilen tek yabancı balık türü, Rus kefali’dir (Liza haematocheila). Bu türün beslenme rejimi daha çok küçük dip omurgasızları üzerine olduğundan, yerli kefal türleriyle rekabete girdiği düşünülmemektedir. Bölge balıkçıları tarafından Kırklareli kıyılarından yakalanan Rus kefalleri sadece düşük veya orta derecede ekonomik değer arz etmektedir. Bölgedeki balıkçılık faaliyetleri az sayıda tür üzerine yoğunlaşmış olup kalkan, barbun ve mezgit dip trolü ile, palamut, lüfer ve hamsi ise gırgır ağlarıyla avlanan başlıca türlerdir. Sürü oluşturan balıkların büyük kısmı, Karadeniz’deki göçleri esnasında saatin ters yönü istikamette hareket ettiklerinden, av sezonun başlamasıyla birlikte Kırklareli kyılarına başka limanlardan çok sayıda ve yüksek teknolojiye sahip tekne gelmektedir. Çalışma sahasındaki aşırı avcılık olgusu son derece belirgin olup, özellikle kalkan ve palamut gibi yüksek ekonomik değer arz eden türlerdeki ciddi azalışlar, resmi balıkçılık istatistiklerine de yansımıştır. Örneğin yıllık palamut üretim miktarı 2005 yılında 30,000 ton iken bu rakam 2007 yılında 1,500 tona kadar düşmüştür. Kırklareli kıyıları, ihtiyolojik araştırmalar açısından son derece ihmal edilmiş bir bölge konumundadır. Lokal balıkçılığın düzenlenebilmesi ve maksimum kalıcı ürünün saptanabilmesinde, özellikle yüksek ekonomik öneme sahip ticari türlerin populasyon dinamikleri hakkında somut veriye ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Su Ürünleri Tebliğ’lerindeki en küçük avlanma boyu verilerinin, mutlaka bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarına göre düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir. Nesli tehlike altında bulunan türler (ve bunlar arasından ticari önem arz edenler) hakkındaki bilimsel çalışmalara ağırlık verilmesi, alınması gereken tedbirlerin ve koruma önlemlerinin belirlenebilmesi açısından önemlidir. Amfibiler ve Sürüngenler Proje alanında amfibilerden ve sürüngenlerden yeni kaydedilen bir tür bulunmamaktadır ve kaydedilen türlerin dört sürüngen türü tehlikeye yakın (NT) olmasına rağmen hiçbir tür tehdit altında değildir. Amfibi ve sürüngenlerden Bern Sözleşmesine göre sekiz tür Ek-II ve 13 tür EkIII listelerinde yer almaktadır. Dikkat edilmesi gereken başlıca tehditler şunlardır: Yaşlı ve özellikle boşlukları bulunan ağaçların uzaklaştırılması bütün fauna elemanlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Özellikle bazı yılan ve kertenkele türleri bu tip ağaçlara sığınmaktadır. Bu yüzden ormancılık faaliyetlerinin yapılmadığı alanların rahatsız edilmeden korunması iyi olacaktır. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 7 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Testuda greaca ve T. Hermanni ve ayrıca Rana ridibunda Bern sözleşmesi tarafından koruma altında olmalarına rağmen bölgede toplanmakta ve ihraç edilmektedir. Bu şekilde illegal faaliyetlerin uygun şekilde kontrol edilmesi ve önlenmesi gerekmektedir. İstanbul için içme suyu temini amacıyla Karadeniz’e akan derelere baraj yapımı sadece bu sularla beslenen longos ormanlarını olumsuz etkilemekle kalmayıp ayrıca bu derelerdeki akarsuyun azalması amfibiler, su yılanları ve balıkları içeren sucul faunayı da tehdit etmektedir. Mammals Bir memeli türü, Gunther tarla faresi (Microtus guentheri) proje alanından ilk defa kaydedildi. Toplam 66 memeli türünün 4 tanesi Vulnerable kategorisindedir. Bunlar alacasansar (Vormela peregusna) ve üç yarasa türü olan Rhinolophus euryale, Rhinolophus mehelyi ve Myotis capaccinii’dir. U samuru (Lutra lutra) Near Threatened (NT) kategorisindedir. Bern Sözleşmesine göre yedi tür Ek-II ve 13 tür Ek-III listelerinde yer almaktadır. Kör fare, Nannospalax leucodon, çalışma boyunca kayıtlarına rastlanamadığı için bölgenin memeli envanterinden çıkarıldı. Önceki kayıtların köstebek yuvalarının yanlış değerlendirilmesinden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Son birkaç on yıldır yeni bir kaydı bulunmadığı için Akdeniz foku (Monachus monachus) da listeden çıkartıldı. Kapanlama çalışmaları farklı habitat tiplerindeki küçük memeli tür çeşitliliği ve yoğunluğunu genel olarak ortaya koymak için kullanıldı, komple kapan başarısı % 19 olarak belirlendi. Longoz ormanı % 46 yakalama oranı ile habitatlar arasında en zengini olarak belirlendi, longozu çalılık kaplı açık orman ve akarsular ve sonra da çam plantasyonu takip etmektedir. Küçük memeliler bakımından en az üretken bulunan ortam tarım alanı oldu. Çam ormanı Trakya için doğal bir orman olmadığından çam plantasyonunun karışık ormandan daha üretken bulunması özellikle şaşırtıcıdır. Bu durum yetersiz örneklemeden kaynaklanabilir ve durumun daha uzun süreli çalışmalar ile daha geniş şekilde çalışılması yararlı olacaktır. Küçük memelilere yönelik özel bir tehdit belirlenmedi. Kızıl geyik (Cervus elaphus) ve Karaca (Capreolus capreolus) gibi büyük memelilere karşı asıl tehdit yasadışı avcılıktır. C. elaphus zaman zaman Bulgaristan tarafından Türkiye’ye geçmekte, ancak kaçak avcılıktan dolayı çok azı geri dönebilmektedir. Bu yüzden sağlıklı bir üreme populasyonun alanda barınabilmesinin ön şartı yasadışı avcılığın önlenmesidir. Ayrıca ormanlık alanda açık alanlar ve yoğun kapalı alanların mozaik şeklinde varlığını sürdürmesi açık alanların karaca ve kızıl geyiklerin otlama ve kur yapma alanı olarak kullanılması açısından önemlidir. Özet olarak Yıldız Dağları Biyosferi Türkiye memeli ve amfibi türlerinin % 40, Karadeniz balık türlerinin ise % 70 veya daha fazlasını temsil eden önemli ve zengin bir faunayı desteklemektedir. Avcılık, balıkçılık ve yaban hayatı türlerinin yasadışı ticareti amaçlı toplama faaliyetlerinden dolayı alanın aşırı istismarını önlemek, bunlarla birlikte baraj yapım faaliyetleri ve suların kaynaklarından çeşitli amaçlar için taşınması faaliyetleri üzerinde durulması gereken ana tehdit unsurlarıdır. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 8 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 1. INTRODUCTION The Yıldız Mountains are located in the north of Thrace, within the provincial borders of Kırklareli, adjacent to the Bulgarian border and eastwards to the Black Sea. Approximately 1,218 km2 of the Yıldız Mountains are proposed as a biosphere reserve. A review of current knowledge of the fauna was undertaken by Kaya et al. (2009) as part of the Yıldız Mountains Biosphere Project in order to identify gaps in knowledge and inform priorities for further surveys to be undertaken during this study. A summary of this review in Table 1.1 indicates that 326 species of vertebrates and, among the invertebrates, 27 species of dragonflies and damselflies, and 131species of butterflies and moths had been inventoried within the Project area. The high numbers of species inhabiting the Yıldız Mountains, representing nearly 40% or more in the case of Turkey’s mammals, birds and amphibians (Table 1.1), is indicative of the considerable importance of this area for faunal diversity. Table 1.1 Summary of known species recorded in the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere prior to the present surveys (Kaya et al., 2009) Class Vertebrates Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Freshwater fish Total Invertebrates Odonata - Damselflies - Dragonflies 1 2 3 Order Family Species Turkey’s fauna species Total Yildiz 8 20 2 2 8 37 18 53 9 5 10 96 65 197 27 9 28 326 167 463 112 21 248 1 1 1 8 4 4 27 10 17 115 39% 43% 24% 43% 11% Threatened species1 CR EN VU 1 1 Bern Convention2 General Hunting Commission3 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 1 Annex 2 9 1 4 2 0 16 33 136 7 5 1 182 13 37 8 3 7 68 4 26 4 26 23% CR: Critically Endangered EN: Endangered VU: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2000) Bern Annex2: Strictly protected fauna species; Annex 3: Protected fauna species General Hunting Commission Annex 1: Species that may be hunted during specific periods; Annex 2: Mammals and birds protected from hunting in Turkey. None of these inventoried species is exclusive to Turkey, although the Bulgarian emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora borisi1) is endemic to the Balkans. A significant number of species are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List (2000), particularly among mammals and reptiles. Many species are listed in Annexes 2 and 3 for protection under the provisions of the Bern Convention and in Annex 2 of Turkey General Hunting Commission for protection from hunting (Table 1.1). Much of the faunal scientific research undertaken prior to 2009 has been concentrated in İğneada, renowned for its longos forest and other wetland habitats. This includes various studies carried out under the GEF II Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management Project. Demirköy, Dereköy, and Dupnisa are among other areas that have been surveyed for some faunal groups. Zoologists from Trakya University, Edirne have contributed substantially to recent surveys species specific studies. A summary of earlier studies is provided in Annex 1 and some further details are given below. 1 Synonymous with Corduliochlora borisi Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 9 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 1.1 ODONATA Dragonflies and damselflies constitute the Order Odonata, having paired wings, and are classified within the flying insects (Pterygota). Indicative of their evolutionary transition from water to land, is their habit of laying their eggs in water. Larvae leave the water after metamorphosis and become adults with wings. Thus, due to such a life cycle, they are commonly found around water bodies. Most of the Odonata data relating to Yıldız Mountains are from Dijkstra and Lewington (2006). Major studies were carried out in the area by Hacet & Aktaç (1997, 2004). Kalkman (2006) published a large-scale revision and removed some species recorded from Turkey. 1.2 LEPIDOPTERA Lepidoptera includes moths and butterflies. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and mothbutterflies. Skippers have characteristics of both butterflies and moths. The wings are double. Lepidoptera are often highly specific with respect to the plants on which they lay their eggs. Larva emerge from the eggs as caterpillars, which are mostly herbivorous (a few are carnivorous and detritivorous). After a further phase of metamorphosis as pupa, the adult butterflies emerge from their cocoons. The majority of the butterflies feed on nectar and pollen, hence their important role in pollination of plants. Adult lifespans vary between species, from one day to one year. Approximately 180,000 Lepidoptera species have been described from all over the world. Species recorded within Turkey amount to 400 butterflies and some 4,800 moths (Koçak & Kemal, 2009). Karaca (2008) recorded 114 species of butterflies from Kırklareli Province. As part of the GEF-II Project, 61 Lepidoptera species were recorded in the vicinity of İğneada and its longos forest, some of which were included in the inventory based on previous studies (Seven, 1995; Göbekçioğlu, 1999). There are several Lepidoptera websites that feature numerous species records and photographs from the Kirklareli region, notably http://www.kelebek-turk.com/ and http://www.leptr.org/. In addition, amateur observations are sometimes published in the form of scientific papers with the support of butterfly experts (e.g. Karaca, 2008, Sarıgül et al., 2008), which also leads to discovery of previously unrecorded species. For example, the first record of Aphantopus hyperantus is given from Dereköy and its distribution is currently confined to Kirklareli. Two other species, Polyommatus semiargus and Polyommatus aroaniensis, are also recorded for the first time and only from Kırklareli. Further studies may reveal a wider distribution range for these species. Much less is known about moths, despite being a much more speciose group, than butterflies in the Project area. This is primarily due to a lack of experts on the subject and comparatively lower popularity of moths among nature photographers, who tend to be more attracted to the iridescent colours of butterflies. Okyar (Göbekçioğlu) & Aktaç (1999) recorded 115 species of Geometrid moths recorded from 81 localities throughout Turkish Thrace. Only five of these localities are located in the Project area, from where 34 species were recorded. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 10 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 1.3 FRESHWATER FISHES The ichthyofauna of Thrace has previously been investigated by Battalgil (1941, 1942), Erk’akan (1983, 1984), Balık (1985), Meriç (1986a, 1986b, 1992), Erdem et al. (1994), Özuluğ (1999), Özuluğ et al. (2004), ÇOB (2004) and İlhan et al. (2005). Balık (1985) identified 26 species (5 species from streams, 8 from lakes and 13 from both habitats) from the Yildiz mountains, out of 40 taxa reported from eastern Thrace. Erdem et al. (1994) investigated population ecology of Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Carassius carassius in Hamam Lake. They recorded six species in this lake. Fifteen taxa were identified from inland waters in the area covered by the GEF II Project (ÇOB, 2004). İlhan et al. (2007) reviewed the distribution of the genus Carassius, based on previously collected specimens from Thrace held in the Museum of Ege University, Fisheries Faculty Inland Water Fish Collection (ESFM-PISI). Although there is some information on fishes of western Thrace, little is known about the fish fauna of the Yildiz Mountains. Lotic and lentic habitats were not examined in detail prior to the present survey, which was aimed at sampling streams, lakes and reservoirs to assess the distribution and abundance of freshwater fish. 1.4 MARINE FISHES The Black Sea is the most isolated marine environment among all inland seas of the world, whose only tenuous link with other seas is with the Mediterranean through the narrow Turkish straits system. A relatively diverse marine fauna occurs in the Black Sea, despite its low salinity (c. 18‰) and anoxic waters below depths of 200 m (with high levels of H2S). Of the c. 3,800 fauna and flora species identified from the Black Sea, 42.9% belongs to fungi, algae and higher plants, 52.5% to invertebrates, 4.5% to fishes and 0.1% to marine mammals (Zaitsev and Mamaev, 1997). Although marine fishes form only a small proportion of the Black Sea’s biodiversity, the large stocks of species such as anchovy, bluefish and Atlantic bonito and historically and currently important due to their high commercial value. The rich sturgeon fish populations in the western Black Sea (Dnieper area) were first mentioned by Heredotus (484–425 BC), and some priests in the Middle Ages (17th century) recorded sardines, whitings etc. in the northern Black Sea (see Slastenenko, 1956). Scientific research dates back to the 18th century, initiated by Russian scientists, when the majority of studies were concentrated to the northern basin including the Azov Sea. An overall picture of the Black Sea fish fauna was compiled during the late 19th century based on the studies of Pallas, Kessler and Ostroumov (Zaitsev and Mamaev, 1997). Knowledge about fishes off the Turkish Black Sea coast is very limited. Prominent studies were carried out only after the establishment of the Hydrobiological Research Institute of Istanbul University in 1952, which was later followed in 1954 by fisheries training courses supported by FAO under various projects. Fisheries surveys were conducted under the leadership of the Norwegian fishery expert Olav Aasen, and biology of certain important commercial species was studied (e.g. Aasen and Akyüz, 1955; 1956). During this same period, detailed descriptions of Black Sea fish were provided by Slastenenko (1956), including brief information on the occurrence of particular species along Turkish shores. Subsequently, no significant scientific work was carried out for five decades, until a series of surveys on fish stocks of the central and eastern Turkish Black Sea coast were made between December 1989 and January 1994 (Anonymous, 1996). A review of relevant literature has shown that almost all fishery studies conducted along the Turkish Black Sea coast are confined to the central and eastern basins. No data is currently available for the Thrace region. Information on local fish faunas is also scarce, except for the Sinop – Samsun coastline (Bat et al., 2005). Currently, the only data on marine fish distributions along the Kirklareli coast are provided by Whitehead et al. (1984-1986) and Fischer et al. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 11 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS (1987), who based their data not on actual field observations, but on results from previous publications, ichthyological museum records and educated projections (i.e. a species known from Bosphorus, Bulgaria and Romania should also exist in the Thrace region). In this Yıldız Mountains Biosphere Project, the fish fauna along the Kirklareli coast was examined for the first time. 1.5 TREE DWELLING BATS AND DORMICE The world’s mammals comprise some 4,809 species, representing 1,192 genera, 146 families and 28 orders. The order Chiroptera (bats) constitutes about one-quarter of all mammalian species, with its 977 modern species classified into 192 genera, 18 families and 2 orders. Chiroptera are the second most speciose order of mammals (20.3%) after Rodentia. Bats, the only flying mammals, are estimated to have first appeared 65-70 million years ago, following the extinction of the dinosaurs. The biggest living bat is Pteropus vampyrus (Megachiroptera), with a body weight of 1500 g and wing length of 1700 mm; the smallest is Craseonycteris thonglongyai (Microchiroptera), weighing 2 g and with a wing length of 120 mm. There exist 38 bat species in Turkey, representing 5 families (Pteropodidae, Rhinolophidae, Emballonuridae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae) and two suborders (Megachiroptera ve Microchiroptera). Based on the results of our recent investigations within the region, 28 of these species (73.6%) are present in Turkish Thrace and 25 (65.7%) in Yıldız Mountains. The family Gliridae (dormice) is globally represented by 28 species from 10 genera, of which seven species occur in Turkey and three of these species occur in Turkish Thrace. Just two species have been recorded from the Yıldız Mountains: Glis glis (fat or edible dormouse) and Dryomys nitedula (forest dormouse). The third species Myomimus roachi (ground or mousetailed dormouse) has a rare distributional pattern in Turkish Thrace, excluding Yıldız Mountains. According to former studies in Yildiz Mountains carried out in 2001 about the use of nestboxes by fat dormice, 46 specimens were identified in 1 hectare of a locality (Vali Mezarlığı) in Demirköy. The sounds of many Glis glis specimens were heard wandering and feeding on beech (Fagus orientalis), oak (Quercus sp.) and other trees during night-time studies in the forests. Glis glis population densities were high in all types of forests in the region. By contrast, the Forest dormice, Dryomys nitedula, is relatively rare in Yildiz Mountains. The infrequent presence of this species in nestboxes that were checked in Fidanlık, Demirköy, Çakmaktepe and Kastro confirmed the rarity of the species in these particular forests. 1.6 HERPETOFAUNA Yildiz Mountains support a rich diversity of reptiles, partly a reflection of their forests. The dominant deciduous tree species are beech (Fagus orientalis), oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. cerris), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis), ashtree (Fraxinus angustifolia, F. excelsior), alder (Alnus glutinosa), acer (Acer campestre) and linden tree (Tilia argentea). Some coniferous plantations of Pinus nigra, P. Pinea, P. brutia, P. maritime are also present. 1.7 OTHER SMALL AND LARGE MAMMALS Many scientific studies have been conducted on the mammals living in the İğneada longos forests but, with the exception of bats, elsewhere in the Project area there has been little research. A total of 65 mammalian species have been reported in the literature for this area, which constitutes more than 40% of the Turkish mammalian fauna (Table 1.1). Yıldız Mountains has many caves that host an especially rich bat fauna (8 species). These have been the subject of a separate study undertaken as part of Yıldız Mountains Biosphere Project2. Many of the other bat species are found in the forests of Yıldız Mountains, such as Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii) which is a common woodland species. Sixty six percent of Turkey’s bat species, all of which are nationally protected, occur within the Project area. 2 Caves of the Yildiz Mountains and their fauna. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 5. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 12 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Among the small mammals, yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) is common in the Project area, as is the fat dormouse (Glis glis) in all wooded areas. The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), found only in Thrace in Turkey, occurs in areas facing the Black Sea. Within forests and other wooded areas, there is some confusion about the nests of the blind mole (Talpa ceaca) and the lesser mole rat (Spalax leucodon); therefore, it would be useful to review the distribution of lesser mole rats within the Project area. More research is required to obtain robust scientific data about grey wolf (Canis lupus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), European otter (Lutra lutra) and other large mammals because it has been observed that population of these species have decreased in recent years due to intensive pressures from human beings, including hunting (Kaya et al., 2009). Studies on the critically endangered Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), seen in the rocky area on the coast around Limanköy (Mitchell-Jones, A. J. et al., 1999), is also a high priority. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 13 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 2. 2.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ODONATA AND LEPIDOPTERA The main streams and lakes in the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere were sampled for Odonata (damselflies and dragonflies) and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) at 16 localities as follows: Kırklareli: Dereköy; Demirköy: Demirköy (merkez), Avcılar, Balaban (Velika), between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Dupnisa (Sarpdere), Erikli Lake, İğneada and north-west of İğneada, Limanköy, Longos, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, Sislioba, and between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık (Figure 2.1). Butterflies, damselflies and dragonflies were photographed during small mammal, insectivore and large mammal studies. Additionally, four extra days were devoted specifically to collecting data on these invertebrate groups. Photographs were taken of adult specimens for identification purposes and archived. Several kinds of lenses and cameras were used to photograph Odonata and Lepidoptera, mostly a Canon 40D body with a Canon 100 mm 2.8 USM macro lens. Figure 2.1 Localities surveyed specifically for Odonata and Lepidoptera. Species identified from photographs taken in field provided the basis of inventories, to which records from other published sources were added. Identification of Odonata species was determined primarily according to Dijkstra and Lewington (2006). Other literature sources included Hacet & Aktaç (1997, 2004) and Kalkman (2006). Some species recorded by Hacet & Aktaç (1997, 2004) are not included in the inventory for the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere because they were excluded from Kalkman’s (2006) review of Turkey’s Odonata. Lepidoptera were identified primarily according to Seven (1995), Göbekçioğlu (1999), Okyar (Göbekçioğlu) & Aktaç (1999), Karaca (2008), Sarıgül et al. (2008), Koçak & Kemal (2009), and http://www.kelebek-turk.com/, http://www.leptr.org/. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 14 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 2.2 FRESHWATER FISHES Limnological surveys were carried out during 19-28 July 2009 in the eastern section of Yıldız Mountains in order to determine the freshwater fish fauna. Sampling was undertaken at 28 sites, including six lakes and 16 streams within seven stream basins. Several sites were sampled along Pabuç stream, Tarlalık stream, Velika stream and Rezve River. Sample locations are shown in Figure 2.2 and further details of each site are provided in Annex 2, including coordinates and some physico-chemical properties of the streams (Table A2.1). Figure 2.2 Localities surveyed for freshwater fishes. Site descriptions are provided in Annex 2. A number of streams were not sampled because they were found to be dry, specifically Elmalı and Panayır streams (located in the southern part of the Project area near Kıyıköy), and some streams located in the north near Beğendik Village. Fish were sampled using passive methods in lacustrine habitats and active methods in streams, as follows: Passive fishing methods: 1. Trammel net: 17 mm mesh size (knot to knot), 1 m height and 80 m length - used in lakes for periods of 3-13 hours, depending on the lake character. 2. Fyke net: 20 crayfish fyke nets were used, each net 80 cm in length and having an outer circle diameter of 30 cm. Active fishing methods: Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 15 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 1. Beach seine: 3mm mesh size, 1 m deep and 25 m long (cod-end length is 5 m and wing length is 10 m). 2. Electro-fishing: Electro-fishing was restricted to 10-20 minutes according to site conditions, using a DC electroshocker (SAMUS 725G). 2.3 MARINE FISHES Marine fish biodiversity surveys were carried out during 14-24 July 2009, along the coastline from Igneada to Kiyikoy fishing port (Figure 2.3). Sampling methods were as follows: in situ fish observations by skin divers, bottom trawling hauls by a fishery vessel, and personal communications with local fishermen. Skin dives were performed in the vicinity of Igneada harbour, at depths of up to 10 m. Although dives were also planned at Kiyikoy coasts, they had to be cancelled due to bad weather conditions. A total of four dives were made, where all fish species observed were identified to the lowest possible taxon. Underwater observations were noted on PVC plates, including information on habitat characteristics and point fish counts. Abundance of each fish species was evaluated based on a three-level scale:. rare (<10 specimens), prevalent (10 – 30 specimens) and common (> 30 specimens). Figure 2.3 Marine fish sampling locations by bottom trawl net (A: start point; B: finish point). Coordinates are provided in Annex 2. A bottom trawl net was used to sample fish at depths greater than 10 m at three different locations between Igneada and Kiyikoy harbours (Figure 2.3). Sampling dates are given in Annex 2 (Table A2.2), together with data on trawling depths, start and finish coordinates and surface water temperatures at each station. The trawl vessel (F/V SIKLAR) used was 14 m in Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 16 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS length, with 350 HP power and equipped with a standard bottom trawl net (22 mm mesh size at the cod-end). All trawls were restricted to a period of 60 minutes at a vessel speed of 2.5 knots. Specimens of each of the species captured were fixed in 4% formalin for laboratory analysis, except for large sized fish (such as turbot, spiny dogfish shark etc.). Species were identified using keys in Whitehead et al. (1984-1986) and Fischer et al. (1987). To reveal similarities between trawl catches, a cluster analysis was made using binary data (presence versus absence of species) by the Jaccard single linkage method (BiodiversityPro software). Personal communications were made with local fishermen, in order to obtain information on regional fishery activities and existing problems in the area. Fishermen were also asked for information on the status of commercially exploited fish stocks and threatened fishes. Literature was surveyed, especially for species previously reported from Kirklareli coasts, and any additional species records were added to the inventory of local ichthyofauna. 2.4 AMPHIBIANS Life cycles of urodele and anuran amphibians are generally spent in two different environments, so they were surveyed in aquatic and terrestrial habitats as follows: 1. Temporary and permanent water bodies: ponds, streams or ditches, banks, small ponds etc., especially during the breeding season when it was possible to catch many specimens. 2. Terrestrial sites: these are more varied. Some species live under dead wood and stones; others inhabit loose ground. Dip-nets were used to catch amphibians in the water. Terrestrial taxa were caught by hand or, if necessary (as for jumping frogs), with the help of a dip-net. Surveys were also undertaken at night in habitats suitable for nocturnal species. Survey locations are shown in Figure 2.4. Figure 2.4 Survey locations for herpetofauna, tree-dwelling bats and dormice. Locations 1-36 were surveyed in 2009 and 37-46 were studied prior to 2009. Coordinates are provided in Annex 2. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 17 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Reptiles Short duration field excursions were conducted in all types of habitats with the aim of opportunistically seeing and/or catching reptile specimens. Survey locations are shown in Figure 2.4. Photographs were taken of reptiles in their habitat to aid identification in the case of undetermined specimens. Forests, open forest areas, forest grasslands and rocky areas were searched for reptiles both daytime and at night. 2.5 TREE-DWELLING BATS Special bat nets were set during evening hours by forest streams and among trees in areas where the understorey was either absent or not dense. Captured bats were taken by hand and kept in cages during controls at midnight and sometimes until dawn. Specimens were identified and standard measurements of their characteristics were recorded, after which they were released back into the wild. Some caves were visited with the aim of identifying tree dwelling bats in their daytime roosts. Survey locations are shown in Figure 2.4 and their coordinates are given in Annex 2 (Table A2.3). 2.6 DORMICE Live-traps were placed on trees in forests. Captured specimens were identified and then released after measuring their characteristics. Individuals were observed on trees at night and indirect evidence from signs was used to record their presence in an area. Nestboxes attached to trees during former studies were also checked. Survey locations are shown in Figure 2.4 and coordinates are provided in Annex 2 (Table A2.3) showing the localities where the field studies were performed and their coordinates. 2.7 SMALL AND LARGE MAMMALS For purposes of this survey of small and large mammals, the main habitat types were identified as: 1.) swamp forests called longos, 2.) fields, 3.) open areas inside forests, 4.) mixed forests, 5.) shrubs along streams and 6.) pine plantations. Each of these habitat types was surveyed during 18th July – 08th August 2009. In view of time limitations, it was only possible to survey each habitat type at a single site, the locations of which are shown in Figure 2.5 and coordinates provided in Annex 2 (Table A2.4). It was accepted that each of the selected habitat types are representative of the same habitat type elsewhere in the study area and so certain conclusions can be reached. The habitat types are described below. 1.) Swamp forests/longos One of the most distinguishable and important habitats in the Project area, the longos forests around Igneada are unique in Turkey in terms of their their size and ecological characteristics. Mert Lake longos forest was chosen as an example of longos forest and 90 snap traps were set for small mammals over three consecutive nights and checked daily. 2.) Fields Agricultural areas are common in the vicinity of small towns and villages. Agricultural field close to Avcılar Village were chosen as they had not been cultivated, so it was assumed that they had been fallow for at least one year. Nine snap traps were set for four consecutive nights. 3.) Open areas inside forests Meadows lie inside some forest openings. The open area east of the entrance to Dupnisa Cave was chosen and. 90 snap traps were set for four consecutive nights. 4.) Mixed forests constitute the predominant habitat type in the Project area. An area south of Sislioba, covered mainly by oak (Quercus sp.) and beech (Fagus sp.) trees, was selected and 90 snap traps were set for four consecutive nights. 5.) Shrubs along streams There are some streams in the area, both sides of such streams covered mostly by shrubs. Balaban stream, with shrubs on both banks, was selected in the vicinity of Balaban Bridge on the Demirköy – İstanbul road. Sixty snap traps were set for two consecutive nights. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 18 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 6.) Pine plantations: None of the pine forests in the Project area are natural. The pine forest along the İğneada – Demirköy way was selected and 90 snap traps were set for four consecutive nights. Indirect observations of large mammals were also obtained from small mammal trapping stations by searching for their signs, such as foot prints, faeces, burrows and food remains, along transects for about three hours at each station daily. Given the low incidence of direct sightings of large mammals, records from the literature and interviews with villagers and hunters were used to build up a picture of their status and distribution. Direct and indirect observations were also made opportunistically, including mammal deaths along the roads caused by car accidents. Survey locations were also surveyed for large mammals using 5 photo traps, which were in place for four consecutive nights and possibly longer, depending on initial survey results. Photo traps were regularly checked for images but none were found and it appeared that the equipment was not functioning properly. Figure 2.5 Survey locations for small and large mammals. Each location is represented by a different habitat type.. Coordinates are provided in Annex 2. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 19 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 3. SURVEY RESULTS 3.1 OVERVIEW A full list of species recorded within the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere, based on the results of this survey and previous studies, is provided in Annex 3 and a summary breakdown of the main taxonomic groups is shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Summary of species inventoried in the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere, based on pre-2009 studies (see Kaya et al., 2009) and the results of the 2009 surveys. Class Order Vertebrates Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Freshwater fish Marine fish Total Invertebrates Lepidoptera - Butterflies - Moths Odonata - Damselflies - Dragonflies Family Species Turkey’s fauna species Total Yildiz 8 20 2 2 10 18 60 18 57 9 5 13 46 148 66 264 27 9 35 121 522 167 463 112 21 248 *170 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 7 6 9 5 5 117 75 42 34 12 22 5,182 405 4,777 115 43 72 40% 67% 24% 43% 14% 71% Threatened species1 CR EN VU 1 1 Bern Convention2 General Hunting Commission3 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 1 Annex 2 1 4 2 4 5 2 3 11 33 180 7 5 13 70 8 3 7 4 183 26 47 225 83 187 73 2% 19% 1% 30% 28% 31% *This is an approximate total number of marine fish species occurring within the Black Sea. Additions to the pre-2009 faunal inventory compiled by Kaya et al. (2009) and details of threatened species are as follows: Odonata: Two species of damselfly and five species of dragonfly newly recorded. None of the damselflies and only a small number of dragonflies has been assessed with respect to their conservation status. None is threatened but the Bulgarian Emerald (Somatochlora borisi =Corduliochlora borisi), which is endemic to the Balkans, is Near Threatened. No species is listed in Appendix-II or Appendix-III of the Bern Convention. Lepidoptera: Were not included in the review by Kaya et al. (2009). A total of 42 species of moth and 75 species of butterfly have been added to the fauna inventory based on the current study. The latter represents 66% of butterfly species recorded in Kirklareli Province (Karaca, 2008). None of the 117 species of Lepidoptera has been evaluated with respect to their conservation status, with the exception of the Large Copper (Lycena dispar), which is at Lower Risk. No species is listed in Appendix-II or Appendix-III of the Bern Convention (Annex 5). Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 20 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Freshwater fishes: Six species were newly recorded for the first time in the Project area as follows: Alosa caspia, Knipowitschia caucasica, Lepomis gibbosus, Liza aurata, Neogobius eurycephalus and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Of the 35 species inventoried, two species are Vulnerable, Crimea barbel (Barbus tauricus escherichi) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and seven species are listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Marine fishes: Three species were recorded for the first time within the coastal waters just offshore from the Project area, namely Parablennius incognitus, P. zvonimiri and Salaria pavo, all of which are considered to be nationally Vulnerable (Fricke, 2007). They have not been previously recorded from the Turkish Thrace region. Of the 121 species of marine fish recorded during this survey, one species is Critically Endangered (angel shark, Squatina squatina), four are Endangered (three sturgeon fishes, Acipenser nudiventris, A. gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus and beluga, Huso huso) and three are Vulnerable (piked dogfish, Squalus acanthias, Gymnura altavela and Alosa immaculate) at global level; and 54 species are nationally threatened. Eleven species are listed in Annexes II and III of the Bern Convention (Annex 6, Table A6.1). Amphibians and Reptiles:.no species were newly recorded from within the Project area. No amphibian species is threatened; and five and three species, respectively, are listed in Annexes I and II of the Bern Convention. No reptile species is threatened but four species are Near Threatened; and five and eight species, respectively, are listed in Annexes II and III of the Bern Convention. (Annex 8, Table A8.1). Birds were subject to a separate survey which is reported in YMBP (2010). The inventory has increased from 197 to 264 species as a result of a thorough review of the literature and observations of 11 species recorded for the first time within the Project area. Mammals: one mammal, Gunther’s vole (Microtus guentheri) was recorded for the first time within the Project area. Four of the 66 mammal species3 are Vulnerable: marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) and three species of bats, Rhinolophus euryale, Rhinolophus mehelyi, and Myotis capaccinii. The otter (Lutra lutra) is Near Threatened. Seven species are listed in Annexes II and 13 species in Annex III of the Bern Convention (Annex 8, Table A8.1; Annex 9, Table A9.2. More details of survey results for some of the taxonomic groups are given below. 3.1 FRESHWATER FISHES The results of the survey of 28 sample stations are shown in Table 3.2. Key findings from an analysis of the results are as follows: Of the 13 families of freshwater fishes recorded within the Project area, Cyprinids (Cyprinidae) are the most diverse with 14 taxa, followed by Gobies (Gobiidae) with 7 taxa. Species diversity within the 7 stream basins, in order of importance, is Bulanık Stream (with 18 species), Yavuz Stream (17), Rezve River (15), Pabuç Stream (13) Çavuşköprü Stream (12), Kazan Stream (7) and Şahin Stream (5). It should be noted that the blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon, was excluded from the mammal inventory for the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere since no new records were obtained during the survey. It is thought that previous records may have resulted from misinterpretation of mole burrows., Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) was also excluded in the absence of any new records in recent decades. 3 Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 21 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Barbus tauricus escherichi is the most widely distributed species (recorded at 16 stations), followed by Phoxinus phoxinus (15), Alburnus chalcoides and Squalius cephalus (10), Alburnoides bipunctatus and Gobio gobio (9) and Salmo trutta (7 stations). Others exist in one or a few stations. None of the species is abundant in all basins but the widely distributed Phoxinus phoxinus is frequent/abundant in four basins and predominant in a number of stations. Alburnoides bipunctatus, Barbus tauricus escherichi and Gobio gobio are also dominant in some stations. In some habitats (Stations 4, 10, 16, 18), abundance is high due to existence of a single species. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 22 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table 3.2 Distribution and abundance of freshwater fish species at 28 stations in seven river basins of the proposed Yıldız Mountains Biosphere, based on a total sample size of 3,128 specimens. FAMILY Genus ATHERINIDAE CENTRARCHIDAE CLUPEIDAE COBITIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE GASTEROSTEIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE POECILIIDAE SALMONIDAE SALMONIDAE Atherina Lepomis Alosa Cobitis Alburnoides Alburnus Barbus Carassius Cyprinus Gobio Petroleuciscus Phoxinus Rhodeus Rutilus Scardinius Squalius Vimba Gasterosteus Knipowitschia Neogobius Neogobius Neogobius Proterorhinus Liza Mugil Gambusia Oncorhynchus Salmo Scale of abundance: Species Sampling station: 1 boyeri gibbosus caspia taenia bipunctatus chalcoides tauricus gibelio carpio gobio borysthenicus phoxinus amarus rutilus erythrophthalmus cephalus vimba aculeatus caucasica eurycephalus fluviatilis melanostomus marmoratus aurata cephalus affinis mykiss trutta Rare (<25%) 2 3 Rezve 4 5 Occasional (25 - <50%) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 6 7 8 Şahin 9 10 Frequent (50 - <75%) Çavuşköprü 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bulanık 17 18 19 20 21 22 Yavuz 23 24 Pabuç 25 26 Kazan 27 28 Abundant (≥75%) 23 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Twenty two species were recorded in lakes and 22 species in streams; 16 species occurred in both habitats. Alosa caspia, Carassius gibelio, Liza aurata, Mugil cephalus, Atherina boyeri and Lepomis gibbosus were found only in lakes, while Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Gobio gobio, Phoxinus phoxinus and Neogobius eurycephalus were collected only from streams. Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Gobio gobio and Phoxinus phoxinus occurred in upper streams; Alburnoides bipunctatus, which is distributed throughout the entire Rezve River, was more frequent in upper streams. 3.2 MARINE FISHES Bottom trawl survey The sampling depths ranged between 25 m and 52 m (Annex 2, Table A2.2). The sea bed was sandy/muddy for trawls #1 and #2 but dense Mediterranean mussel beds (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were encountered during the third trawl. A total of 20 fish species were collected, two of which belong to the class of cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii). Photographs of some of these species are shown in Figure 3.1. Release of bottom trawl net Trawl catch Mullus barbatus (red mullet) Platichthys flesus (flounder) Uranoscopus scaber (Atlantic stargazer) Mesogobius batrachocephalus (Knout goby) Merlangius merlangus (whiting) Neogobius melanostomus (round goby) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 24 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish) Sprattus sprattus (European sprat) Figure 3.1 Trawling operation and some common fishes (photographs by M. Bilecenoglu) The highest number of species (19) was observed in trawl #1, while 13 species were collected in both trawls #2 and #3. The overall similarity between trawl catches (based on presence versus absence species matrix) was 73.6%, where trawls #2 and trawl #3 were the most similar (79.9% similarity) with respect to species occurrences (Figure 3.2). Trawls #1 and trawl #2 were only 60% similar. This slight difference between trawling hauls was most probably due to sampling depths. Fish diversity seems to increase towards shallower coasts, as in the case of trawl #1. However, the sample size is small so these results need to be treated judiciously. Figure 3.2 Species similarities between trawl catches (single linkage Jaccard cluster analysis) The relative abundances of the species captured is shown in Table 3.3. Among the species identified, 12 of them are common, appearing in all trawl catches. Table 3.3 Relative abundance of fish species sampled by bottom trawling. The three main commercial species are marked by an asterisk. Family CARTILAGINOUS FISHES RAJIIDAE SQUALIDAE BONY FISHES BOTHIDAE CALLIONYMIDAE CARANGIDAE CLUPEIDAE GADIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE LABRIDAE MULLIDAE PLEURONECTIDAE POMATOMIDAE SCOPHTHALMIDAE Species Trawl 1 Trawl 2 Trawl 3 Raja clavata Squalus acanthias Arnoglossus kessleri Callionymus risso Trachurus mediterraneus Sprattus sprattus Merlangius merlangus* Gobius niger Neogobius melanostomus Mesogobius batrachocephalus Symphodus cinereus Mullus barbatus* Platichthys flesus Pomatomus saltatrix Psetta maeotica* Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 25 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS SOLEIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE TRACHINIDAE TRIGLIDAE URANOSCOPIDAE Legend: < 10 specimens Pegusa lascaris Syngnathus acus Trachinus draco Chelidonichthys lucernus Uranoscopus scaber 10 – 50 specimens 51 – 100 specimens > 100 specimens Bottom trawlers fishing throughout the Kirklareli coast have a few target species. The most commercial fish is Psetta maeotica (turbot), followed by Mullus barbatus (red mullet) and Merlangius merlangus (whiting). Although sharks and rays captured are generally considered as a bycatch, they are often exported due to their rare consumption in the internal market. Some pelagic fishes, i.e. Pomatomus saltatrix (bluefish) and Trachurus spp. (horse mackerels), appear incidentally in the trawl catch but they are usually discarded unless big enough to be commercially marketed. Diving survey Visibility was generally very low during the dives, possibly due to turbidy caused by wave action along the fine sand bottoms of shallow shores. All the rocky substrates were either covered by dense algal vegetation or mussels, except for bare rocks encountered in the vicinity of Igneada harbour. Among the seagrasses, Ruppia cf. maritima was observed in a few localities, together with sparse patches of eelgrass (Zostera sp.), which provides refuge especially to wrasse species (Labridae). A total of 25 species were observed from dives, several of which inhabit specific habitats (e.g. algae-covered rocks, sandy sea beds, etc.). Relative abundances of the fish species observed are given in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Relative abundance of fish species observed during skin dives Family Species ATHERINIDAE ATHERINIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE CALLIONYMIDAE CARANGIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE MUGILIDAE MULLIDAE SCORPAENIDAE SPARIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE Atherina boyeri Atherina hepsetus Aidablennius sphynx Lipophrys pavo Parablennius sanguinolentus Parablennius zvonimiri Parablennius tentacularis Parablennius incognitus Callionymus pusillus Trachurus trachurus Gobius niger Gobius paganellus Pomatoschistus marmoratus Coris julis Symphodus cinereus Symphodus tinca Symphodus roissali Symphodus ocellatus Liza aurata Mullus barbatus Scorpaena porcus Diplodus annularis Syngnathus abaster Syngnathus acus Syngnathus typhle Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Dive 1 Dive 2 Dive 3 Dive 4 26 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Legend: Rare (< 10 specimens) Prevalent (10 – 30 specimens) Common (> 30 specimens) Three species (Parablennius incognitus, P. zvonimiri and Salaria pavo) belonging to the family Blennidae have been recorded for the first time from the Kirklareli coasts (Figure 3.3). These blennies are native to the Mediterranean Sea and recorded previously from different parts of the Black Sea, except the study area which seems to be due to an absence of local fish diversity studies. Brief information regarding their status is given below. Parablennius incognitus (female) Parablennius zvonimiri (male; right) and P. sanguinolentus (left) Salaria pavo (female) Figure 3.3 New fish records for the Kirklareli coast (photographs by M.Bilecenoglu) Parablennius incognitus (Bath, 1968): A small-sized blenny, reaching a maximum standard length of 5.8 cm (Froese and Pauly, 2009). The species inhabits rocky shores of coastal waters at depths ranging up to 2 m. It occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Mediterranean Sea coasts, including the Marmara Sea and the northern Black Sea (Whitehead et al., 1984-1986). Some recent studies have reported the species from different localities, such as Georgian coasts (Bogorodskii, 2006) and the southern Crimean peninsula to Karadag (Boltachev et al., 2009). According to Bogorodskii (2006), P. incognitus probably has a wider distribution in the Black Sea than traditionally believed. Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892) [Staghorn blenny]: This species is endemic to the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. It reaches a maximum length of 7 cm. Dimly lit biotopes, such as overhanging rocks or caves, are preferred habitats (Froese and Pauly, 2009) but it can also be observed over mussel beds. In the Black Sea, the species was previously known only from Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Georgia (Whitehead et al., 1984-1986; Bogorodskii, 2006; Froese and Pauly, 2009). Salaria pavo (Risso, 1810) [Peacock blenny]: Occurs in the intertidal zone and shallow beds, on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation (Whitehead et al., 1984-1986). Maximum length is up to 13 cm (Froese and Pauly, 2009). It is distributed along the eastern Atlantic coasts, Mediterranean and Black Sea, and also in the Suez Canal. Previous records in the Black Sea are Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 27 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS confined to Romanian, Ukrainian and Georgian coasts (Whitehead et al., 1984-1986; Bogorodskii, 2006). Species inventory Information regarding the marine fishes of Kirklareli coast is limited to the monumental studies of Whitehead et al. (1984-986) and Fischer et al. (1987), published more than two decades ago. Although several papers on fisheries of the central and eastern Black Sea coast have been available since the 1950s, the western Black Sea has been neglected with respect to ichthyofaunal surveys. Of the 121 species inventoried in this survey (Annexes 3,6), all are native species except for Liza haematocheila (Figure 3.5). Only the bluntnose six-gill shark (Hexanchus griseus) was not directly observed but based on third party reports from a local news agency (Figure 3.6). It is worth mentioning that only one six-gill shark specimen had been recorded previously, from the Bosphorus entrance of the Black Sea (Kabasakal, 2004). Slastenenko (1956) states that the species is likely to enter the Black Sea but, from the paucity of records, it can be assumed the recent occurrence of H. griseus on the Kirklareli coast is rare and an established population is unlikely. Figure 3.5 Liza haematocheila, an exotic species (Photograph by Murat Kaya) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 28 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Figure 3.3 A single specimen of H. griseus (370 cm in total length) was caught by a fishing vessel, owned by Altan and Ömer Orakci, on 03 March 2009 off Igneada coasts. The fishermen claimed that the shark was harming their nets. After being on sale locally for 5 days, the fish was sold to a fishery firm in Tekirdag (http://haber.kirklareli.net). Threatened species The conservation status of marine fishes is reviewed in Annex 6 (Table A6.1) according to a variety of sources, based on the IUCN red list categories (http://www.redlist.org) and appendices of the Bern Convention (http://conventions.coe.int). The IUCN regional red list information for cartilaginous fishes is taken from Cavanagh and Gibson (2007), while data for Black Sea sturgeon stocks (Acipenseridae) is already included in the IUCN global red list (2009). A recent red list of Turkish marine fish was also considered (Fricke et al., 2007). Apart from IUCN Red List categories, Fricke et al. (2007) used an additional category, namely TM, for threatened migrants in the case of marine fish with large distribution ranges. A species classified as ‘TM’ might be Endangered or Critically Endangered elsewhere but occurs in the area only as a straggler. Some threatened migrants have extremely wide distribution ranges and are stragglers throughout their ranges. Finally, species listed in the Black Sea Red Data Book (Anonymous, 1997) were taken into account but this list is far from complete and has not been updated since 1999 (see relevant website for full account). In summary, eight species are listed by IUCN (2009) as globally threatened: Angel shark (Squatina squatina) is Critically Endangered. Three sturgeon fishes (Acipenser nudiventris, A. gueldenstaedtii and A. stellatus) and beluga (Huso huso) are Endangered. Piked dogfish (Squalus acanthias), Gymnura altavela and Alosa immaculate are Vulnerable. All of these are listed similarly in the IUCN Regional Red List (2007), with the exception of Gymnura altavela, a migrant species, which is listed as Critically Endangered. In the Turkish Red List (Fricke et al., 2007), the angel shark, all three sturgeon species and beluga are listed as Critically Endangered. A further two species, northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and Twaite shad (Alosa fallax), are considered to be Critically Endangered at national level, along with a further seven species as Endangered and 35 species as Vulnerable. Thus, approximately 45% (54 species) of inventoried marine fishes are nationally threatened. 3.3 HERPETOFAUNA, DORMICE AND TREE-DWELLING BATS The results of a 15-day field survey of herpetofauna (amphibians, tortoises, lizards and snakes), dormice and tree-dwelling bats in 36 different localities (see Figure 2.4), undertaken during 1420 June 2009 and 15-24 July 2009, have contributed substantively to knowledge about the distribution and status of species within the Project area, although no species have been newly recorded as shown from a comparison between Tables 2.1 and 3.1. Thus, the inventories remain unchanged for amphibians with 9 species, reptiles 27 species, dormice 2 species and bats with 25 species but field data are much more robust as a result of these recent surveys. Many species have been recorded within a greater number of habitats in many more locations, as evident from the locality records (Table A8.1) and images in Annex 8. The amphibian species Rana ridibunda and R. dalmatina were encountered in forested areas within the Project area. Toads (Bufo bufo and B. viridis) were observed in open forests and forest meadows at night. Spur-thighed tortoise (Testuda greaca) is the most common species in the Project area but T. hermanni, restricted in its distribution to Thrace Region, is present, although it has been observed in decreasing numbers year by year. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 29 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS The striped-necked terrapin (Mauremys caspica) and the European pond terrapin (Emys orbicularis) was seen in streams, especially slow-running ones, either alone or together in the same habitat. Lizards and snakes were observed in forests, open forest areas, forest meadows and along road sides. Common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata) and meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola), grass snake (Natrix natrix), dice snake (N. tessellata) and Caspian whip snake (Coluber caspius) were the most commonly seen species. Venomous snakes were seen rarely, with transdanubian sand viper (Vipera ammodytes) observed more than rock viper (V. xanthini). Dormice and tree-dwelling bats were surveyed in closed and open forests, meadows, wetlands, streams and caves. Fruits, especially of beech, oak, apple, plum and nut trees (e.g. hazel and walnut) in mixed forest play are an important food source for small herbivorous mammalian species. Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubenton) and noctule (Nyctalus noctula) were caught in mist nets in forests and by-streams. They were recorded in greater numbers than any other bat species. A number of caves (i.e. Dupnisa, Tripez, Karlık, Keçi and Kovantaş) were visited and data on species roosting here and on their colonies were obtained. No evidence of the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) was found despite searching for this species, which has been recorded from a few localities in Turkey in pine plantations (Pinus nigra, P. pinea, P. brutia, P. maritima). Nestboxes were used in addition to live catch traps for dormice specimens. Also, forests were surveyed at night to monitor edible dormouse (Glis glis) behaviour on trees. Use of nestboxes placed previously in Dereköy, Demirköy - Governor graveyard (Vali Mezarlığı), Çakmaktepe, Fidanlık (nursery garden) and Kastro provided additional information. The forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula), present in dense populations in other parts of Thrace, was rarely captured in nestboxes within the Yildiz Mountains. The rare mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus roachi), was not recorded in the Project area. The presence of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanrius), which is found in Europe and Anatolia, remains uncertain and has yet to be confirmed. 3.4 LARGE AND OTHER SMALL MAMMALS The results of the small mammal trapping survey are summarised in Table 3.5, based on the raw data provided in Annex 9 (Table A9.1). They show that the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) and yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis) are ubiquitous and numerous in their distributions, with the exception of pine plantations in the case of the former species. Gunther’s vole (Microtus guentheri) is quite common in forest openings, at least in the one site surveyed. This species had not been recorded previously within the Project area. Table 3.5 Numbers of small mammals trapped over 3-4 consecutive days in five habitat types during July-August 2009. (See Annex 9 for full details) Location / Habitat 1. Mert Gölü / Orman içi Sulak Alana Yakın 2. Dupnisa Cave/ Forest opening 3. Avcılar village / agricultural field 4. Sislioba village / 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 20.07.2009 21.07.2009 22.07.2009 Apodemus agrarius 19 Apodemus agrarius 33 Apodemus agrarius 38 Apodemus flavicollis 15 Apodemus flavicollis 15 Apodemus flavicollis 7 Crocidura sp. 1 Neomys sp. 1 23.07.2009 24.07.2009 25.07.2009 Apodemus flavicollis 20 Apodemus flavicollis 13 Apodemus flavicollis 19 Microtus guentheri 5 Microtus guentheri 5 Microtus guentheri 8 26.07.2009 27.07.2009 28.07.2009 29.07.2009 Apodemus flavicollis 3 Apodemus flavicollis 1 Apodemus flavicollis 1 Apodemus flavicollis 1 Microtus guentheri 1 Microtus guentheri 1 Microtus guentheri 1 30.07.2009 31.07.2009 01.08.2009 02.08.2009 Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 30 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Oak - Beech Forest Apodemus flavicollis 12 Apodemus flavicollis 11 Apodemus flavicollis 12 Apodemus flavicollis 9 Erinaceus concolor 1 Glis glis 1 5. İğneada–Demirköy / 03.08.2009 04.08.2009 05.08.2009 06.08.2009 Pine plantation Apodemus flavicollis 13 Apodemus flavicollis 19 Apodemus flavicollis 16 Apodemus flavicollis 16 Another group of mammalogists (Şafak Bulut from Hitit University and Murat Doğan from Ankara University) was studying small mammals, targeting Microtus species, in the Project area during the same period. They targeted Microtus subterraneus at Balaban Bridge by laying traps in ferns and blackberry bushes, and Microtus guentheri at Dupnisa Cave by placing traps in front of the burrow entrances of this species. To check for insectivores, three sites were trapped for three days using fish as bait. Their results, shared with this Project (Table 3.6), show that Apodemus species were the most commonly trapped small mammals, even when insectivores are targeted by using fish meat. Table 3.6 Numbers of small mammals trapped by Şafak Bulut and Murat Doğan (pers. comm.) Location / Habitat Date Balaban Bridge - shrubs 21 July 22 July Dupnisa Cave – open areas 23-24 July Mert - Longos 28-30 July İğneada-Demirköy way - Asker Stream 28-30 July İğneada-Demirköy way – nursery 28-30 July No. Apodemus traps agrarius 80 3 59 7 120 0 45 6 45 0 45 4 Apodemus flavicollis 10 14 12 5 6 5 Crocidura leucodon 1 0 0 1 0 0 Microtus guentheri 0 0 19 0 0 0 It is possible to compare and combine the results of these two studies because traps were set about 10 m apart over a total sampling line of approximately 900 m. (In restricted areas, such as agricultural field and open forests, an S-like route was tracked, with 10 m between traps.) Trapping proved to be a moderately effective means of generating information on species diversity and abundance in different habitats, with an overall success rate of 19% (Table 3.7). Longos forest was by far the richest habitat for small mammals, based on a 46% rate of trapping, followed by open forest and streams with an understory of shrubs, and then pine plantation. Least productive in terms of small mammals is agricultural field (Table 3.7). The higher productivity of pine plantation versus mixed forest with respect to small mammals is surprising, especially since pine forest does not occur naturally in Turkish Thrace, and warrants further investigation, especially given the small sample size. Table 3.7 Trapping success in different locations and habitats, based on combined surveys. Location Around Mert lake Avcılar village Around Dupnisa cave Sislioba village Balaban bridge İğneada–Demirköy way Total Habitat No. days No. traps Longos Field Open forest area Mixed forest Shrubs by stream Pine plantation 3 4 3 4 2 4 93 91 92 91 80 + 59 90 No. trap days 279 464 276 364 139 360 1,882 No traps days successful 129 9 70 46 35 64 353 % trap days successful 46.2 2.5 25.4 12.6 25.2 17.8 18.8 The most widespread and abundant species, as previously assessed, is Apodemus flavicollis; also numerous but more restricted in its distribution is Apodemus agrarius (Table 3.8). Other species appear to be restricted to one or two habitat types and their numbers appear to be comparatively low. However, more extensive, longer term studies are necessary to substantiate these initial findings. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 31 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table 3.8 Number of individuals trapped in different locations (habitats), classified by species and based on combined surveys. Species Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Microtus guentheri Glis glis Erinaceus concolor Crocidura leucodon Neomys anomalus Around Avcılar Dupnisa Sislioba Balaban İğneada – Mert Lake Village Cave Village Bridge Demirköy 37 (28.9%) 6 (66.7%) 52 (74.3%) 44 (95.65%) 24 (69.6%) 64 (100%) 90 (69.8%) 10 (28.6%) 3 (33.3%) 18 (25.7%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (0.8%) 1 (2.9%) 1 (0.8%) - Total (all sites) 227 (64.3%) 100 (28.3%) 21 (6.0%) 1 (0.3%) 1 (0.3%) 2 (0.6%) 1 (0.3%) The most widespread and abundant species, as previously assessed, is Apodemus flavicollis; also numerous but more restricted in its distribution is Apodemus agrarius (Table 3.8). Other species appear to be restricted to one or two habitat types and their numbers appear to be comparatively low. However, more extensive, longer term studies are necessary to substantiate these initial findings. Table 3.9 Opportunistic encounters with mammal in 2009 while surveying birds (Korhan Ozkan, pers. comm.) Species Group Easting Northing Altit- Datum Date size ude m Vulpes vulpes (tilki) 2 Sciurus vulgaris 3 Tursiops truncatus 1 Canis aureus 1 Canis aureus 1 Felis silvestris 1 Glis glis Mustela putorius 1 Capreolus capreolus 1 Martes foina 1 Sciurus vulgaris 1 Meles meles 1 Meles meles 1 Meles meles 1 Phocoena phocoean 1 Martes foina 1 Martes martes 1 Lutra lutra 1 580424 580446 586347 583481 581130 555253 558370 553484 4636997 4636661 4646022 4640330 4642901 4633113 4631923 4630186 50 wgs84 41 wgs84 17 wgs84 50 wgs84 98 wgs84 575 wgs84 640 wgs84 510 wgs84 30 April 30 April 2 May 2 May 2 May 12 May 13 May 25 June 12 July 12 July 12 July 12 July 13 July 3 July 12 July 11 July 15 June 13 June Time Locality 09:00 09:35 07:20 22:15 23:00 22:00 22:43 01:00 21:00 21:00 13:00 13:00 11:00 01:00 09:00 15:00 09:00 05:45 Iğneada Iğneada Beğendik Limanköy Limanköy Balaban Balaban Exact locality Longos mandacı kadının tarlası Longos mandacı kadının tarlası Saka longosu Saka longosu Saka longosu fidanlık Sislioba Saka longosu Beğendik Avcılar-karacadağ Saka longosu RK RK RK RK RK RK: Road Kill Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 32 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Wild boar (Sus scrofa) European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Wild cat (Felis silvestris) Grey Wolf (Canis lupus), Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra), Beech Marten (Martes and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) foina), European Polecat (Mustela putorius) and Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis) Figure 3.4 Locations of large mammal species recorded in the proposed Yildiz Mountains Biosphere. Record locations are shown by coloured dots that correspond to individual species in the map legends. Records were obtained from observations made during this survey, observations from researchers engaged in other surveys and conversations with hunters and villagers. These maps do not necessarily reflect the distribution of these species in the Project area; they reflect only record points. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 33 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 ODONATA AND LEPIDOPTERA A number of species have been recorded from the vicinity of the Project area but their occurrence within proposed Yildiz Mountain Biosphere awaits confirmation, as follows: Sympetrum pedemontanum (Allioni, 1766) (Anisoptera: Libellulidae) (Kalkman and Pelt, 2006b) was recorded from canals 1 km north-west of Inece Village, which is located to the west of Kırklareli. Orthetrum albistylum (Sélys, 1848) was recorded from Kanlıdere in Pehlivanköy (Pisicã, E. and Popescu-Mirceni, R., 2008). Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer, 1776) from Zygoptera suborder and Coenagrionidae family was recorded in? Kofçaz, and Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier, 1825) in Yoğuntaş (Kırklareli) near the study area (Hacet ve Aktaç, 1997; Kalkman, 2006). There are a number of other anomalous records. Lestes viridis (Vander Linden, 1825) (Zygoptera: Lestidae) was recorded in the area by Hacet ve Aktaç (1997) but Kalkman (2006) states that this species is not present in Turkey. Similarly, Somatochlora metallica (Vander Linden, 1825) (Anisoptera: Corduliidae) was recorded by Hacet ve Aktaç (1997) from Yeniceköy (Pınarhisar) and Saray (Tekirdağ). Again, this species is not known to occur in Turkey; it occurs in the mountains of south-west Bulgaria (Kalkman, 2006). 4.2 FRESHWATER FISHES A total of 28 taxa belonging to 10 families were recorded in this survey (see Table 3.2). This list is compared with earlier inventories that, combined, total 39 species (Table 4.1). Balık (1985) lists 26 taxa belonging to 11 families from the region. Erdem et al. (1994) reported Cyprinus carpio, Stizostedion lucioperca, Squalius cephalus and Alburnoides bipunctatus, in addition to Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Carassius carassius in Hamam Lake. Fifteen species were recorded in Mert, Erikli, Hamam, Saka and Deniz lakes, Arnavut and Sivriler streams by the GEF2 Project and a further 12 species are cited in the literature as being present in this region (ÇOB, 2004). On re-examination of Carassius samples, which are conserved in the Museum of Ege University Fisheries Faculty Inland Water Fish Collection (ESFM-PISI), İlhan et al. (2005) confirmed C. gibelio as having been sampled from Saka Lake and Arnavut stream, and C. auratus and C. gibelio from Bulanık stream. Comparison between species inventoried in this survey and in previous studies shows that: Alosa caspia, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Liza aurata, Neogobius eurycephalus, Knipowitschia caucasica and Lepomis gibbosus were recorded for the first time within the Project area. Anguilla anguilla, Alburnus alburnus, Carassius carassius, Syngnathus abaster, Liza ramada (= Mugil ramada), Sander lucioperca (= Sizostedion lucioperca), Neogobius gymnotrachelus (= Gobius gymnotrachelus), Mesogobius batrachocephalus (= Gobius batrachocephalus) and Platichthys flesus (= Pleuronectes flesus) reported by Balık (1985), and Aspius aspius and Chondrostoma nasus reported by ÇOB (2004) were not recorded in the present study. Of these 11 species, Carassius carassius, Syngnathus abaster, Liza ramada, Neogobius gymnotrachelus, Platichthys flesus, Mesogobius bactrachocephalus and Sander lucioperca (seven species) were not encountered during the present survey most likely because they are rare or occasional. The other four species (Alburnus alburnus, Anguilla anguilla, Aspius aspius and Chondrostoma nasus), included by Kaya et al. (2009) in their inventory of freshwater fish for the Project area (see Annex 1), are thought unlikely to be present because either their habitat requirements are not consistent with the localities listed or they have been Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 34 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS recorded within Thrace but not specifically in the Project area. Thus, these species have been excluded from the current inventory of freshwater fish for the proposed Yildiz Mountains Biosphere (see Annex 3). Table 4.1 Inventory of freshwater fish species in the Yildiz Mountains derived from various authorities, with their global (IUCN, 2009) and national conservation status(Fricke et al., 2007). New records from the present survey are highlighted. Species inferred as present by some authorities but either are not known to occur in Turkey or have not been specifically recorded in the Yildiz Mountains of Turkish Thrace are crossed out. Taxa IUCN, 2009 LC Frick et al., 2007 VU Balık (1985) + + + Erdem et al. (1994) + ÇOB (2004) R R + İlhan et al. (2005) Present study + Alburnoides bipunctatus Alburnus alburnus Alburnus chalcoides LC EN Alosa caspia LC RE Anguilla anguilla + Aspius aspius + Atherina boyeri LC LC + + Barbus tauricus escherichi VU EN + R Carassius carassius LC LC + + + + Carassius gibelio LC + Chondrostoma nasus + Cobitis taenia LC + R Cyprinus carpio VU LC + + + Gambusia affinis NE + Gasterosteus aculeatus LC DD + R Gobio gobio LC LC + + Knipowitschia caucasica LC VU Lepomis gibbosus NE Liza aurata DD Liza ramada LC LC + R Mesogobius batrachocephalus LC DD + Mugil cephalus LC LC + Neogobius eurycephalus LC DD Neogobius fluviatilis LC DD + + Neogobius gymnotrachelius LC EN + R Neogobius melanostomus LC DD + + Oncorhynchus mykiss Petroleuciscus borysthenicus LC EN + R Phoxinus phoxinus LC EN + Platichthys flesus LC NT + R Proterorhinus marmoratus DD + Rhodeus amarus LC VU + + Rutilus rutilus LC LC + Salmo trutta LC CR + Sander lucioperca LC LC + + R Scardinius erythrophthalmus LC NT + + Squalius cephalus LC LC + + + Syngnathus abaster LC DD + R Vimba vimba LC DD + R RE: Regionally Extinct, CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT: Near Threatened, LC: Concern, DD: Data Deficient, NE: Not Evaluated. R: Reported elsewhere in the literature. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Least Two species are globally threatened, both being Vulnerable (Crimea barbell, Barbus tauricus escherichi, and common carp Cyprinus carpio). Many more are nationally threatened, including the brown trout which is Critically Endangered (Table 4.1) Noteworthy is the record of Alosa Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 35 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS caspia, which was found at just one location, Deniz Lake (see Table 3.2). This species was considered to be Regionally Extinct (Fricke et al., 2007). In conclusion, freshwater fish within the Project area do not seem to be at great risk from environmental threats of heavy industrialization and excessive population pressures. However, further development of schemes to transport freshwater to big cities and industries is likely to lead to significant problems. The water of Pabuç and Kazan streams are currently used as drinking water for İstanbul City. Other streams in this region (especially Bulanık Stream) should be conserved from such activities. Erikli and Mert lakes were exposed to intensive domestic sewage because of tourism activities around İğneada. The construction of a sewage treatment plant and limitation of tourism activities would help to address this risk. Alternative tourism enterprises should also be considered. Another hazard is alien species entering aquatic systems. The alien species, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Carassius gibelio, Gambusia affinis and Lepomis gibbosus were identified during this study. Their abundance of these species should be monitored in all habitats. Such work should be accompanied by regular monitoring of other native species, both those having a wide distribution (i.e. Salmo trutta, Phoxinus phoxinus, Gobio gobio, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Barbus tauricus escherichi, Alburnus chalcoides and Squalius cephalus) and those with more limited distributions (i.e. Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Vimba vimba, Gasterosteus aculaetus and Knipowitschia caucasia). 4.3 MARINE FISHES The Black Sea is the largest land-locked basin in the world, where drastic changes have occurred between the 1970s and late 1990s due to eutrophication (excessive nutrient enrichment), riverborne pollution, invasion by non-indigenous species and the increasing trend of fisheries, all of which lead to severe alterations in the ecosystem (Ozsoy and Unluata, 1997; Lancelot et al., 2002; Occhipinti-Ambrogi and Savini, 2003). As a result, fish fauna (together with other biota) have undergone considerable changes in the Black Sea, often characterised by a significant decrease in abundance of commercial species. Moreover, some species have disappeared from the fishery, resulting in changes to the previously dominant species. The western shelf (especially the north-west) of the Black Sea area is of special importance as the main spawning and nursery grounds for high value commercial fish species, such as anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) and turbot (Psetta maeotica) (Slastanenko, 1956). River induced productivity, shallow and broad shelf area, and high abundance of macrophytes oxygenating the water column as deep as 60 m are suggested to be the main causes for the historical preference of this area by important fish stocks (Gücü, 1997). Existing rivers (such as the Danube, Dnieper, Dniester etc.) play a conspicuous role in ecosystem modification. For example, the Danube River receives effluents from eight European countries and represents the most significant source of anthropogenic pollution in the north-west Black Sea (Lancelot et al., 2002). Thus, the influence of rivers is more pronounced in this part of the Black Sea than compared to the Caucasian coast or the eastern Black Sea. As the level of nutrient enrichment has gradually increased, primary production and carrying capacity of the ecosystem for small sized planktivorous fish has increased (Caddy et al., 1995). Following the significant decline of large sized predators during the 1980s (as a result of overfishing), the ecological environment in the north-west Black Sea has changed in favour of small pelagic fish (anchovy, sprat etc.) parallel to improved food availability and removal of predation control by species such as bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic bonito (S. sarda) (Gücü, 1997). The introduction of an exotic ctenophore species (comb jelly, Mnemiopsis leidyi) complicated the ecology in the mid-1980s. A huge population of comb jelly rapidly established itself throughout the Black Sea and preyed heavily on anchovy eggs and larvae (Occhipinti-Ambrogi and Savini, 2003). Many scientists explain the anchovy collapse during the 1989/1990 fishing season as a Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 36 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS combination of ecosystem deterioration, overfishing and comb jelly invasion (BSC, 2008). The arrival of a new species of another alien ctenophoran (Beroe ovata) during 1997 that feeds almost exclusively on M. leidyi under Black Sea conditions decreased both the abundance of the latter species and its impact on planktonic organisms. Since then, signs of negative influence of comb jelly gradually decreased in several parts of the basin (Shiganova et al., 2001). There are also recent reports of improvement in the status of some species (Mikhailov and Prodanov, 2003; Oven et al., 2009). No reports are available on the status of fishes and fishery activities along the Kirklareli coast, and data obtained under Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project are important in helping to fill the knowledge gap. The Black Sea fish fauna is mostly known by studies conducted along the coasts of Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and, to a limited extent, Georgia. Some local checklists were previously published, but none is complete. First, the taxonomy of many species is unresolved and requires further detailed studies (e.g. Atherina mochon pontica is a valid species according to some authors, while others regard it as a synonym of A. boyeri). Secondly, several species are found both in the marine environment and in brackish waters, estuaries and rivers, which hinders distinguishing true marine fish from others. Thirdly, “Mediterreanisation” of the Black Sea fauna is continuing, meaning that previously unrecorded species are entering the basin through the Turkish straits system. These issues frustrate any assessment of the Black Sea’s resident ichthyofauna. A total of 168 fish species has been reported for the entire basin by Zaitsev and Mamaev (1997), which has increased in the last decade with the addition of several species. Thus, it may be assumed that the supports nearly 180 species. Among local checklists, Bilecenoglu et al. (2002) listed 151 species from the entire Black Sea coast of Turkey. In a recent paper by Stefanov (2007), 134 species (excluding doubtful occurrences) are reported from the Bulgarian coast. Fish fauna of the Crimean peninsula is represented by 79 species according to Salekhova et al. (2007). The Georgian ichthyofauna includes 106 marine fish species (Ninua and Japoshvili, 2008). In comparison with the above mentioned species inventories, the recording of 121 species along the Kirklareli coasts (121 species) during the present survey indicates a relatively high diversity of marine fish. Cryptobenthic fishes (i.e. species that hide under stones, rocks etc.) should be meticulously studied further since new records (especially from the families Gobiidae, Blenniidae and Gobiesocidae) are likely to be encountered. Recent findings of three fish (Parablennius incognitus, P. zvonimiri and Salaria pavo) reported for the first time from the area supports this view. Only one non-native fish species (Liza haematocheila – haarder, Pacific mullet, pelingas) occurs along the Kirklareli coast (see Figure 3.5). This species of eastern Asian origin was introduced for aquaculture in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. It bred successfully in the area and even penetrated to the Aegean Sea (Kaya et al., 1998). Biological studies of the Pacific mullet reveals that the Black Sea stock has a higher growth rate and earlier age-at-first maturity compared to the native grey mullet (Okumus and Bascinar, 1997). Negative impacts of L. haematocheila on indigenous species has not been documented as yet. According to Zaitsev and Mamaev (1997), the species feeds on small bottom-living organisms and, thus, does not compete with native grey mullet. The species is caught by local fishermen from Kirklareli, generally in summer months, but it should not be regarded as a target species due to its low/moderate commercial value. The commercial catch of bottom trawlers fishing off Kirklareli coasts is quite similar to those of the central and eastern Black Sea coasts of Turkey. In the western Black Sea, there are only five commercial species for which the mean annual catch exceeds 1,000 tonnes (Annex 6, Table A6.2), namely anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and red mullets (Mullus spp.). In terms of commercial value, turbot (Psetta maeotica) is the most important fish but the local stock seems to be overfished. The skipper and crew of the trawl vessel F/V Siklar mentioned the scarcity of large sized turbots in their catch and the rare occurrence of juveniles and sub-adults, Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 37 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS indicating excessive pressure from fishing in the area (Figure 4.1). According to the former and new presidents of the Igneada Fishery Cooperative (Ibrahim Metin and Numan Saglam, respectively), a trawler can capture 4 or 5 turbots at most in a day (at least during the last couple of years). Depending on the season, turbots are marketed at 30-120 TL/kg. Figure 4.1 Juvenile specimen of Psetta maeotica captured by bottom trawl off the Igneada coast (left); turbots at Kiyikoy fishing port brought by Romanian fishing boats. During non-fishing months, turbots are brought to Igneada and Kiyikoy fishing ports by Romanian fishermen. Several local fishermen indicated that turbot stocks along the Bulgarian, Romanian and Russian coasts are in better condition and more abundant, which resulted in trials of Turkish fishermen found fishing illegally for turbot along these coasts. According to FAO Statistics (2007), the mean turbot catch at the Turkish Black Sea coast between 1970 and 2005 was 1,927 tonnes/year. Maximum production occurred during 1979 (5,250 tonnes), and the lowest production was 203 tonnes in 2003. More recently in 2007, Turkey produced 769 tonnes of turbot (346 tonnes from the western Black Sea) (Annex 6), clearly demonstrating the results of overfishing. Kirklareli coast is one of the known feeding and spawning areas of turbot species and conservation measures should be taken to enable the population to recover (Figure 4.2). Figure 4.2 Feeding and spawning areas of turbot (left) and feeding areas of sturgeons (right) in the Black Sea (UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2001). Anchovy, the dominant commercial catch along the entire basin, shows fluctuating catch values during the last decade. A very sharp decrease occurred in 2005 (4,947 tonnes) in the western Black Sea, but the annual harvest has since risen to 52,644 tonnes (Annex 6). Many local fishermen indicated the intensive fishing of anchovy in the area, especially during the beginning of the season (September) when several purse seine boats from the eastern and central Black Sea visit the Kirklareli coast. The decline in some other esteemed food fishes is more drastic – for example, Atlantic bonito has decreased almost 20-fold and bluefish over 4-fold since 2005. Such negative shifts are due to the combined effects of overfishing and inappropriate management of existing stocks. Minimum Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 38 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS landing sizes are regulated by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and notified in its fishery bulletin. Specimens of Atlantic bonito and bluefish larger than 25 cm and 14 cm, respectively, are legally allowed to be caught. These sizes are well below the lengths at first maturity (length at which 50% of the individuals in the population are mature), which are 37-39 cm (total length) for Atlantic bonito (Ates et al., 2008), and 25.4 cm (fork length) for bluefish (Ceyhan et al., 2007). According to accepted international standards, fishery regulations should permit a population to spawn at least once prior to its harvest. Thus, current landing sizes in the official fishery bulletin are far from maintaining sustainable fisheries and, more likely, will increase the risk of species’ collapse in the short/mid-term. Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and Atlantic mackerel (S. scombrus) are prominent examples of such a trend. Only 3 and 2 tonnes, respectively, were landed in 2007 along the entire western Black Sea coast (Annex 6). Two other species, swordfish and Atlantic bluefin tuna, are believed to be extinct along the Kirklareli coast according to local fishermen and official fishery statistics (no landings recorded for either species since 2001). The decline in local fish stocks has influenced the type of fishery vessels. The numbers of trawl and purse seine boats operating at the western Black Sea are in decline, while the numbers of “mixed” boats (fishing both by trawl and purse seines) are tending to increase (Figure 4.3). Number of vessels 250 200 150 Trawl-Pseine 100 Trawl Purse seine 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 0 1998 50 Years Figure 4.2 Changes in number of trawl, purse seine and trawl+purse seine boats along the western Black Sea coast of Turkey (TSI, 2009). Analyses of the available published information on threatened fishes showed that the number of species evaluated according to IUCN categories differs significantly. A total of 8 species are threatened (under the categories of CR, EN and VU) at global level (IUCN, 2009). This number is 25 in the Black Sea Red Data Book (Anonymous, 1997) and 54 in the more recent Turkish Fishes Red List (Fricke et al., 2007). Such discrepancies arise mainly from the lack of an updated red list of Black Sea fishes and from the scarcity of knowledge about the local status of certain species. For example, sturgeons (Acipenseridae) in Turkey are best known from four river basins at the central and eastern Black Sea coasts (Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak, Sakarya and Çoruh rivers) (Ustaoglu and Okumus, 2004) but not even a single study has been conducted to date on the sturgeon population along the Kirklareli coast. Numan Saglam (President of Fishery Cooperative) mentioned the capture of two very large belugas (Huso huso) from Kirklareli shores (weighing 247 and 320 kg) during the late 1990s. He also stated that sturgeons (mostly Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 39 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS the starry sturgeon, Acipenser stellatus, and Russian sturgeon, A. gueldenstaedtii) were also fished by bottom trawlers (at a depth of 40- 50 fathoms) and special gill-nets at the same period. Due to a severe decline in sturgeon stocks, their fishing was completely banned in 1997 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, but incidental catches of a few specimens are still observed in some localities of the Turkish Black Sea coast (Ustaoglu and Okumus, 2004). The entire marine coastline of the proposed Yildiz Mountains Biosphere is a potential feeding area for sturgeons (Figure 4.2) and the possibility of previously unrecorded spawning sites should not be neglected. Trawlers of Igneada and Kiyikoy still capture small sized sturgeons (40–50 cm in length), which should be carefully monitored. Conclusion and recommendations for marine fishes 1. Kirklareli Province has 60 km of coastline, all of which lies within the proposed Yildiz Mountains Biosphere. Although it constitutes only 4.3% of the entire Turkish Black Sea coast, the local ichthyofauna is rich and merits appropriate management measures to protect biodiversity and sustain its utilisation as a fishery. Such measures will need to be better informed by further detailed taxonomical and ecological studies to provide a sound basis for conservation planning (see below). 2. According to official records of the Kirklareli harbour master, there are a total of 192 registered fishery vessels (130 in Kiyikoy and 62 in Igneada fishing ports), from which 44 operate as trawl/purse seine boats. This number reaches 350-500 fishery vessels by the beginning of the fishing season, since hundreds of boats come to the area from other parts of the Black Sea to capture commercial stocks. Several local fishermen have complained about this situation because many purse seine boats originating from the eastern Black Sea use technological instruments (satellites, echo-sounders) for fishing anchovy, Atlantic bonito, bluefish etc., unlike the Kirklareli fishermen, who still prefer traditional techniques. Since many fish stocks in the area give their highest catch during their seasonal migrations, the presence of hundreds of fishing boats at that time causes great fishing pressure. The President of the Fishery Cooperative (supported by dozens of its members) suggests a quota system, which is likely to be the best way to conserve existing commercial stocks. However, concrete data is required to regulate local fisheries and the population dynamics of highly commercial species should be studied, in order to determine maximum sustainable yields and permissible off takes. The minimum landing sizes given in the official Fishery Bulletin should also be revised accordingly in the light of scientific research results. 3. Special emphasis should be given to ecological studies of threatened species, especially for those commercially exploited and subjected to fishing pressure. Official fishery statistics indicate the significant severe decline of mackerels (Scomber spp.), dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) etc. Understanding the biological characteristics of threatened fish will enable appropriate conservation measures to be taken. 4.4 HERPETOFAUNA, DORMICE AND TREE-DWELLING BATS The forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula), present in dense populations in other regions of Thrace, was rarely captured in nest boxes placed in the Yildiz Mountains. The mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus roachi), a rare dormouse species, was not found in the Project area and the possible presence of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanrius), distributed in Europe and Anatolia, remains uncertain. The amphibian species marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) and agile frog (R. dalmatina) were encountered in forest areas within the Project area; and common toad (Bufo bufo) and European green toad (B. viridis) were observed in open forest areas and forest meadows during night hours. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 40 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Spur-thighed tortoise (Testuda greaca) is the most common species found in the Project area but Hermann’s tortoise (T. hermanni), peculiar to Thrace, is present although it has been observed year-by-year with decreasing frequency. The striped-necked terrapin (Mauremys caspica) and the European pond terrapin (Emys orbicularis) were seen in streams, especially slow-running ones, either alone or together. During field work in closed and open forests, forest meadows and along road sides, Podarcis muralis, Lacerta trilineata and Darevskia praticola and Natrix natrix, N. tessellata and Coluber caspius were the most commonly seen lizard and snake species, respectively. Venomous snakes were observed rarely, with Vipera ammodytes observed more often than V. xanthini. Threats include the following: Destruction of old and especially hole-bearing trees negatively affects all faunal elements of the forest including bats. The places where forestry activities are not taking place should be given protected status and nest boxes should be hung on trees, besides constructing bat houses for them to use. Both Testuda greaca and T. hermanni, as well Rana ridibunda, are collected from the region and exported. It is a necessity to prevent such application on these animals with legal measures that have been/would be taken. All of these species are protected under the provisions of the Bern Convention (Annexes II and III). Damming of streams that flow into the Black Sea in order to provide drinking water for Istanbul not only negatively affects Longos forests fed by these streams but also the reduced water flows in these streams threatens aquatic life. All the trees inside the area of Kıyıköy and Kızılağaç are being gradually cut by leaving tree patches in order to obtain forest products. The cut trees are mainly used for charcoal production and such activities have a great impact on forest fauna and flora. Other forest areas are used for timber production but the numbers of protected areas (i.e. Kastro Nature Park) have been increasing with recent measures. 4.5 SMALL MAMMALS All small mammal species had previously been recorded from the Project area, with the exception of Microtus guentheri which is a new addition to the inventory. The survey generated many new distributional records for small mammals, as well as information on species richness and relative abundance in different habitat types. The results, albeit limited with respect to the coverage of the Project area and sampling intensity, indicate that Longos forest is most important habitat type and should be strictly protected. The health of Longos forest depends on the quality and quantity of inflowing waters, which is why it is vital to protect the sources of the catchments of the rivers and streams that flow into it. To transport water elsewhere from the Project area for irrigation or drinking purposes may cause irreversible damages to Longos forest, as may the construction of dams. Pine forest is not native to the area and may negatively affect the local mammalian fauna. Such plantations should be gradually replaced by native tree species. Plant remains and old and fallen trees provide important nesting places for some small mammal species. Hence, it is essential for some parts of forests to be left undisturbed. 4.6 LARGE MAMMALS All of the large mammals were previously recorded from the Project area. Some additional distributional records were gained from the survey. The main threat to large mammals such as roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) is illegal hunting. Most villagers said that C. elaphus sometimes crosses from the Bulgarian side of the border into Turkey but only a few ever return because of hunting on the Turkish side. Thus, protection from hunting is a pre-requisite to the re-establishment of healthy breeding populations. It is also important to Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 41 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS maintain a mosaic of open and closed canopy forest as open areas are important as grazing and rutting grounds. Such open areas should not be re-afforested. Most other large mammals, such as wolf, fox, badger and martens are carnivores, which depend on a variety of herbivores for their survival as viable breeding populations. They are infrequently seen and require much more detailed and extensive surveys in order to be able to assess their distribution and conservation status within the Project area. 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Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 49 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEXES ANNEX 1: FAUNAL RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN (KAYA ET AL., 2009) IN YILDIZ MOUNTAINS PRIOR TO 1 Rapid survey of fauna in Longos Forest Igneada 2 İğneada Longozu ve Çeresi Faunal Revizyonu İğneada, Demirköy, Dereköy, Dubnisa, Fidanlık, 3 Atlas of Mammals İğneada, Demirköy, Dereköy, Dubnisa Lepidopter a Odonata Date of research No. sites Amphibians Fish Location Reptiles Short title of research 09/2000- 49 191 13 08/2006 6 27 61 22 12 2002- 65 197 27 2007 9 38 61 22 Birds Ref. no. Mammals Total no. species inventoried Method 2009 Data availability Digital Paper Yes Yes Yes Yes 1999 29 No Yes 4 Rodents of Turkiye 2006 14 No Yes 5 Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus I 2001 7 4 No Yes 6 Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus II 2005 4 6 No Yes 7 Türkiye Memelileri 1996 49 No Yes 20 8 Biology of Glis glis Demirköy, Kıyıköy 19982003 1 Yes Yes 9 Dupnisa bats Dupnisa Cave 2003- 16 2005 Yes Yes 10 Apodemus cinsi Velika, İğneada 11 A. Agrarius Demirköy, İğneada, 12 Smal carnivore Demirköy 13 Trakya Ornito - faunası Üzerine Araştırmalar I İğneada- Demirköy, Kıyıköy 19871996 149 14 Bird Species (Aves) of Mert and Erikli Lakes (Kırklareliİğneada). Mert Gölü Erikli Gölü 1998 15 The Importance of Mert and Erikli Lakes (Kırklareliİğneada) Regarding Bird Fauna and Some Ecological Problems. Mert Gölü Erikli Gölü 16 A preliminary study on the birds of the Istranca Mountains, Turkey Istranca Mountains 17 Yılanlar Demirköy, İğneada, 18 3 kertenkele cinsi Dereköy 19 Amphibia 20 Amfibiler Dereköy, Demirköy, İğneada 21 Trakya Bölgesi Balıkları Kazandere, Aksicim dersi Pabuçdere Sivriler deresi, Değirmendere, Pedina gölü, Mert Gölü, Hamam Gölü, Saka Gölü, Çavuşdere, Rezve deresi, Velika deresi, Paspala deresi 22 Hamam gölü Balıkları Hamam Gölü Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 2004 3 3 Yes No 19951996 1 2 Yes No 1993 1 No Yes 3 Yes Yes 89 2 Yes Yes 19941996 89 2 No Yes 2002 149 3 Yes Yes No Yes 1 Yes No No Yes 5 No Yes 24 13 No Yes 6 1 No Yes 1998 3 19771981 3 1996 8 1994 6 50 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 23 Carassius cinsi dağılımı Saka Gölü, Bulanıkdere, Arnavutdere 24 Trakya Bölgesi (Istranca Dağları) Gündüz Kelebekleri Igneada, Vize-Kıyıköy, Demirköy, Dereköy, Velika, 1982 Lepidopter a Odonata Date of research Amphibians Fish Location Reptiles Short title of research Birds Ref. no. Mammals Total no. species inventoried Method 3 No. sites Data availability Digital Paper 3 Yes No 19871988 138 6 No Yes 25 Türkiye Lepidoptera Faunası Demirköy İçin Yeni Kayıtlar 19871991 1 1 No Yes 26 Trakya Bölgesi Noctuidae İğneada, Vize, Kıyıköy, (Lepidoptera) Familyası Demirköy, Velika Türlerinin Tesbiti Çalışmaları II. 19871995 1 5 No Yes 19871995 5 2 No Yes 19911993 17 2 Yes No 55 4 Yes No 27 Trakya Bölgesi Heterocera (Lepidoptera) Faunasına Katkılar. Limanköy, İğneada 28 Trakya Bölgesi Geometridae Vize-Kıyıköy Türlerinin Taksonomik ve Faunistik Yönden Araştırılması. Checklist of the Geometridae of European Turkey, with new records (Lepidoptera) 29 Checklist of the Geometridae Demirköy, Dereköy, of European Turkey, with new Velika, İğneada records (Lepidoptera) 30 New records from Turkish Thrace Demirköy, Kastro 07/199206/1993 3 2 No yes 31 Odonata fauna of Turkish Thrace Demirköy, Dereköy, Kıyıköy, Kastro 19921993 25 4 No Yes 32 Odonata fauna of Turkish Thrace Demirköy, Dereköy, Kıyıköy, Kastro 19921993 1 1 No Yes 1992 1 1 Yes No 33 New record for Turkey, First Kıyıköy descriptionof the female of S. borisi Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 51 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS No. REFERENCES 1 GEF- II (2006). İğneada Faunası Kesin Rapor. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Doğal Kaynak Yönetimi Projesi 94 pp. (Report). 2 Özkan B. (2007). İğneada Longozu ve Çevresinin Faunal Revizyonu. 39 pp (Basılmamış) (Report). 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 MItchell-Jones, A. J., AmorI, G., BogdanowIcz, W., Krystufek, B., ReIjnders, P.J.H., SpItzenberger, F., Stubbe, M., ThIssen, J.B.M., VohralIk, V., ZIma, J., 1999. The Atlas of European Mammals. The Academic Press. London. 496 pp. (Book). Demirsoy, A. (ed.), Yiğit, N., Çolak, E., Sözen, M., Karataş, A. (2006) Rodents of Türkiye. Meteksan, Ankara. 154 pp. (Book) Krystufek, B. AND Vohralik, V., (2001). Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus. Introduction, Checlist, Insectivora. Zgodovinsko drustvo za juzno Primorsko Znanstveno-raziskovalno sredisce Republike Slovenije Koper. 140 pp. (Book) Krystufe, B. and Vohralik, V. (2005). Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus. Rodentia I: Scuidae, Dipodidae, Gliridae, Arvicolinae. Zgodovinsko drustvo za juzno Primorsko Znanstveno-raziskovalno sredisce Republike Slovenije Koper. 292 pp. (Book). Demirsoy, A. (1996). Türkiye Omurgalıları. Memeliler. Türkiye Omurgalı Faunasının Sistematik ve Biyolojik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması ve Koruma Önlemlerinin Saptanması. Meteksan AŞ. 292 sayfa. (Book). Özkan, B. (2006). An Observation on the Reproductive Biology of Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) (Rodentia; Gliridae) and Body Weight Gaining of Pups in the Istranca Mountains of Turkish Thrace. International Journal of Zoological Research 2 (2) 129135. Paksuz, S., Özkan, B., Postawa, T. (2007). Seasonal Changes of Cave-dwelling Bat Fauna and Their Relationship with Microclimate in Dupnisa Cave System (Turkish Thrace). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 50 A (1-2): 57-56. Kraków. Çolak, R., Çolak, E. and Yiğit. N. (2005). Morphometric, Karyotypic and Electrophoretic Analysis of the Genus Apodemus Kaup, 1826 (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Thrace. Turk J. Zool. 29, 147-153. Kefelioğlu, H., Tez, Ç. and Gündüz, İ. (2003) The Taxonomy and Distribution of Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) (Mammalia: Rodentia) in the European Part of Turkey. Turk J Zool 27. 141-146 Kurtonur, C.; Krystufek, B. and Özkan, B. (1994). The European Polecat (Mustela putorius) in Turkish Thrace . Small Carnivora Conservation, (IUCN), 11: 8 - 10. (Paper) Kaya, M. Yurtsever, S. and Kurtonur, C. (1999) : Investigations on the Ornitho - Fauna of Turkish Trace I. Tr. J.of Zoology, 23 (1999) Ek Sayı 3, 781-790, TÜBİTAK. Kaya, M. ve Kurtonur, C. (1994). Bird Species (Aves) of Mert and Erikli Lakes (Kırklareli-İğneada). XII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi Tebliğleri, Edirne 1994. Cilt IV, 252-258. Kaya, M. (1998). The Importance of Mert and Erikli Lakes (Kırklareli-İğneada) Regarding Bird Fauna and Some Ecological Problems. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 27, 15-18. Yurtsever, S. and Kurtonur, C. (2003). A preliminary study on the birds of the Istranca Mountains, Turkey. Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46(1): 19-28, Kraków, 28 March. Başoğlu, M.and Baran, İ. (1998) The Reptiles of Turkey, Part II. The Snakes, Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi İzmir, 81:218. Çevik, İ. E. (1999). Trakya’da Yasayan Kertenkele Türlerinin Taksonomik Durumu (Lacertilia: Anguidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae). Tr. J. of Zoology 23 Ek Sayı 1, 23–35. Demirsoy, A. (1996). Türkiye Omurgalıları. Amfibiler. Türkiye Omurgalı Faunasının Sistematik ve Biyolojik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması ve Koruma Önlemlerinin Saptanması. Meteksan AŞ. 69 sayfa. (Book) Özeti, N. ve Yılmaz, İ. (1994). Türkiye Amfibileri. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi. İzmir, 151: 221 pp. (Book) 21 Balık, S. (1985) Trakya Bölgesi İçsu Balıklarının Bugünkü Durumu ve Taksonomik Revizyonu, Doğa Bilim Dergisi Ser A2, 9 (2):147-160. 22 Erdem, Ü., Kırgız, T., Güher, H. ve Türeli, C. (1994). Hamam Gölünde (Kırklareli-İğneada) Yaşayan Kızılkanat (Scardinus erythrophtalmus L., 1758) ve Havuz Balığı (Carassius carassius L., 1758) Türlerinin Bazı Biyolojik Özellikleri. XII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi 6-8 Temmuz 1994 Edirne 23 İlhan, A.. Balık, S., Sarı, H. M. ve Ustaoğlu, R. (2005). Batı ve Orta Anadolu, Güney Marmara, Trakya ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgeleri İçsularındaki Carassius (Cyprinidae, Pisces) Türleri ve Dağılımları. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi Cilt 22, Sayı (3-4): 343– 346. 24 Göbekçioğlu (Okyar), Z. ve Aktaç, N. (1990). Trakya Bölgesi (Istranca Dağları) Gündüz Kelebekleri (Lepidoptera : Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea) (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). S.193-202. X. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, Erzurum. 25 Göbekçioğlu (Okyar), Z. (1992). Türkiye Lepidoptera Faunası İçin Yeni Kayıtlar. s.87-93, XI. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, Fırat Üniv. Elazığ. 26 Okyar (Göbekçioğlu), Z. ve Kornoşor, S. (1997). Trakya Bölgesi Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) Familyası Türlerinin Tesbiti Çalışmaları II. Türk. Entomol. Derg., 21(3):197-212. 27 Göbekçioğlu (Okyar), Z. ve Aktaç, N. (1998). Trakya Bölgesi Heterocera (Lepidoptera) Faunasına Katkılar. Türk. Entomol.Derg., 22(1):47-56. 28 Göbekçioğlu (Okyar), Z. ve Aktaç, N. (1999). Trakya Bölgesi Geometridae Türlerinin Taksonomik ve Faunistik Yönden Araştırılması. Tr.J. of Zoology 23,Ek Sayı 1, 99-132. Okyar, Z. and Mironov, V. (2008). Checklist of the Geometridae of European Turkey, with new records (Lepidoptera). Zootaxa 1789: 1–56. 29 Göbekçioğlu (Okyar), Z.; Aktaç, N. (1999). Trakya Bölgesi Geometridae Türlerinin Taksonomik ve Faunistik Yönden Araştırılması. Tr.J. of Zoology 23,Ek Sayı 1, 99-132. Okyar, Z. and Mironoz, V. (2008). Checklist of the Geometridae of European Turkey, with new records (Lepidoptera). Zootaxa 1789: 1–56. 30 Hacet, N. ve Aktaç, N. (1994). Trakya Bölgesi Odonata faunasına yeni katkılar. XII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 6-8 Temmuz, Edirne, 202-209. 31 Hacet, N ve Aktaç, N. (1997). Istranca dağları Odonata Faunası. Turkish Journal of Zoology 21: 275-289. 32 Hacet, N and Aktaç, N. ( 2003). Considerations on the Odonate fauna of Turkish Thrace, with some taxonomic notes. Odonatologica 33: 253-270. 33 Boudot., J.-P., Grand, D., Grebe, B., Hacet, N. and Marinov, M. (2004). Description of the female of Somatochlora borisi with distributional notes on the species (Odonata: Corduliidae). International Journal of Odonatology, 7: 431-438 Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 52 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEX 2: METHODOLOGY -DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF SURVEY SITES FRESHWATER FISHES - DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES OF SITES SAMPLED (Locations are shown in Figure 2.2.) 1- Rezve river basin In this river basin, a total of 8 stations (3 at Rezve River, 2 at Tarlalık stream and 3 at Velika stream) were examined. Since names of the stations are the same in the main branch and in the studied branches, these sampling stations were numbered consecutively according to stream names. The bottom of Rezve River is sand and clay. Rezve River Rezve River is also known as Mutlu stream. Rezve River-1 (Station-1): There are two big pools which are divided by big rocks at the back of the river mouth. The sampling was made at this riffle area. The station was near Beğendik village (Demirköy-Kırklareli). Rezve River-2 (Station-2): The station was at Sislioba village (Demirköy-Kırklareli) Rezve River-3 (Station-3): Station was 10 km above Sislioba. Physico-chemical properties were not determined because of being very near to station-2 at Rezve River. Tarlalık stream Tarlalık Stream, which originates from Koru hill, exists north of Hamdibey village, and joins to Rezve River around Karacadağ village. Stations researched are near to Yeşilce and Karacadağ villages. Tarlalık Stream-1 (Station-4): Studied area is at Hamidbey road exit, around Yeşilce village. Tarlalık Stream-2 (Station-5): Studied area is around Karacadağ village, on the way to Yiğitbaşı village. Physico-chemical properties were not determined because of being near to Tarlalık stream1 station. Velika Stream Velika Stream is also known as Balaban Stream. Velika Stream which originates from springs in the northern Mahya mouth run to Balaban and than Sarpdere village and on to Armutveren village. This Stream joins Rezve River around Atmutveren. Velika Stream-1 (Station-6): Station area is around the third bridge from Balaban to Sarpdere village. Velika Stream-2 (Station-7): Studied area is around Sarpdere village on Balaban route at the junction for Gökyaka village. Velika Stream-3 (Station-8): Studied area is on Dupnisa cave road, around the bridge in Sarpdere village. 2- Şahin Stream basin The basin of this Stream was dry. Only Paspala Stream had some pools in the bed. Two stations are researched in Şahin Stream basin, namely Erikli Lake and Paspala Stream. Erikli Lake (Station-9): Erikli Lake is located in northern part of İğneada. Some areas were covered by reeds. Samplings were made at the southern coast of the lake. Paspala Stream (Station-10): Sampling was made by electrofishing at pools. Physico-chemical properties were not determined because the stream was dry. 3- Çavuşköprü stream basin In Çavuşköprü stream basin, three stations were researched: Mert Lake, Çavüşköprü stream and Madra Stream. The Çavuşköprü stream is also known as Değirmen Stream and Çavuş Stream. Mert Lake (Station-11): Mert Lake is located in southern İğneada. Two samplings were made in this Lake (1st: coast of Longos forest, 2nd: beach through the Black Sea coast). Çavuşköprü Stream (Station-12): Çavuşköprü Stream was studied around the Avcılar village. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 53 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Madra Stream (Station-13): The station is around Madra Bridge at İğneada-Demirköy road. The Stream had no prominent flow, but it had some big pools. Physico-chemical properties were not determined because of the lack of stream flow. The Madra Stream is also known as Madara Stream. 4- Bulanık Stream basin This Stream and Yavuz Stream flow to the same Longose forest. Nine stations were studied in Bulanık Stream basin, namely the Deniz, Hamam and Pedina Lakes, and Bulanık, Sivriler, Çam, Bıçkı, Değirmen ve Palabıyık Streams. Deniz Lake (Station-14): Deniz Lake is located south of İğneada. Lake exists behind the sand dune. Hamam Lake (Station-15): Hamam Lake is in Longose forest. Reeds surround the Lake. Some macrophytes are abundant in the Lake. Pedina Lake (Station-16): Pedina Lake is at the same condition and position as Hamam Lake, but macrophytes cover a wider area than Hamam Lake. Therefore physico-chemical properties could not be measured. The Pedina Lake is also known as Karu Lake. Bulanık Stream (Station-17): Bulanık Stream is one of the biggest streams, together with Rezve River in this region. The stream bed is wide and deep, with sand and clay bottom. Small amounts of water were flowing into the Stream. Sivriler, Çam, Bıçkı, Değirmen ve Palabıyık Streams are tributaries of Bulanık Stream. Sampling was made around of Forest Plantation Engineering of Demirköy (Longoz plantation). Sivriler Stream (Station-18): This station is on Demirköy road, around the 1st bridge in Sivriler village. The Sivriler Stream is also known as Değirmen Stream. Çam Stream (Station-19): This station is around the second bridge of Sivriler-Demirköy road. Bıçkı Stream (Station-20): This station is around the third bridge of Sivriler-Demirköy road, and exists south of Demirköy. Değirmen Stream (Station-21): This Stream is around the fourth bridge of the Sivriler-Demirköy road, and near Demirköy. This Stream is also known as Zindan Stream. Palabıyık Stream (Station-22): Palabıyık Stream was researched around Hamdibey cross at Demirköy-İğneada road. This Stream is also known as Değirmen Stream. 5- Yavuz Stream Basin Two stations were studied in the Yavuz Stream Basin. They are Saka Lake and Yavuz Stream. Saka Lake (Station-23): Saka Lake is located in the southern part of Deniz Lake. The Lake exists between Longose forest and sand dune. Yavuz Stream (Station-24): This station is around Eriklik farm which is south-west of the Forest Plantation Engineering of Demirköy. 6- Pabuç Stream Basin Pabuç Stream originates from springs at southern parts of Tekkaya hill. This Stream runs to Kızılağaç, Kışlacık and Hamidiye villages and flows into the Black Sea by Kıyıköy. Two stations were studied in this Stream. The stations names are alike, therefore station names are numbered consecutively. Stations are near to Kızılağaç and Kıyıköy. Pabuç Stream-1 (Station-25): Studied area is on Vize road, around bridge in Kızılağaç village. Pabuç Stream -2 (Station-26): This station was at the sluice of Pabuçdere dam north of Kıyıköy. 7- Kazan Stream Basin Kazan Stream originates from hills at the western part of Kömür village and run to Balkaya and Aksicim villages and flows into the Black Sea around Kıyıköy. In Kazan Stream system, 2 stations were investigated. They are Kazan Stream near Kömürköy and Domuz Stream near Balkaya. Kazan Stream (Station-27): Studied area is on Vize road, around the bridge at Kömürköy village. Domuz Stream (Station-28): Studied area is at Aksicim village, around the bridge in Balkaya. This Stream is also known as Aksicim Stream. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 54 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS N 27° 56' 04" N 27° 57' 16" N 27° 51' 21" N 27° 49' 21" N 27° 49' 09" N 27° 48' 05" N 27° 47' 25" N 27° 59' 43" N 27° 56' 37" N 27° 52' 53" N 28° 04' 11" N 27° 53' 07" N 27° 59' 05" E E E E E E E E E E E E E Salinity (‰) 41° 49' 45" 41° 49' 15" 41° 46' 42" 41° 48' 01" 41° 48' 24" 41° 48' 47" 41° 50' 19" 41° 48' 04" 41° 48' 43" 41° 41' 04" 41° 38' 13" 41° 37' 55" 41° 36' 59" Conductivity e (µS 25 °C) 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Oxygen Saturation (%) E E E E Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) N 27° 51' 09" N 27° 54' 32" N 27° 59' 15" N 27° 57' 58" pH 41° 54' 55" 41° 52' 46" 41° 48' 58" 41° 49' 24" 13:55 11:15 12:10 09:50 10:20 14:00 14:50 15:35 09:00 13:25 13:50 10:00 16:00 17:00 13:20 12:00 10:00 16:30 09:30 11:15 13:30 16:00 16:40 17:10 17:55 12:25 11:00 14:00 12:45 16:10 13:35 14:20 Temperature (°C) 12 13 14 15 26.07.2009 25.07.2009 25.07.2009 26.07.2009 26.07.2009 22.07.2009 22.07.2009 22.07.2009 25.07.2009 25.07.2009 20.07.2009 21.07.2009 20.07.2009 20.07.2009 23.07.2009 21.07.2009 22.07.2009 23.07.2009 24.07.2009 22.07.2009 21.07.2009 21.07.2009 21.07.2009 21.07.2009 21.07.2009 22.07.2009 23.07.2009 21.07.2009 24.07.2009 24.07.2009 24.07.2009 24.07.2009 Altitude (m) 41° 58' 53" N 28° 01' 33" E 41° 58' 56" N 27° 54' 10" E 42° 00' 09" N 27° 51' 36" E 41° 53' 46" N 27 41' 53" E 41° 57' 02" N 27° 40' 29" E 41° 51' 35" N 27° 37' 56" E 41° 52' 13" N 27° 37' 16" E 41° 51' 29" N 27° 34' 05" E 41° 53' 26" N 27° 59' 58" E 41° 55' 43" N 27° 56' 34" E 41° 52' 09" N 27° 58' 33" E Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Date Coordinate Coordinates and some physico-chemical properties of the 28 sampling stations Station Table A2.1 1 25 33 392 247 360 340 296 0 35 0 24.8 23.3 -20.5 -19.0 19.6 20.1 25.2 -29.4 7.84 7.83 -7.68 -7.95 7.89 7.87 8.00 -9.26 6.0 5.8 -5.9 -7.4 7.5 9.0 4.7 -8.9 74 69 -67 -84 86 94 59 -109 338.4 374.1 -273.4 -232.0 234.6 293.1 12880 -16940 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 7.4 -9.9 120 40 0 17 22.1 -28.2 27.7 8.13 -8.04 7.18 4.19 -6.4 6.5 43.9 -80 82 420 -744 129.1 0.2 -0.4 0.1 22 11 338 210 194 190 168 0 9 143 3 174 88 -32.7 18.8 18.7 19.6 21.2 24.6 26.8 25.4 21.6 19.4 22.7 16.4 -7.71 7.7 6.91 7.79 7.77 7.79 7.84 7.27 8.23 8.18 7.86 7.92 -5.4 5.8 5.4 7.7 6.7 7.9 7.2 5.1 7.2 11.8 8.2 9.9 -73 64 56 87 77 82 90 63 84 129 96 103 -314.6 272.5 191.3 231.8 236 233.1 821 328.5 305 291 554 564 -0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 MARINE FISHES – TRAWL LOCATIONS Table A2.2 Date, coordinates and depth of bottom trawls undertaken during14-24 July 2009. Trawl 1 Trawl 2 Trawl 3 18.07.2009 07:28-08:24 19.07.2009 08:29-09:25 21.07.2009 08:28-09:30 41°51’948” (N), 28°01’026” (E) 41°47’469” (N), 28°03’476” (E) 41°45’541’’ (N), 28°04’629”(E) 41°50’331” (N), 28°01’456” (E) 41°49’ 088” (N), 28°03’382” (E) 41°43’235’’ (N), 28°05’892’’(E) Start 25 m 48 m 52 m Finish 34 m 40 m 50 m 23°C 24°C 23°C Date Time Coordinates Start Finish Depth Surface Water Temperature Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 55 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS HERPETOFAUNA, TREE-DWELLING BATS AND DORMICE – SURVEY LOCATIONS Table A2.3 Survey locations for herpetofauna, tree-dwellig bats and dormice, with coordinates (Locations 1-36 were surveyed in 2009 as part of this Project and 37-46 were studied prior to 2009. Village Kıyıköy: Kışlacık Kızılağaç No. Locality 01 Mandra 02 Aya Nicola Monastery 03 Goat Cave 04 Kastro 05 Police 06 Kovantaş 07 Kovantaş Cave 08 Panayıriskelesi Stream 09 Panayıriskelesi 10 Panayıriskelesi 16 Dereköy-Karadere 17 Karadere-Şükrüpaşa 18 Armağan Dam 19 Karadere-Armağan Dam 20 Mutlu Stream Armutveren Sarpdere Karacadağ İğneada Beğendik 21 Karlık Cave 22 Dupnisa Cave 23 Boztaş Stream 24 Çamlık 25 Erikli Lake 26 Mutlu Stream 27 Mutlu Stream 28 Kurudere Sislioba 29 Çatalyol 30 Çatalyol Cave 31 Tripez Cave 32 Asker Stream Demirköy Çakmaktepe (Bıçkı Stream) 34 Madra Stream 33 Avcılar Mahya Mountain Demirköy 35 Mahyatepe 36 Fatıma Rocky Place 37 Velika Bridge Güneşli Göller (Bıçkı 38 Stream) 39 Three Streams 40 Demirköy (Vali Mezarlığı) 41 Sivriler 42 Fidanlık 43 Mert Lake İğneada 1GPS Oak forest+forest meadow+wetland Cave Cave+agricultural field+stream Oak forest+stream Mixed forest+forest edge+stream+coast Mixed forest+agricultural field Cave Stream+forest Forest edge+coast Mixed forest inside Stream 11 Pabuçstream 12 Village mosque - (minaret) Populated area Mixed forest 13 Dereköy-Border gate Stream+agricultural field 14 Picnic Area 15 Dereköy-Karadere Dereköy Habitat 44 Hamam Lake 45 Saka Lake 46 Efendi Stream Stream+mixed forest Oak forest 1 Coordinates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 38`43,23``N 28 04`03,92``D 14m 0 0 41 38`03,17``N 28 05`07,30``D 18m 41 37`11,33``N 28 05`50,60``D 25m 0 0 41 35`29,81``N 28 08`34,31``D 21m 41 43`13,63``N 28 02`57,03``D 12m 0 0 41 42`02,56``N 27 54`52,86``D 158m 0 0 41 42`01,76``N 27 54`52,44``D 157m 41 46`10,67``N 28 00`43,43``D 12m 0 0 41 46`24,33``N 28 00`47,00``D 37m 0 0 41 45`52,90``N 27 58`39,97``D 152m 41 41`01,49``N 27 52`53,96``D 138m 0 0 41 41`57,27``N 27 52`58,51``D 229m 41 57`58,81``N 27 26`35,78``D 589m 0 0 41 57`32,84``N 27 23`45,50``D 526m 0 0 41 55`23,06``N 27 25`20,91``D 477m 41 55`32,11``N 27 24`58,87``D 561m 0 0 41 55`42,31``N 27 28`54,84``D 678m 0 0 41 52`32,53``N 27 26`09,64``D 477m Mixed forest+fruit garden Wetland+open area+rocky area Mixed forest+agricultural field inside forest 41054`59,01``N 0 Stream+mixed forest 41 57`30,48``N 0 Cave+stony-rocky area 41 53`28,89``N 0 Cave+mixed forest+open forest areas 41 50`24,23``N Stream Cultivated pine area Lake+wetland+longos forest Tree area along stream+agriculrural field Stream side+mixed forest Mixed forest Mixed forest+caves of differing sizes Cave Cave+oak forest Stream+pine plantation+mixed forest+orchard Stream+mixed forest+fruit trees Stream+tree patch+agricultural field Forest+open forest areas Old mixed forest Stream+mixed forest Stream+mixed forest Stream+mixed forest+agricultural field Beech forest+cultivated pine area Mixed forest Stream+plantation +longos forest Lake+wetland+longos forest Lake+wetland+longos forest Lake+wetland+longos forest Stream+longos forest 0 27 25`48,17``D 445m 0 27 28`06,62``D 499m 0 27 27`11,81``D 652m 0 27 27`24,40``D 361m 0 0 41 56`52,87``N 27 40`20,93``D 244m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 52`53,61``N 27 58`51,82``D 23m 0 0 41 53`25,33``N 27 59`07,81``D 11m 0 0 41 58`43,34``N 28 60`43,25``D 27m 41 59`25,04``N 27 51`31,12``D 38m 0 0 41 58`57,60``N 27 51`45,02``D 96m 41 57`15,48``N 27 50`43,92``D 190m 0 0 41 56`53,34``N 27 50`44,48``D 177m 0 0 41 57`12,13``N 27 52`20,11``D 153m 41 51`05,10``N 27 48`41,49``D 292m 41 47`55,70``N 27 48`48,53``D 211m 41 54`52,41``N 27 51`06,77``D 124m 0 0 41 46`56,78``N 27 37`06,26``D 1014m 0 0 41 47`47,38``N 27 35`09,27``D 837m 41 46`53,59``N 27 42`27,31``D 524m 41 47`32,67``N 27 47`32,67``D 250m 41 49`07,67``N 27 49`58,58``D 163m 0 0 41 47`13,27``N 27 43`18,14``D 567m 0 0 41 46`31,27``N 27 52`10,28``D 320m 41 49`07,56``N 27 57`00,30``D 17m 0 0 41 51`52,33``N 27 56`54,71``D 18m 41 49`19,94``N 27 57`57,78``D 13m 0 0 41 47`58,21``N 27 59`41,45``D 2m 0 0 41 53`30,01``N 27 57`51,06``D 48m data obtained from locations were checked with GOOGLE EARTH and modified as necessary. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 56 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS SMALL AND LARGE MAMMALS – SURVEY LOCATIONS Table A2.4 Survey locations for small and large mammals Habitat type Coordinates Locality Starting point End point GPS No in Annex I “Between” Longos Mert Lake 41.86016/020.95421 41.86555/027.95872 134 and 226 Open area Near Dupnisa Cave 41.84097/027.55745 41.83954/027.55867 227 and 318 Field Avcılar Village 41.89450/027.88462 41.89461/027.88562 319 and 409 Oak-Beech Forest Sislioba Village 41.97073/027.93144 41.97379/027.92910 420 and 510 Pine plantation İğneada – Demirköy highway 41.85906/027.87571 41.85922/027.87629 511 and 600 Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 57 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEX 3: INVENTORY OF BIOSPHERE Family ARACHNIDS - Spiders etc Araneidae Araneidae Dysderidae Dysderidae Dysderidae Dysderidae Gagrellidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Nemastomatidae Nemastomatidae Nemastomatidae Neobisiidae Nesticidae Phalangiidae Phalangiidae Pholcidae Pholcidae Tetragnathidae Tetragnathidae Tetragnathidae CHILOPODA - Centipedes Scolopendridae Scutigeridae Scutigeridae CLITELLATA - Annelid worms Lumbricidae DIPLOPODA - Millipedes Anthroleucosomatidae Anthroleucosomatidae Julidae Trachysphaera GASTROPODA - Slugs, snails Clausiliidae Clausiliidae Oxychilidae INSECTA - Beetles Carabidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae INSECTA - Butterflies ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE ARGYNNIDAE FAUNA RECORDED IN PROPOSED Genus Species Araneus Larinioides Dasumia Harpactea Harpactea Harpactea Nelima Centromerus Centromerus Porrhomma Mitostoma Paranemastoma Paranemastoma Neobisium Nesticus Opilio Phalangium Pholcus Pholcus Meta Meta Metellina sturmi cornutus amoena babori coramani sp. nova deltshevi pontica milleri bumadi sp. nova convexum gracile radewi aurigerum hazalae sp. nova cellulanus dinaricus opilio opilionoides phalangioides bourneti menardi merianae Scolopendra Scutigera Scutigera sp. coleoptrata sp. Lumbricus sp. Anamastigona Anamastigona Mesoiulus Trachysphaera bilselii halophila kosswigi rotundata Euxina Laciniaria Oxychilus pontica plicata sp. Laemostenus Bryaxis Paederus cimmerius sp. sp. Araschnia Argynnis Argynnis Argynnis Boloria Brenthis Cynthia Inachis Issoria Limenitis levana adippe pandora paphia euphrosyne daphne cardui io lathonia reducta Melitaea Melitaea Melitaea Melitaea Polygonia Vanessa cinxia didyma fascelis phoebe c-album atalanta Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 English name Map Butterfly High Brown Fritillary Cardinal, Great Fritillary Silver-washed Fritillary Pearl-bordered Fritillary Marbled Fritillary Painted Lady Peacock Butterfly Queen of Spain Fritillary Southern White Admiral, Eastern White Admiral Glanville Fritillary Spotted Fritillary Lesser Spotted Fritillary Knapweed Fritillary Comma Butterfly Red Admiral YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Turkish name Isırgan Kelebeği Büyük İnci Bahadır Cengaver Beyaz İnci Böğürtlen Brentisi Diken Kelebeği Tavuskelebeği İspanyol Kraliçesi Akdeniz Hanımeli Kelebeği İparhan Benekli İparhan Güzel İparhan Benekli Büyük İparhan Yırtık Pırtık Atalanta 58 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Genus Species HESPERIIDAE HESPERIIDAE HESPERIIDAE HESPERIIDAE HESPERIIDAE HESPERIIDAE HESPERIIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE Carcharodus Carcharodus Erynnis Ochlodes Pyrgus Spialia Thymelicus Callophrys Celastrina Glaucopsyche Heodes Heodes orientalis alceae tages venatus malvae orbifer sylvestris rubi argiolus alexis alciphron tityrus LYCAENIDAE Leptotes pirithous LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE LYCAENIDAE PAPILIONIDAE Lycaena Lycaena Lycaena Plebejus Plebejus Polyommatus Polyommatus Polyommatus Polyommatus Polyommatus Polyommatus Polyommatus Pseudophilotes Quercusia Satyrium Tarucus Thecla Iphiclides phlaeas dispar thersamon idas argus semiargus bellis anteros agestis coridon thersites icarus vicrama quercus ilicis balkanicus betulae podalirius PAPILIONIDAE Papilio machaon PIERIDAE PIERIDAE PIERIDAE PIERIDAE Aporia Colias Leptidea Pieris crataegi crocea sinapis bryoniae PIERIDAE PIERIDAE PIERIDAE PIERIDAE PIERIDAE RIODINIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE Pieris Pieris Pieris Pieris Pontia Hamearis Aphantopus Arethusana Brintesia krueperi pseudorapae rapae brassicae edusa lucina hyperantus arethusa circe SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE Chazara Coenonympha Coenonympha Hipparchia Hipparchia Hipparchia briseis arcania pamphilus fatua statilinus syriaca SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE SATYRIDAE INSECTA - Moths ADELIDAE ADELIDAE ARCTIIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE Hyponephele Kirinia Lasiommata Maniola Melanargia Minois Pararge Pyronia lupina roxelana megera jurtina galathea dryas aegeria tithonus Adela Nematopogon Lithosia Amoebe Aplocera Asthena reamurella panzerella quadra pectinaria plagiata candidata Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 English name Turkish name Oriental Skipper Mallow Skipper Dingy Skipper Large Skipper Grizzled Skipper Red Underwing Skipper Small Skipper Green Hairstreak Holly Blue Green-underside Blue Purple-shot Copper Sooty Copper, Blackish Copper Lang's Short-tailed Blue, Zebra Blue Small Copper Large Copper Lesser Fiery Copper Idas Blue Silver-studded Blue Mazarine Blue Eastern Mazarine Blue Blue Argus, Freyer's Blue Brown Argus Chalk-hill Blue Chapman's Blue Common Blue Lesser Chequered Blue Purple Hairstreak Ilex Hairstreak Little Tiger Blue Brown Hairstreak Scarce Swallowtail, Peartree Swallowtail Swallowtail, Common Yellow Swallowtail Black-veined White Dark Clouded Yellow Wood White Mountain Green-veined White Kruper's Small White False Cabbage White Small White Large White New Bath White Duke of Burgundy Fritillary Ringlet False Grayling Great Banded Grayling, Great Black Grayling Hermit Pearly Heath Small Heath Freyer's Grayling Tree Grayling Syrian Rock Grayling, Syrian Tree, Grayling Oriental Steppe Brown Lattice Brown Wall Butterfly Meadow Brown Marbled White Dryad Speckled Wood Gatekeeper Oriental Zıpzıp Ebegümeci Zıpzıpı Paslı Zıpzıp Orman Zıpzıpı Ebegümeci Zıpzığı Kızıl Zıpzıp Sarı Antenli Zıpzıp Zümrüt Kutsal Mavi Karagözlü Mavi Kelebek Büyük Mor Bakır Kelebeği İsli Bakır Kelebeği Common a longhorn moth Reamür Adelası Four-spotted Footman Dörtbenekli Likengüvesi Mavi Zebra Benekli Bakır Kelebeği Büyükbakırgüzeli Küçük Ateş Kelebeği Esmergöz Gümüş Lekeli Esmergöz Çokgözlü Güzel Mavi Çokgözlü Güzel Mavi Çokgözlü Balkan Mavisi Çokgözlü Esmer Çilli Çokgözlü Çokgözlü Menekşe Mavisi Çokgözlü Mavi Himalaya Mavi Kelebeği Mor Meşe Kelebeği Büyük Sevbeni Balkan Kaplanı Huş Kelebeği Erik Kırlangıçkuyruğu Kırlangıçkuyruk Alıçkelebeği Sarı Azamet Narin Orman Beyazı Dağ Beyaz Meleği Krüper'in Beyaz Meleği Yalancı Beyaz Melek Küçük Beyaz Melek Büyük Beyaz Melek Yeni Benekli Melek İncili Kelebek Halkacık Seyit Kara Murat Cadı Funda Zıpzıp Perisi Küçük Zıpzıp Perisi Anadolu Karameleği Ağaç Karameleği Büyük Karamelek Esmer Peri Ağaç Esmeri Küçük Esmer Boncuk Çayır Esmeri Melike Kara Hayalet Karanlık Orman Esmeri Pironiya 59 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Genus Species English name Turkish name GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE GEOMETRIDAE NOCTUIDAE NOTODONTIDAE NOTODONTIDAE SPHINGIDAE Cabera Campaea Camtogramma Catarhoe Cleta Cosmorhoe Cosmorhoe Cyclophora Cyclophora Ennomos Epirrhoe Eupithecia Hydriomena Idaea Idaea Idaea Idaea Idaea Idaea Idaea Idaea Lomospilis Lyhtria Melanthia Minoa Operoptera Rhodostrophia Scopula Scopula Scopula Serraca Emmelia Furcula Spatalia Macroglossum pusaria margaritata bilineata rubidata perpusillaria obliterata unidentaria linearia ruficilaria quercinaria rivata signata impluviata aversata determinata deversaria dilutaria dimidiata ochrata politata remutata marginata purpuraria procellata murinata brumata calabra nigropunctata ornata rubiginata punctinalis trabealis furcula argentina stellatarum Spotted Sulphur Sallow Kitten Small Chocolate-tip Hummingbird Hawkmoth ZYGAENIDAE INSECTA - Damselflies CALOPTERYGIDAE CALOPTERYGIDAE COENAGRIONIDAE COENAGRIONIDAE COENAGRIONIDAE COENAGRIONIDAE Zygaena purpuralis Transparent Burnet Calopteryx Calopteryx Coenagrion Coenagrion Erythromma Erythromma splendens virgo puella scitulum lindenii viridulum Banded Demoiselle Beautiful Demoiselle Azure Damselfly Dainty Damselfly Blue-Eye Small Red-eyed damselfly COENAGRIONIDAE EUPHAEIDAE LESTIDAE Ischnura Epallage Lestes elegans fatime barbarus Blue-tailed Damselfly LESTIDAE LESTIDAE PLATYCNEMIDIDAE INSECTA - Dragonflies AESHNIDAE AESHNIDAE AESHNIDAE AESHNIDAE AESHNIDAE AESHNIDAE AESHNIDAE AESHNIDAE CORDULEGASTRIDA E CORDULEGASTRIDA E CORDULIIDAE CORDULIIDAE GOMPHIDAE LIBELLULIDAE LIBELLULIDAE Lestes Sympecma Platycnemis parvidens fusca pennipes Southern Emerald Damselfly Saz Yusufcuğu, Güney Zümrütrengi Kızböceği Eastern Willow Spreadwing Büyük saz Yusufcuğu Winter Damselfly Kahverengi Kızböceği White-legged Damselfly Telekli Yusufcuk Aeshna Aeshna Aeshna Aeshna Anax Anax Brachytron Caliaeschna Cordulegaster affinis cyanea isosceles mixta imperator parthenope pratense microstigma insignis Southern Migrant Hawker Southern Hawker Norfolk Hawker Migrant Hawker Emperor Dragonfly Lesser Emperor Hairy Dragonfly Eastern Spectre Blue-eyed Goldenring Güney yırtıcı Yusufcuğu Mavi yırtıcı Yusufcuk Küçük yırtıcı Yusufcuk Göçmen Avcı (Yusufçuk) Büyük Kral Yusufcuk Küçük Kral Yusufçuk Mozaik Yusufcuğu - Cordulegaster picta Turkish Goldenring İki çizgili Yusufcuk Somatochlora Somatochlora Onychogomphus Crocothemis Libellula borisi meridionalis forcipatus erythraea depressa Bulgarian Emerald Balkan Emerald Small Pincertail Common Scarlet-darter Broad-bodied Libellula LIBELLULIDAE Libellula fulva Scarce Libellula Bulgar Su Bakiresi Balkan Su Bakiresi Kıskaçlı Dere Yusufçuğu Ateşrengi Yusufçuk Gerçek Su Bakiresi, Genişgövdeli Yusufçuk Sivri lekeli Su Bakiresi Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Çizgili Emel Solgun kedicik Güvesi Güvercinkuyruklu Atmaca Güvesi Erguvani Zigena Atnalı desenli Yusufcuk Çatal desenli Yusufcuk Kupa desenli Yusufcuk Nargözlü Kızböceği, Yeşil Kızböceği Mavikuyruklu Kızböceği 60 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Genus Species brunneum English name Turkish name LIBELLULIDAE Orthetrum LIBELLULIDAE LIBELLULIDAE LIBELLULIDAE LIBELLULIDAE Orthetrum Sympetrum Sympetrum Sympetrum LIBELLULIDAE INSECTA - Grasshoppers etc GRYLLIDAE MALACOSTRACA - Woodlice LIGIIDAE LIGIIDAE TRICHONISCIDAE TRICHONISCIDAE ICTHYOFAUNA - Marine fishes ACIPENSERIDAE ACIPENSERIDAE ACIPENSERIDAE ACIPENSERIDAE AMMODYTIDAE ANGUILLIDAE ATHERINIDAE ATHERINIDAE BALISTIDAE BELONIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BLENNIIDAE BOTHIDAE CALLIONYMIDAE CALLIONYMIDAE CALLIONYMIDAE CARANGIDAE CARANGIDAE CARANGIDAE CENTRACANTHIDAE CENTRACANTHIDAE CENTRACANTHIDAE CLUPEIDAE CLUPEIDAE CLUPEIDAE CLUPEIDAE CLUPEIDAE CLUPEIDAE CONGRIDAE ENGRAULIDAE GADIDAE GOBIESOCIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GYMNURIDAE HEXANCHIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LABRIDAE Sympetrum Güney Çalı Bakiresi, Kahverengi Yusufçuk cancellatum Black-lined Orthetrum Mavi Çalı Bakiresi fonscolombii Red-veined Sympetrum lkbahar Taş Bakiresi meridionale Southern Darter Güney Taş Bakiresi sanguineum Ruddy Sympetrum Siyahayaklı Taş Yusufcuğu, Kırmızı Yusufçuk striolatum Common Darter Yusufçuk, Büyük Taş Bakiresi Trigonidium sp. Ligidium Ligidium Haplophthalmus Trichonethes hypnorum sp. stygivagus Sp. Acipenser Acipenser Acipenser Huso Gymnammodytes Anguilla Atherina Atherina Balistes Belone Aidablennius Blennius Coryphoblennius Parablennius Parablennius Parablennius Parablennius Salaria Arnoglossus Callionymus Callionymus Callionymus Lichia Trachurus Trachurus Spicara Spicara Spicara Alosa Alosa Alosa Sardina Sardinella Sprattus Conger Engraulis Merlangius Lepadogaster Aphia Gobius Gobius Gobius Gobius Mesogobius Neogobius Pomatoschistus Pomatoschistus Gymnura Hexanchus Coris Ctenolabrus Labrus Symphodus Symphodus Symphodus gueldenstaedtii nudiventris stellatus huso cicerellus anguilla boyeri hepsetus capriscus belone sphynx ocellaris galerita incognitus sanguinolentus tentacularis zvonimiri pavo kessleri lyra pusillus risso amia mediterraneus trachurus flexuosa maena smaris caspia fallax immaculata pilchardus aurita sprattus conger encrasicolus merlangus candolii minuta bucchichi cobitis niger paganellus batrachocephalus melanostomus marmoratus minutus altavela griseus julis rupestris viridisLinnaeus, cinereus ocellaris roissali Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Blue Skimmer 61 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family LABRIDAE LABRIDAE LOPHIIDAE LOTIDAE MORONIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE MULLIDAE MULLIDAE OPHIDIIDAE PLEURONECTIDAE POMACENTRIDAE POMATOMIDAE RAJIIDAE RAJIIDAE SCIAENIDAE SCIAENIDAE SCIAENIDAE SCOMBRIDAE SCOMBRIDAE SCOMBRIDAE SCOMBRIDAE SCOMBRIDAE SCOPHTHALMIDAE SCOPHTHALMIDAE SCORPAENIDAE SCORPAENIDAE SERRANIDAE SERRANIDAE SOLEIDAE SOLEIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPARIDAE SPHYRAENIDAE SQUALIDAE SQUALIDAE SQUATINIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE TRACHINIDAE TRIGLIDAE TRIGLIDAE TRIGLIDAE TRIPTERYGIIDAE URANOSCOPIDAE XIPHIIDAE ZEIDAE ICTHYOFAUNA - Freshwater fishes ATHERINIDAE CENTRARCHIDAE CLUPEIDAE COBITIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE Genus Species Symphodus Symphodus Lophius Gaidropsarus Dicentrarchus Chelon Liza Liza Liza Liza Mugil Mullus Mullus Ophidion Platichthys Chromis Pomatomus Dasyatis Raja Argyrosomus Sciaena Umbrina Euthynnus Sarda Scomber Scomber Thunnus Psetta Scophthalmus Scorpaena Scorpaena Serranus Serranus Buglossidium Pegusa Boops Dentex Diplodus Diplodus Diplodus Oblada Pagellus Sarpa Sparus Spondyliosoma Sphyraena Squalus Squalus Squatina Hippocampus Hippocampus Nerophis Syngnathus Syngnathus Syngnathus Syngnathus Syngnathus Syngnathus Trachinus Aspitrigla Chelidonichthys Eutrigla Tripterygion Uranoscopus Xiphias Zeus rostratus tinca piscatorius mediterraneus labrax labrosus aurata haematocheila ramada saliens cephalus barbatus surmuletus rochei flesus chromis saltatrix pastinaca clavata regius umbra cirrosa alleteratus sarda colias scombrus thynnus maeotica rhombus notata porcus cabrilla scriba luteum lascaris boops dentex annularis puntazzo sargus melanura erythrinus salpa aurata cantharus sphyraena acanthias blainville squatina guttulatus hippocampus ophidion abaster acus schmidti tenuirostris typhle variegatus draco cuculus lucernus gurnardus tripteronotus scaber gladius faber Atherina Lepomis Alosa Cobitis Alburnoides Alburnus boyeri gibbosus caspia taenia bipunctatus chalcoides Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 English name Big-scale sand smelt Pumkinseed Caspian shad Vardar spined loach Chup Danube bleak Turkish name Gümüş balığı Güneş balığı Tirsi balığı Taşyiyen Noktalı inci balığı Tatlısu kolyoz balığı 62 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Genus Species English name Turkish name CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE CYPRINIDAE GASTEROSTEIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE GOBIIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE MUGILIDAE PERCIDAE PLEURONECTIDAE POECILIIDAE SALMONIDAE SALMONIDAE SYNGNATHIDAE AMPHIBIA - Frogs etc Bufonidae Hylidae Pelobatidae Pelobatidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Salamandriade Salamandriade REPTILIA –Turtles, lizards,snakes Emydidae Emydidae Testudinidae Testudinidae Anguidae Anguidae Gekkonidae Gekkonidae Lacertidae Lacertidae Lacertidae Lacertidae Barbus Carassius Carassius Cyprinus Gobio Petroleuciscus Phoxinus Rhodeus Rutilus Scardinius Squalius Vimba Gasterosteus Knipowitschia Mesogobius Neogobius Neogobius Neogobius Neogobius Proterorhinus Liza Liza Mugil Sander Platichthys Gambusia Oncorhynchus Salmo Syngnathus tauricus carassius gibelio carpio gobio borysthenicus phoxinus amarus rutilus erythrophthalmus cephalus vimba aculeatus caucasica batrachocephalus eurycephalus fluviatilis gymnotrachelus melanostomus marmoratus aurata ramada cephalus lucioperca flesus affinis mykiss trutta abaster Krimean barbel Crussian carp Prussian carp Common carp Gudgeon Dnjepr chub Eurasian minnow European bitterling Roach Rudd European chub Baltic vimba Three-spined stickleback Caucasian goby Knout goby Mushroom goby Monkey goby Racer goby Round goby Tubenose goby Golden grey mullet Thinlip grey mullet Flathead mullet Pike-Perch European flounder Eastern mosquitofish Rainbow trout Brown trout Black-striped pipefish Bıyıklı balık Havuz balığı Gümüşi havuz balığı Sazan Dere kayası Tatlısu kefali Golyan balığı Acıbalık Kızılgöz Kızılkanat Tatlısu kefali Eğrez Dikence balığı Küçük kayabalığı Kurbağa kayabalığı Kayabalığı Tatlısu kayabalığı Küçük kayabalığı Benekli kayabalığı Tatlısu kayabalığı Altınbaş kefal Pulatarina, Ceran Topan kefal Sudak Dere pisisi Sivrisinek balığı Gökkuşağı alabalığı Alabalık Deniz iğnesi Bufo Hyla Pelobates Pelobates Bufo Rana Rana Triturus Triturus bufo arborea syriacus fuscus viridis ridibunda dalmatina karelini vulgaris True Toads Common Tree Frog Eastern Spadefoot Common Spadefoot European Green Toad Marsh Frog Agile frog crested newts Smooth Newt Siğilli Kurbağa Ağaç Kurbağası Toprak Kurbağası Trakya Toprak Kurbağası Gece Kurbağası Ova Kurbağası Çevik Kurbağa Pürtüklü semender Küçük Semender Emys Mauremys Testudo Testudo Anguis Pseudopus Crytopodion Hemidactylus Darevskia Lacerta Lacerta Ophisops orbicularis caspica greaca hermanni fragilis apodus kotschyi turcicus praticola viridis trilineata elegans Benekli kaplumbağa Çizgili Kaplumbağa Büyük Tosbağa Trakya tosbağası Yılan Kertenkele Oluklu Kertenkele İnceparmaklı Keler Genişparmaklı Keler Çayır Kertenkelesi Yeşil Kertenkele İriyeşil Kertenkele Tarla Kertenkelesi Lacertidae Lacertidae Scincidae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Colubridae Typhlopidae Viperidae Viperidae AVES - Birds Accipitridae Podarcis Podarcis Ablepharus Coluber Coluber Coronella Eirenis Elaphe Natrix Natrix Zamenis Zamenis Thyphlops Montivipera Vipera muralis tauricus kitaibelii caspius najadum austriaca modestus quatuorlineata natrix tessellata situla longissima vermicularis xanthina ammodytes European Pond Terrapin Striped-necked Terrapin Spur-thighed Tortoise Herman's Tortoise Slow Worm European Legless Lizard European Bent-toed Gecko Turkish Gecko, Mischaro Meadow Lizard Green Lizard Balkan Green Lizard Snake-eyed Lizard, Field Lizard Common Wall Lizard Crimean Wall Lizard Slim Lizard Caspian whip snake Dahls Wipe Snake Smooth Snake Dwarf Snake Four-lined Snake Grass snake Dice Snake Leopard Snake Aesculapian Snake Worm Snake Rock viper Horned viper Accipiter brevipes Levant Sparrowhawk Yaz Atmacası Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Duvar Kertenkelesi Trakya Kertenkelesi İnce Kertenkele Hazer Yılanı İnce Yılan Avusturya Yılanı Uysal Yılan Sarı Yılan Yarısucul Yılan Sucul Yılan Ev Yılanı Eskülap Yılanı Kör Yılan Şeritli Engerek Boynuzlu Engerek 63 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipitridae Aegithalidae Alaudidae Alaudidae Alaudidae Alaudidae Alaudidae Alcedinidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Anatidae Apodidae Apodidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Ardeidae Burhinidae Caprimulgidae Certhiidae Certhiidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Charadriidae Ciconiidae Ciconiidae Cinclidae Columbidae Columbidae Columbidae Genus Accipiter Accipiter Aquila Aquila Aquila Buteo Buteo Circaetus Circus Circus Circus Circus Haliaeetus Hieraaetus Milvus Neophron Pernis Aegithalos Alauda Calandrella Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Alcedo Anas Anas Anas Anas Anas Anas Anas Anser Anser Aythya Aythya Aythya Aythya Bucephala Clangula Cygnus Cygnus Cygnus Melanitta Mergellus Mergus Netta Tadorna Tadorna Apus Apus Ardea Ardea Ardeola Botaurus Casmerodius Egretta Ixobrychus Nycticorax Burhinus Caprimulgus Certhia Certhia Charadrius Charadrius Charadrius Pluvialis Pluvialis Vanellus Ciconia Ciconia Cinclus Columba Columba Columba Species gentilis nisus clanga heliaca pomarina buteo rufinus gallicus aeruginosus cyaneus macrourus pygargus albicilla pennatus migrans percnopterus apivorus caudatus arvensis brachydactyla cristata arborea calandra atthis acuta clypeata crecca penelope platyrhynchos querquedula strepera albifrons anser ferina fuligula marila nyroca clangula hyemalis columbianus cygnus olor nigra albellus serrator rufina ferruginea tadorna apus melba cinerea purpurea ralloides stellaris albus garzetta minutus nycticorax oedicnemus europaeus brachydactyla familiaris alexandrinus dubius hiaticula apricaria squatarola vanellus ciconia nigra cinclus livia (domest.) oenas palumbus Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 English name Northern Goshawk Eurasian Sparrowhawk Greater Spotted Eagle Eastern Imperial Eagle Lesser Spotted Eagle Common Buzzard Long-legged Buzzard Short-toed Snake Eagle Western Marsh Harrier Hen Harrier Pallid Harrier Montagu's Harrier White-tailed Eagle Booted Eagle Black Kite Egyptian Vulture European Honey Buzzard Long-tailed Tit Eurasian Skylark Greater Short-toed Lark Crested Lark Woodlark Calandra Lark Common Kingfisher Northern Pintail Northern Shoveler Eurasian (Common) Teal Eurasian Wigeon Mallard Garganey Gadwall Greater White-fronted Goose Greylag Goose Common Pochard Tufted Duck Greater Scaup Ferruginous Duck Common Goldeneye Long-tailed Duck Bewick's Swan Whooper Swan Mute Swan Common Scoter Smew Red-breasted Merganser Red-crested Pochard Ruddy Shelduck Common Shelduck Common Swift Alpine Swift Grey Heron Purple Heron Squacco Heron Great Bittern Great White Egret Little Egret Little Bittern Black-crowned Night Heron Stone-curlew European Nightjar Short-toed Treecreeper Eurasian Treecreeper Kentish Plover Little Ringed Plover Common Ringed Plover European Golden Plover Grey Plover Northern Lapwing White Stork Black Stork White-throated Dipper Feral Pigeon Stock Dove Common Wood Pigeon Turkish name Çakır Atmaca Büyük Orman Kartalı Şah Kartal Küçük Orman Kartalı Şahin Kızıl Şahin Yılan Kartalı Saz Delicesi Gökçe Delice Bozkır Delicesi Çayır Delicesi Ak Kuyruklu Kartal Küçük Kartal Kara Çaylak Küçük Akbaba Arı Şahini Uzun Kuyruklu Baştankara Tarlakuşu Bozkır Toygarı Tepeli Toygar Orman Toygarı Boğmaklı Toygar Yalıçapkını Kılkuyruk Kaşıkgaga Çamurcun Fiyu Yeşilbaş Çıkrıkçın Boz Ördek Sakarca Boz Kaz Elmabaş Patka Tepeli Patka Karabaş Patka Pasbaş Patka Altıngöz Telkuyruk Küçük Kuğu Ötücü Kuğu Sessiz Kuğu Kara Ördek Sütlabi Tarakdiş Macar Ördeği Angıt Suna Ebabil Ak Karınlı Ebabil Gri Balıkçıl Erguvani Balıkçıl Alaca Balıkçıl Balaban Büyük Ak Balıkçıl Küçük Ak Balıkçıl Küçük Balaban Gece Balıkçılı Kocagöz Çobanaldatan Bahçe Tırmaşıkkuşu Orman Tırmaşıkkuşu Akça Cılıbıt Halkalı Küçük Cılıbıt Halkalı Cılıbıt Altın Yağmurcun Gümüş Yağmurcun Kızkuşu Leylek Kara Leylek Derekuşu Şehir Güvercini Gökçe Güvercin Tahtalı 64 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Columbidae Columbidae Coraciidae Corvidae Corvidae Corvidae Corvidae Corvidae Corvidae Cuculidae Emberizidae Emberizidae Emberizidae Emberizidae Emberizidae Emberizidae Emberizidae Emberizidae Falconidae Falconidae Falconidae Falconidae Family Family Family Family Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Fringillidae Gaviidae Gaviidae Glareolidae Gruidae Haematopodidae Hirundinidae Hirundinidae Hirundinidae Hirundinidae Laniidae Laniidae Laniidae Laridae Laridae Laridae Laridae Laridae Laridae Laridae Laridae Meropidae Motacillidae Motacillidae Motacillidae Motacillidae Motacillidae Motacillidae Motacillidae Motacillidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Muscicapidae Oriolidae Pandionidae Paridae Paridae Genus Streptopelia Streptopelia Coracias Corvus Corvus Corvus Corvus Garrulus Pica Cuculus Emberiza Emberiza Emberiza Emberiza Emberiza Emberiza Miliaria Plectrophenax Falco Falco Falco Falco Genus Genus Genus Genus Carduelis Carduelis Carduelis Carduelis Carpodacus Coccothraustes Fringilla Fringilla Pyrrhula Serinus Gavia Gavia Glareola Grus Haematopus Cecropis Delichon Hirundo Riparia Lanius Lanius Lanius Larus Larus Larus Larus Larus Larus Larus Larus Merops Anthus Anthus Anthus Anthus Anthus Motacilla Motacilla Motacilla Ficedula Ficedula Ficedula Ficedula Muscicapa Oriolus Pandion Cyanistes Parus Species decaocto turtur garrulus corax cornix frugilegus monedula glandarius pica canorus cia cirlus citrinella hortulana melanocephala schoeniclus calandra nivalis columbarius peregrinus subbuteo tinnunculus Species Species Species Species cannabina carduelis chloris spinus erythrinus coccothraustes coelebs montifringilla pyrrhula serinus arctica stellata pratincola grus ostralegus daurica urbicum rustica riparia collurio minor senator cachinnans canus genei melanocephalus michahellis minutus ridibundus tridactylus apiaster campestris cervinus pratensis spinoletta trivialis alba cinerea flava albicollis hypoleuca parva semitorquata striata oriolus haliaetus caeruleus lugubris Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 English name Eurasian Collared Dove European Turtle Dove European Roller Common Raven Hooded Crow Rook Western Jackdaw Eurasian Jay Common Magpie Common Cuckoo Rock Bunting Cirl Bunting Yellowhammer Ortolan Bunting Black-headed Bunting Common Reed Bunting Corn Bunting Snow Bunting Merlin Peregrine Falcon Eurasian Hobby Common Kestrel English English English English Common Linnet Eurasian Goldfinch Eurasian Greenfinch Eurasian Siskin Common Rosefinch Hawfinch Common Chaffinch Brambling Eurasian Bullfinch Eurasian Serin Black-throated Loon Red-throated Loon Collared Pranticole Common Crane Eurasian Oystercatcher Red-rumped Swallow Common House Martin Barn Swallow Sand Martin Red-backed Shrike Lesser Grey Shrike Woodchat Shrike Caspian Gull Mew (Common) Gull Slender-billed Gull Mediterranean Gull Yellow-legged Gull Little Gull Black-headed Gull Black-legged Kittiwake European Bee-eater Tawny Pipit Red-thorated Pipit Meadow Pipit Water Pipit Tree Pipit White Wagtail Grey Wagtail (Western) Yellow Wagtail Collared Flycatcher European Pied Flycatcher Red-breasted Flycatcher Semi-collared Flycatcher Spotted Flycatcher Eurasian Golden Oriole Osprey Blue Tit Sombre Tit Turkish name Kumru Üveyik Gökkuzgun Kuzgun Leş Kargası Ekin Kargası Küçük Karga Alakarga Saksağan Guguk Kaya Çintesi Bahçe Çintesi Sarı Çinte Kirazkuşu Kara Başlı Çinte Bataklık Çintesi Tarla Çintesi Alaca Çinte Boz Doğan Gök Doğan Delice Doğan Kerkenez Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Ketenkuşu Saka Florya Kara Başlı İskete Çütre Kocabaş İspinoz Dağ İspinozu Şakrak Küçük İskete Kara Gerdanlı Dalgıç Kızıl Gerdanlı Dalgıç Bataklıkkırlangıcı Turna Poyrazkuşu Kızıl Kırlangıç Ev Kırlangıcı Kır Kırlangıcı Kum Kırlangıcı Kızıl Sırtlı Örümcekkuşu Kara Alınlı Örümcekkuşu Kızıl Başlı Örümcekkuşu Hazar Martısı Küçük Gümüş Martı İnce Gagalı Martı Akdeniz Martısı Gümüş Martı Küçük Martı Karabaş Martı Kara Ayaklı Martı Arıkuşu Kır İncirkuşu Kızıl Gerdanlı İncirkuşu Çayır İncirkuşu Dağ İncirkuşu Ağaç İncirkuşu Ak Kuyruksallayan Dağ Kuyruksallayanı Sarı Kuyruksallayan Halkalı Sinekkapan Kara Sinekkapan Küçük Sinekkapan Alaca Sinekkapan Benekli Sinekkapan Sarıasma Balık Kartalı Mavi Baştankara Ak Yanaklı Baştankara 65 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Genus Species Paridae Paridae Paridae Passeridae Passeridae Passeridae Pelecanidae Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae Phasianidae Phasianidae Phoenicopteridae Picidae Picidae Picidae Picidae Picidae Picidae Picidae Picidae Picidae Parus Parus Periparus Passer Passer Passer Pelecanus Phalacrocorax Phalacrocorax Phalacrocorax Coturnix Phasianus Phoenicopterus Dendrocopos Dendrocopos Dendrocopos Dendrocopos Dendrocopos Dryocopus Jynx Picus Picus major palustris ater domesticus hispaniolensis montanus onocrotalus aristotelis carbo pygmeus coturnix colchicus ruber leucotos major medius minor syriacus martius torquilla canus viridis Podicipedidae Podicipedidae Podicipedidae Podicipedidae Procellariidae Prunellidae Rallidae Rallidae Rallidae Rallidae Rallidae Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Scolopacidae Sittidae Stercorariidae Sternidae Sternidae Sternidae Sternidae Sternidae Sternidae Sternidae Sternidae Strigidae Strigidae Strigidae Strigidae Strigidae Sturnidae Sturnidae Sylviidae Podiceps Podiceps Podiceps Tachybaptus Puffinus Prunella Fulica Gallinula Porzana Porzana Rallus Himantopus Recurvirostra Actitis Arenaria Calidris Calidris Calidris Calidris Calidris Gallinago Limosa Numenius Numenius Philomachus Scolopax Tringa Tringa Tringa Tringa Tringa Tringa Xenus Sitta Stercorarius Chlidonias Chlidonias Chlidonias Gelochelidon Hydroprogne Sterna Sterna Sternula Asio Athene Bubo Otus Strix Sturnus Sturnus Acrocephalus cristatus grisegena nigricollis ruficollis yelkouan modularis atra chloropus parva pusilla aquaticus himantopus avosetta hypoleucos interpres alba alpina ferruginea minuta temminckii gallinago limosa arquata phaeopus pugnax rusticola erythropus glareola nebularia ochropus stagnatilis totanus cinereus europaea parasiticus hybrida leucopterus niger nilotica caspia hirundo sandvicensis albifrons otus noctua bubo scops aluco roseus vulgaris arundinaceus Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 English name Great Tit Marsh Tit Coal Tit House Sparrow Spanish Sparrow Eurasian Tree Sparrow Great White Pelican European Shag Great Cormorant Pygmy Cormorant Common Quail Common Pheasant Greater Flamingo White-backed Woodpecker Great Spotted Woodpecker Middle Spotted Woodpecker Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Syrian Woodpecker Black Woodpecker Eurasian Wryneck Grey-headed Woodpecker European Green Woodpecker Great Crested Grebe Red-necked Grebe Black-necked (eared) Grebe Little Grebe Mediterranean Shearwater Dunnock Eurasian Coot Common Moorhen Little Crake Baillon's Crake Water Rail Black-winged Stilt Pied Avocet Common Sandpiper Ruddy Turnstone Sanderling Dunlin Curlew Sandpiper Little Stint Temminck's Stint Common Snipe Black-tailed Godwit Eurasian Curlew Whimbrel Ruff Eurasian Woodcock Spotted Redshank Wood Sandpiper Common Greenshank Green Sandpiper Marsh Sandpiper Common Redshank Terek Sandpiper Eurasian Nuthatch Parasitic Jaeger Whiskered Tern White-winged Tern Black Tern Gull-billed Tern Caspian Tern Common Tern Sandwich Tern Little Tern Long-eared Owl Little Owl Eurasian Eagle Owl European Scops Owl Tawny Owl Rose-coloured Starling Common Starling Great Reed Warbler Turkish name Büyük Baştankara Kayın Baştankarası Çam Baştankarası Serçe Söğüt Serçesi Ağaç Serçesi Ak Pelikan Tepeli Karabatak Karabatak Küçük Karabatak Bıldırcın Sülün Flamingo Ak Sırtlı Ağaçkakan Orman Ağaçkakanı Ortanca Ağaçkakan Küçük Ağaçkakan Alaca Ağaçkakan Kara Ağaçkakan Boyunçeviren Küçük Yeşil Ağaçkakan Yeşil Ağaçkakan Bahri Kızıl Boyunlu Batağan Kara Boyunlu Batağan Küçük Batağan Yelkovan Dağbülbülü Sakarmeke Sutavuğu Bataklık Suyelvesi Küçük Suyelvesi Sukılavuzu Uzunbacak Kılıçgaga Dere Düdükçünü Taşçeviren Ak Kumkuşu Kara Karınlı Kumkuşu Kızıl Kumkuşu Küçük Kumkuşu Sarı Bacaklı Kumkuşu Suçulluğu Çamurçulluğu Kervançulluğu Sürmeli Kervançulluğu Döğüşkenkuş Çulluk Kara Kızılbacak Orman Düdükçünü Yeşilbacak Yeşil Düdükçün Bataklık Düdükçünü Kızılbacak Terek Düdükçünü Sıvacıkuşu Korsanmartı Bıyıklı Sumru Ak Kanatlı Sumru Kara Sumru Gülen Sumru Hazar Sumrusu Sumru Kara Gagalı Sumru Küçük Sumru Kulaklı Orman Baykuşu Kukumav Puhu İshakkuşu Alaca Baykuş Pembe Sığırcık Sığırcık Büyük Kamışçın 66 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Genus Species Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Sylviidae Threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae Timaliidae Troglodytidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Acrocephalus Acrocephalus Acrocephalus Cettia Hippolais Hippolais Phylloscopus Phylloscopus Phylloscopus Phylloscopus Regulus Regulus Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Sylvia Platalea Plegadis Panurus Troglodytes Erithacus Luscinia Luscinia Oenanthe Oenanthe melanopogon schoenobaenus scirpaceus cetti icterina pallida collybita orientalis sibilatrix trochilus ignicapilla regulus atricapilla borin communis curruca melanocephala nisoria leucorodia falcinellus biarmicus troglodytes rubecula luscinia megarhynchos isabellina melanoleuca Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Turdidae Upupidae MAMMALIA - Mammals Leporidae Gliridae Gliridae Cricetidae Cricetidae Cricetidae Cricetidae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Muridae Sciuridae Erinaceidae Soricidae Oenanthe Phoenicurus Phoenicurus Saxicola Saxicola Saxicola Turdus Turdus Turdus Turdus Turdus Turdus Upupa English name Turkish name Bıyıklı Kamışçın Kındıra Kamışçını Saz Kamışçını Kamışbülbülü Sarı Mukallit Ak Mukallit Çıvgın Boz Çıvgın Orman Çıvgını Söğütbülbülü Sürmeli Çalıkuşu Çalıkuşu Kara Başlı Ötleğen Boz Ötleğen Ak Gerdanlı Ötleğen Küçük Ak Gerdanlı Ötleğen Maskeli Ötleğen Çizgili Ötleğen Kaşıkçı Çeltikçi Bıyıklı Baştankara Çıtkuşu Kızılgerdan Benekli Bülbül Bülbül Boz Kuyrukkakan Karakulaklı Kuyrukkakan oenanthe ochruros phoenicurus armenicus rubetra rubicola iliacus merula philomelos pilaris toquatus viscivorus epops Moustached Warbler Sedge Warbler European Reed Warbler Cetti's Warbler Icterine Warbler Eastern Olivaceous Warbler Common Chiffchaff Eastern Bonelli's Warbler Wood Warbler Willow Warbler Firecrest Goldcrest Blackcap Garden Warbler Common Whitethroat Lesser Whitethroat Sardinian Warbler Barred Warbler Eurasian Spoonbill Glossy Ibis Bearded Reedling Winter Wren European Robin Thrush Nightingale Common Nightingale Isabelline Wheatear Eastern Blacked-eared Wheatear Northern Wheatear Black Redstart Common Redstart Eastern (Siberian) Stonechat Whinchat European Stonechat Redwing Common Blackbird Song Thrush Fieldfare Ring Ouzel Mistle Thrush Eurasian Hoopoe Lepus Dryomys Glis Arvicola Microtus Microtus Microtus Apodemus Apodemus Dryomys Glis Micromys Mus Mus Rattus Rattus Sciurus Erinaceus Crocidura europaeus nitedula glis terrestris subterraneus guentheri rossiaemeridionalis flavicollis agrarius nitedula glis minutus macedonicus domesticus rattus norvegicus vulgaris concolor suaveolens Brown hare Forest dormouse Edible dormouse Water vole Common pine vole Gunther’s vole Sibling vole Yellow-necked mouse Striped field Mouse Forest dormouse Edible dormouse Harvest Mouse Balkan short-tailed Mouse Western house mouse Black rat, Ship rat Brown rat Red squirrel Eastern hedgehog Lesser white-toothed shrew Soricidae Crocidura leucodon Soricidae Soricidae Soricidae Talpidae Talpidae Delphinidae Delphinidae Felidae Felidae Neomys Sorex Sorex Talpa Talpa Delphinus Tursiops Capreolus Cervus anomalus minutus araneus europaea ceaca delphis truncatus capreolus elaphus Bi-colored white-toothed shrew Miller’s water shrew Pigmy shrew Common shrew Common mole Blind mole Common dolphin Bottlenose dolphin Roe deer Red deer Yabani Tavşan Ağaç Faresi, Cevizkıran Yediuyur, Kataliks Su Sıçanı Küçük Oyucufare Akdeniz tarla faresi Uzun kuyruklu çayır faresi Orman Faresi Çizgili Orman Faresi Ağaç Faresi, Cevizkıran Yediuyur, Kataliks Hasat Faresi Makedonya Ev Faresi Ev faresi Ev Sıçanı Göçmen Sıçan Avrupa Sincabı Kirpi Küçük Sivriburunlu Bahçefaresi Sivriburunlu Bahçefaresi Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Kuyrukkakan Kara Kızılkuyruk Kızılkuyruk Sibirya Taşkuşu Çayır Taşkuşu Taşkuşu Kızıl Ardıç Karatavuk Öter Ardıç Tarla Ardıcı Boğmaklı Ardıç Ökse Ardıcı İbibik Sivriburunlu Bataklıkfaresi Sivriburunlu Cücefare Orman Sivriburunfaresi Köstebek Akdeniz Köstebeği Yunus Afalina Karaca Kızıl Geyik 67 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Family Genus Species English name Felidae Canidae Canidae Canidae Felidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Vespertilionidae Sus Canis Canis Vulpes Felis Lutra Martes Martes Meles Mustela Mustela Vormela Rhinolophus Rhinolophus Rhinolophus Rhinolophus Rhinolophus Barbastella Eptesicus Miniopterus Myotis Myotis Myotis Myotis Myotis Myotis Myotis Myotis Myotis Nyctalus Nyctalus Pipistrellus Pipistrellus Pipistrellus Pipistrellus Plecotus scrofa lupus aureus vulpes silvestris lutra foina martes meles nivalis putorius peregusna blasii euryale ferrumequinum hipposideros mehelyi barbastellus serotinus schreibersii alcathoe bechsteini blythi capaccinii daubentoni emarginatus myotis mystacinus nattereri leisleri noctula kuhlii nathusii pipistrellus pygmaeus auritus Wild boar Wolf Golden jackal Red fox Wildcat Otter Beach marten, Stone marten Pine marten Badger Weasel Western polecat Marbled polecat Blasiu’s horseshoe bat Mediterranean horshoe bat Greater horseshoe bat Lesser horseshoe bat Mehaly’s horseshoe bat Barbastelle Serotine Schribers’ bat Whiskered bat Bechstein’s bat Lesser Mouse-eared bat Long-fingered bat Daubenton’s bat Geoffroy’s bat Greater Mouse-eared bat Whiskered bat Natterer’s bat Leisler’s bat Noctule Kuhl’s pipistrelle Nathusius’ pipistrelle Common pipistrelle Pigmy bat Brown long-eared bat Vespertilionidae Plecotus austriacus Grey lon-eared bat Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Turkish name Yaban Domuzu Kurt Çakal Tilki Yaban Kedisi Su Samuru Kaya Sansarı Ağaç sansarı Porsuk Gelincik Kokarca Alaca Kokarca Nalburunlu Yarasa Akdeniz Nalburunluyarasası Nalburunlu Büyükyarasa Nalburunlu Küçükyarasa Mehely yarasası Sakallı Yarasa Genişkanatlı Yarasa Uzunkanatlı Yarasa Bıyıklı Küçük yarasa Büyükkulaklı Yarasa Farekulaklı küçük yarasa Uzunayaklı Yarasa Su Yarasası Kirpikli Yarasa Farekulaklı Büyük Yarasa Bıyıklı Yarasa Saçaklı Yarasa Küçük Akşamcı Yarasa Akşamcı Yarasa Beyazyakalı Yarasa Pürtüklü Yarasa Cüce Yarasa Cüce yarasa Kahverengi Uzunkulaklı Yarasa Gri Uzunkulaklı Yarasa 68 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEX 4: ODONATA MOUNTAINS DISTRIBUTION, HABITATS AND IMAGES TAKEN IN YILDIZ Calopteryx splendens (Harris, 1782): Spreads from Europe through Asia up to China. Commonly found in Turkey. Present in every kind of running water, especially in streams and creeks as dense groups. This species fly from early May to early October, though some records also suggest flight in March and April. This species was recorded from almost all water resources in the Yıldız Mountains area. Balaban Deresi, Pabuç Deresi, Asker Deresi, Bulanık Dere, Dereköy, Poyralı, Kömürköy, and other streams around Soğucak and Demirköy. Calopteryx virgo festiva (Brullé, 1832): Matures live in rocky streams with a slow flow from mid May to early September. It may also be seen along streams with trees. This species was recorded in Balaban Deresi, Pabuç Deresi and around Dereköy, Kızılağaç, Yeniceköy, Poyralı, Kurudere. Epallage fatime (Charpentier, 1840): This species present in all parts of Turkey. It is common in southern Turkey, but seldom in Turkish Thrace. It flies from late April to late August. Present especially in rocky streams and brooks, some times in rivers. There is only one record from Kızılağaç village in Yıldız Mountain area (Hacet and Aktaç, 1997). Lestes barbarus (Fabricius, 1798): This species lives in all Mediterranean countries. Additionally, it is also present in the north of Norway and across to the east of Turkmenistan. It is common in Turkey. Seen between the period from mid May to late August. Found in calm and shallow waters, generally in waters with dense vegetation. It was recorded from Balaban stream and a stream near Demirköy. Also recorded from İğneada, (Hacet and Aktaç, 1997). Lestes parvidens Artobolevski, 1929: Very common species in Thrace. Also recorded sparcely along Mediterranean coasts. Rare in other parts of Turkey. Prefer calm waters with woody parts. Seen from early May to early October. Recorded around Demirköy. Sympecma fusca (Vander Linden, 1820): Spreads from the Middle East to South Africa and Turkmenistan. Common in Turkey. Seen from late March to mid August. Adults hibernate and may be found in winged form during the year. Found in calm and in densely vegetated waters. Lay eggs on death plants (especially on Scirpus spp.). Recorded from İğneada. Platycnemis pennipes pennipes (Pallas, 1771): Distributes in middle and south-west Asia, and Europe. Common in western Turkey and seldom in north-eastern Turkey. Not present in most parts of southeastern Anatolia. Flies from early April to early October. Present primarily in streams, and every type of running water. Recorded from streams around İğneada, Demirköy, Kömürköy, Avcılar and Sivriler. Erythromma lindenii (=Cercion lindenii) (Sélys, 1840): Common in Turkish Thrace, and also present in level places of the Mediterranean and south-eastern Anatolia or around lakes in south-western Anatolia. Not present in northern Turkey. Prefers calm or slowly moving and partly deep waters. Its preferable waters are especially rich with floating vegetation. Flies from early May to early October. Recorded in waters around İğneada and Kıyıköy. Coenagrion puella (L., 1758): Spreads across from south and middle of Europe, the north of Norway and southern parts of Finland up to Iran in the east. Also reaches to north-western Africa. Common in nearly all parts of Turkey. Flies from mid May to mid August. Prefers calm waters especially with floating vegetation. Seen seldom in slowly flowing waters. Recorded from small lakes near İğneada and Demirköy. Coenagrion scitulum (Rambur, 1842): Common in western Turkey, known from a few records around Van Lake. Seen in calm waters like lakes and pods. Flying period extends from mid May to late July. Determined from Balaban Stream and other streams around Demirköy. Erythromma viridulum (Charpentier, 1840): Found in Mediterranean countries, central Europe and the Middle East. Common in Turkey. Flying period lasts from early May to early September. Lives in calm waters. Eggs are laid 30-40 cm under the surface of water especially in Ceratophyllum spp. Recorded from İğneada. Ischnura elegans pontica Schmidt, 1938: Found in most parts of Europe, Middle East, and up to China. Common in Turkey. Seen from late March to mid November. Possible to see all year in the south. Prefer calm waters, and seldom seen in running waters. May be seen in low dirty waters. Recorded from İğneada, Demirköy and Mert lake. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 69 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Aeshna affinis Vander Linden, 1820: This species is not common in Turkey and is known by scattered rerods. Possibly prefers calm waters with dense vegetation. Flying period lasts from late May to late October. Recorded from Dereköy and İğneada. Aeshna cyanea (O.F. Müller, 1764): Especially seen in northern mountains in Turkey. Prefer ponds and small lakes with dense vegetation. Especially seen over 700 meters asl. Recorded from Balaban stream (Hacet ve Aktaç, 1997). Aeshna isosceles (O.F. Müller, 1764): Recorded from a lot of pars of Türkey, especially from Köyceğiz. Prefers canals and lakes with dense vegetation. Especially prefer waters with rush-sedge vegetation. Flying period lasts from early May to early August. Recorded from Kıyıköy. Aeshna mixta Latreille, 1805: Wide distribution in Europe, from the south through to central Europe up to the Baltik region; also found in north Africa, through to middle Asia and up into Japan. Scarcely known in nearly all regions of Turkey. Seen from mid May to mid November. Most records are between July and August. Found in calm and shallow waters, and some times hard waters. Recorded from Balaban stream. Anax imperator Leach, 1815: Found across north Europe through to central and south Europe, spreading across to the Middle East, central Asia, North Africa, up to South Africa, including Madagascar. Recorded in almost every region of Turkey. Seen from early April to early October. Found in calm waters. Recorded from İğneada and Sivriler areas. Anax parthenope parthenope (Sélys, 1839): Most especially found in southern Europe. Extends up to middle Asia. Known commonly in southern parts of Turkey, and recorded in various other parts of Turkey. Seen from late March to early December. Found in calm waters. Recorded from İğneada area. Caliaeschna microstigma (Schneider, 1845): Recorded from Kosovoa, Albania, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Israel and Caucasia. Recorded from nearly all regions of Turkey. Seen from mid May to mid August. Lives in all kind of running waters except large rivers. Prefers stoney streams and small creeks inside forests. Recorded from Dereköy in study area. Brachytron pratense (O.F. Müller, 1764): Seen seldomly in western Turkey and not present in eastern Anatolia. Prefers large lakes with rich vegetation and reedy areas. Flies actively from mid May to mid July. Recorded from Mert Gölü Longose (Hacet ve Aktaç, 1997). Cordulegaster insignis insignis Schneider, 1845: Recorded from south eastern Bulgaria, north eastern Greece, Turkey, Caucasia and Iran. It has a wide distribution with five subspecies (insignis, charpentieri, amasina, mzymtae and nobilis). Flies from late May to mid August. Especially found in small, cold and clean streams, and sometimes large running waters. Recorded from Balaban stream and Avcılar village area. Cordulegaster picta Sélys, 1854: Distributes from eastern Balcans, through Turkey up to Caucasia. It has a wide distribution in western and northwestern Turkey. Known only by one record from Van Lake area. Prefers springs, small brooks or larger running waters like streams. Has a flying period from late May to mid August. Recorded from Dereköy and Balaban stream. Somatochlora borisi (=Corduliochlora borisi) Marinov, 2001: This species recently found on western side of Rodop Mountains and then recorded from the northern and southern slopes of Yildiz Mountains (Boudot, 2004). Up to now, it was recorded only from Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece. The only record in Turkey was from Pabuç stream in Kıyıköy, however, colud nod recorded during our study. Prefers streams with muddy beds inside forests. Active from May to July. Somatochlora meridionalis Nielsen, 1935: Common in Thrace and in adjacent regions in Anatolia. There is only a single record from Muğla in south western Turkey. Lives in small streams shaded by trees. Active from late May to late August. Seen around Evciler. Onychogomphus forcipatus forcipatus (L., 1758): O. forcipatus has a wide distribution in Europe and western Asia. Its subspecies widely seen in Turkey is O. f. albotibialis; O. lefebvrii found in south eastern Turkey and in most of Anatolia is albotibialis. Prefers rocky streams and brooks. Flies from mid May to late August. Seen in Yeniceköy and Soğucak villages. Crocothemis erythraea erythraea (Brullé, 1832): Spreads from India to Africa and Europe. Common in most parts of Turkey, especially common in southern parts and seldom in the north. Flies from late March to early October. Found in all kinds of calm waters. Seen in İğneada. Libellula depressa L., 1758: Common in Turkey. Can be seen from early May to late August in all calm waters. Prefers waterholes and canals. Seen commonly in Balaban stream, and recorded also from Kıyıköy. Additionally, recorded on side roads inside the forest berween Mert Lake and Pedina Lake. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 70 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Libellula fulva O.F. Müller, 1764: Has scattered records from western Turkey. Common around Köyceğiz Lake. Seen in every kind of calm and slowly flowing water, especially such waters with rushes. Active from late April to mid June. Recorded from Kıyıköy. Orthetrum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837): Common in Mediterranean basin, and distributes in North Africa, Central Europe, Balcans, Anatolia and Middle East. Recorded from all regions in Turkey, one of the most common species. Seen from early May to early October. Found in running waters, mostly in streams and springs, sometimes in lakes. Seen in Dereköy, Kömürköy, Yeniceköy, Soğucak, Poyralı, Kızılağaç and Kıyıköy. Orthetrum cancellatum (L., 1758): Has a distribution extending from the south of Scandinavia, through southern and central Europe to north Africa up to the middle East and to Mogolhistan. Common in Turkey. Seen from early May to early September. Found in large, calm waters. Seen in Sivriler and İğneada. Sympetrum fonscolombii (Sélys, 1840): Distributed throughout mediterranean countries and southern Europe and across to Cashmere. Found in all regions of Turkey, especially common in southern Turkey. Though seen all year, there is no record from February. Mostly seen between April and October. Found in calm and especially shallow waters. Recorded in lakes near İğneada. Sympetrum meridionale (Sélys, 1841): Found in Mediterranean countries, middle of northern Europe and Cashmere in the east. Very common in western Turkey, rarely recorded from eastern Turkey. Found in calm (especially shallow) waters from late May to late November. Recorded from İğneada and Sivriler. Sympetrum sanguineum (O.F. Müller, 1764): The distribution of this species extends from southern Europe up to southern parts of Scandinavia in the northwest, eastern parts of the Middle East, and northwestern Siberia. Not present in most of the Mediterranean Islands or Italy. One of the most common may flies in most parts of Europe. Common in most parts of Turkey. Seen from late May to early October. Only one record from mid April. Can be seen in every kind of calm water. Recorded from İğneada, Sivriler and Kıyıköy. Sympetrum striolatum (Charpentier, 1840): Mostly distributed in countries around the Mediterranean, in Europe, and up to Cashmere in Asia. Recorded from all regions of Turkey. May be found in all calm waters from early April to late November. Seen in Balaban stream, Demirköy, İğneada and Kıyıköy. Epallage fatime (By Ahmet Karataş) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Erythromma viridulum (♂) (By Ahmet Karataş) 71 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Cordulegaster insignis (By Ahmet Karataş) Orthetrum cancellatum (♂) (By Ahmet Karataş) Onychogomphus forcipatus albotibialis Sympetrum fonscolombii (By Ahmet Karataş) (♂) (By Ahmet Karataş) Libellula depressa (♀) (By Ahmet Karataş) Libellula depressa (♂) (By Ahmet Karataş) Sympetrum striolatum (By Ahmet Karataş) Calopteryx splendens amasina (By Ahmet Karataş) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 72 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEX 5: LEPIDOPTERA - DISTRIBUTION, HABITATS, IMAGES TAKEN IN YILDIZ MOUNTAINS THREATENED STATUS AND Family: PAPILIONIDAE - KUYRUKLU KELEBEKLER, SWALLOWTAILS 1 Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Erik Kırlangıçkuyruğu English: Scarce Swallowtail, Pear-tree Swallowtail Habitat: Parks, gardens, fields and open woodlands and also places with sloe thickets and particularly orchards (up to 1500 m) Flight Period: March to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Dupnisa (Sarpdere), between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 2 Papilio (s.str.) machaon (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Kırlangıçkuyruk English: Swallowtail, Common Yellow Swallowtail Habitat: Various types, up to altitude of 3000 m Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam. Family: PIERIDAE - BEYAZ KELEBEKLER, WHITES or YELLOW-WHITES 3 Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Narin Orman Beyazı English: Wood White Habitat: Meadows, thickets, along woodland rides and sparse forests up to 2500 m. Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 4 Aporia (s.str.) crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Alıçkelebeği English: Black-veined White Habitat: Mostly orchards, bushy areas between 500-2000 m. Flight Period: April to June RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 5 Pieris bryoniae (Hubner, 1806) Türkçe: Dağ Beyaz Meleği English: Mountain Green-veined White Habitat: Alpine and subalpine meadow Flight Period: June to July RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Yıldız Dağları’ndan kaydedilmiş (Göbekçioğlu, 1989); diğer çalışmalarda görülmemiştir. 6 Pieris (Artogeia) krueperi (Staudinger, 1860) Türkçe: Krüper'in Beyaz Meleği English: Kruper's Small White Habitat: Water edges and flowery and rocky places Flight Period: March to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 73 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 7 Pieris pseudorapae (Verity, 1908 (=P. napi)) Türkçe: Yalancı Beyaz Melek English: False Cabbage White Habitat: Meadow in forest clearings and along woodland rides Flight Period: April to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 8 Pieris (Artogeia) rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Küçük Beyaz Melek English: Small White Habitat: Various: often fields, parks and gardens Flight Period: March to November RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Erikli Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 9 Pieris (s.str.) brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Büyük Beyaz Melek English: Large White Habitat: Most kinds of habitat: mostly fields and roadsides Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Dupnisa (Sarpdere) 10 Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) Türkçe: Yeni Benekli Melek English: New Bath White Habitat: Meadow and places near water Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Longoz 11 Colias crocea (Fourcroy, 1785) Türkçe: Sarı Azamet English: Dark Clouded Yellow Habitat: Meadow, along woodland rides Flight Period: March to November RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Avcılar, Dupnisa (Sarpdere), İğneada, north-west İğneada, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam Family: ARGYNNIDAE (NYMPHALIDAE) - FIRÇA AYAKLI KELEBEKLER, BRUSH-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES 12 Limenitis reducta (Staudinger, 1901) Türkçe: Akdeniz Hanımeli Kelebeği English: Southern White Admiral, Eastern White Admiral Habitat: Sparse forests and meadows in forest from sea level to 1650 m Flight Period: May to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 74 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 13 Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Isırgan Kelebeği English: Map Butterfly Habitat: Gardens, parks, water edges in forests from sea level to 1400 m Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 14 Inachis io (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Tavuskelebeği English: Peacock Butterfly Habitat: Mostly woodlands and scrubs and also parks, gardens and roadsides from sea level to 2500 m Flight Period: April to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 15 Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Atalanta English: Red Admiral Habitat: Usually environs of orchards (mostly pear trees) Flight Period: March to December RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 16 Cynthia cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) (=Vanessa cardui) Türkçe: Diken Kelebeği English: Painted Lady Habitat: Many kinds Flight Period: March to November RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Demirköy, Avcılar, Balaban (Velika), between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Dupnisa (Sarpdere), Erikli Lake, İğneada, north-west İğneada, Longoz, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, Sislioba, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 17 Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Yırtık Pırtık English: Comma Butterfly Habitat: Gardens, parks and woodlands from sea level to 2000 m Flight Period: March to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Erikli Lake, Longoz, Mert Lake 18 Argynnis (Fabriciana) adippe (Rottemburg, 1775) Türkçe: Büyük İnci English: High Brown Fritillary Habitat: Open places Flight Period: June to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Erikli Lake, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 19 Argynnis (Pandoriana) pandora ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775) Türkçe: Bahadır English: Cardinal, Great Fritillary Habitat: Meadows and dry places up to 2500 m Flight Period: June to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Avcılar, Dupnisa (Sarpdere), Limanköy, Mert Lake Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 75 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 20 Argynnis (s.str.) paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Cengaver English: Silver-washed Fritillary Habitat: Mostly forest areas from sea level to 1500 m Flight Period: June to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, north-west İğneada, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 21 Boloria (Clossiana) euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Beyaz İnci English: Pearl-bordered Fritillary Habitat: Typically deciduous woodland containing open areas, such as woodland clearings between 1500-2500 m and also conifer plantations and limestone pavements in some areas. Flight Period: April to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, north-west İğneada, Longoz, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 22 Brenthis daphne (Bergsträsser, 1780) Türkçe: Böğürtlen Brentisi English: Marbled Fritillary Habitat: Usually from sea level to 2000 m; sometimes meadow and mixed forests with higher altitude Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 23 Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: İspanyol Kraliçesi English: Queen of Spain Fritillary Habitat: Most habitats from sea level to 2700 m Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Erikli Lake, Longoz, Mert Lake 24 Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: İparhan English: Glanville Fritillary Habitat: Various habitat types from sea level to 2500 m Flight Period: May to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada-Longoz GEF-II area without detail (Göbekçioğlu, 1989). 25 Melitaea didyma (Esper,[1779]) Türkçe: Benekli İparhan English: Spotted Fritillary Habitat: Dry and open meadow and openings in forests from sea level to 2300 m Flight Period: April to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Avcılar 26 Melitaea fascelis (Fabricius, 1787) Türkçe: Güzel İparhan English: Lesser Spotted Fritillary Habitat: Various kinds of habitat from sea level to 1700 m Flight Period: April to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 76 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 27 Melitaea phoebe (Goeze, 1779) Türkçe: Benekli Büyük İparhan English: Knapweed Fritillary Habitat: Flowered open areas and semi arid places up to 1500 m Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy Family: SATYRIDAE - GÖZ KELEBEKLERİ, BROWNS 28 Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Halkacık English: Ringlet Habitat: Bushy and grassy places Flight Period: July to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 29 Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Melike English: Marbled White Habitat: Flowered meadows and woodland clearings up to 1700 m Flight Period: June to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Erikli Lake 30 Hipparchia (Neohipparchia) fatua (Freyer, 1844) Türkçe: Anadolu Karameleği English: Freyer's Grayling Habitat: River valleys and sparse forests up to 2000 m, mostly resting on tree trunks and rocks, south facing Flight Period: May to October RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 31 Hipparchia (Neohipparchia) statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766) Türkçe: Ağaç Karameleği English: Tree Grayling Habitat: Rocky places south facing from sea level to 1400 m Flight Period: June to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 32 Hipparchia (s.str.) syriaca (Staudinger, 1871) Türkçe: Büyük Karamelek English: Syrian Rock Grayling, Syrian Tree, Grayling Habitat: Hot bushy and/or rocky places in or near deciduous woodland containing oak, mountain slopes and forests up to 2000 m Flight Period: June to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Avcılar, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, İğneada, Longoz 33 Arethusana arethusa ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775) Türkçe: Seyit English: False Grayling Habitat: Various places from sea level to 2500 m Flight Period: June to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 77 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 34 Chazara briseis (Linnaeus, 1764) Türkçe: Cadı English: Hermit Habitat: Various places from sea level to 2000 m, sometimes up to 2500 m, e.g. meadows, scrubs Flight Period: May to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Erikli Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 35 Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) Türkçe: Kara Murat English: Great Banded Grayling, Great Black Grayling Habitat: Sparse forests and up to 2000 m Flight Period: May to October RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 36 Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763) Türkçe: Kara Hayalet English: Dryad Habitat: Woodland clearings up to 1600 m Flight Period: June to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam 37 Hyponephele (s.str.) lupina (Costa, [1836]) Türkçe: Esmer Peri English: Oriental Steppe Brown Habitat: Dry and flowered meadow, high forests and valleys from sea level to 2600 m Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Yıldız Dağları’ndan kaydedilmiş (Göbekçioğlu, 1989); diğer çalışmalarda görülmemiştir. 38 Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Çayır Esmeri English: Meadow Brown Habitat: Meadow, forests clearings and woodlands from sea level to 2000 m Flight Period: May to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Avcılar, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Dupnisa (Sarpdere), İğneada, north-west İğneada, Limanköy, Longoz, Mert Lake, Sislioba, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 39 Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1771) Türkçe: Pironiya English: Gatekeeper Habitat: Most kinds of habitat from sea level to 1700 m Flight Period: July to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Erikli Lake, north-west İğneada, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam 40 Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761) Türkçe: Funda Zıpzıp Perisi English: Pearly Heath Habitat: Meadows, roadsides and forest clearings from sea level to 1800 m Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, north-west İğneada, Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 78 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 41 Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Küçük Zıpzıp Perisi English: Small Heath Habitat: Mostly dry areas, meadows, wetlands from sea level to 2700 m. Often seen on grasses in parks and gardens Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Demirköy, Avcılar, Balaban (Velika), north-west İğneada, Limanköy, Longoz, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, Sislioba 42 Kirinia roxelana (Cramer, 1777) Türkçe: Ağaç Esmeri English: Lattice Brown Habitat: Hot wooded areas, mountain slopes, river valleys, forest fringes and glades. Most common in xerothermic deciduous forests with predominance of oak, from sea level to 1700 m Flight Period: April to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Avcılar, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, İğneada, north-west İğneada, Limanköy, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, Sislioba, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 43 Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) Türkçe: Küçük Esmer Boncuk English: Wall Butterfly Habitat: Woodland clearings, scrubs along river sides, parks and rocky places from sea level to 3000 m Flight Period: March to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, north-west İğneada, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 44 Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Karanlık Orman Esmeri English: Speckled Wood Habitat: Sparce mixed forests and also parks and gardens; roadsides and woodland clearings up to 2000 m Flight Period: April to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Longoz, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam Family: RIODINIDAE – İNCİ KELEBEKLERİ, METALMARK BUTTERFLIES 45 Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: İncili Kelebek English: Duke of Burgundy Fritillary Habitat: Woodland clearings and meadows Flight Period: April to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Longoz, Mert Lake, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık Family: LYCAENIDAE - SU GÜZELLERİ, BLUES and COPPERS 46 Quercusia quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) (=Thecla quercus) Türkçe: Mor Meşe Kelebeği English: Purple Hairstreak Habitat: Primarily woodland containing oak trees, the foodplant of the larva and also other locations where oaks occur, including lanes, parks, and other urban areas where oaks may be found, from sea level to 2000 m Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 79 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam 47 Thecla betulae (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Huş Kelebeği English: Brown Hairstreak Habitat: Places where blackthorn is abundant, including hedgerows and woodlands up to 1500 m Flight Period: June to October RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 48 Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Zümrüt English: Green Hairstreak Habitat: Wide variety of habitats up to 2300 m, including hillsides, moorland, chalk downland, heathland, railway embankments and valley bottoms. A common feature of all these habitats is the presence of scrubby plants and hedgerows. Flight Period: March to July RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: North-west İğneada, Longoz, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 49 Satyrium (Nordmannia) ilicis (Esper, [1779]) Türkçe: Büyük Sevbeni English: Ilex Hairstreak Habitat: Oak plantations, hedgerows and thickets up to 1800 m Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Erikli Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam 50 Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) Türkçe: Mavi Zebra English: Lang's Short-tailed Blue, Zebra Blue Habitat: Open areas and meadows up to 1250 m Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 51 Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer, [1843]) Türkçe: Balkan Kaplanı English: Little Tiger Blue Habitat: Dry and bushy places up to 1200 m Flight Period: April to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 52 Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Kutsal Mavi English: Holly Blue Habitat: Many kinds up to 1900 m; often woodland clearings, parks and gardens Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam 53 Glaucopsyche (s.str.) alexis (Poda, 1761) Türkçe: Karagözlü Mavi Kelebek English: Green-underside Blue Habitat: Dry and flowered meadows from sea level to 1900 m Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 80 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Flight Period: March to July RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Yıldız Dağları’ndan kaydedilmiş (Göbekçioğlu, 1989); diğer çalışmalarda görülmemiştir. 54 Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) Türkçe: Himalaya Mavi Kelebeği English: Lesser Chequered Blue Habitat: Dry meadows and thickets up to 1900 m. Flight Period: March to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Longoz, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 55 Plebejus (Lycaeides) idas (Linnaeus, 1761) Türkçe: Esmergöz English: Idas Blue Habitat: Open areas in forests, roadsides and wet pastures up to 2100 m Flight Period: May to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 56 Plebejus (s.str.) argus (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Gümüş Lekeli Esmergöz English: Silver-studded Blue Habitat: Wide variety of habitats up to 2000 m; mostly water edges and wet meadows, heathlands Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Lokalite(ler): Mert Lake, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam 57 Polyommatus semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775) Türkçe: Çokgözlü Güzel Mavi English: Mazarine Blue Habitat: Often dense flowered meadows Flight Period: March to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Erikli Lake, Longoz, Mert Lake 58 Polyommatus (s.str. (Cyaniris)) bellis (Freyer, 1842) Türkçe: Çokgözlü Güzel Mavi English: Eastern Mazarine Blue Habitat: Often dense flowered meadows Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, north-west İğneada, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 59 Polyommatus (Aricia (Ultraaricia)) anteros (Freyer, 1838) Türkçe: Çokgözlü Balkan Mavisi English: Blue Argus, Freyer's Blue Habitat: Warm rocky and flowered places up to 2000 m Flight Period: May to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Longoz 60 Polyommatus (Aricia (s.str.)) agestis ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775) Türkçe: Çokgözlü Esmer English: Brown Argus Habitat: Forest edges, woodland clearings, and also flowered steps up to 1700 m Flight Period: April to October Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 81 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 61 Polyommatus (s.str. (Lysandra)) coridon (Poda, 1761) Türkçe: Çilli Çokgözlü English: Chalk-hill Blue Habitat: Lives in discrete colonies on chalk and limestone downland where its foodplant is found in abundance. It is a warmth-loving butterfly, and is typically found on sheltered, south-facing hillsides. Flight Period: July to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 62 Polyommatus (s.str. (Thersitesia)) thersites (Canterer, 1835) Türkçe: Çokgözlü Menekşe Mavisi English: Chapman's Blue Habitat: Mostly flowered places; sometimes rocky areas Flight Period: May to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 63 Polyommatus (s.str.) icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) Türkçe: Çokgözlü Mavi English: Common Blue Habitat: Various places from sea level to 2700 m Flight Period: April to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, Avcılar, north-west İğneada, Longoz, Mert Lake, Limanköy, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 64 Heodes (Alciphronia) alciphron (Rottemburg, 1775) (=Lycaena alciphron) Türkçe: Büyük Mor Bakır Kelebeği English: Purple-shot Copper Habitat: Mountain slopes and flowered meadows between 800-2000 m Flight Period: July to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Longoz 65 Heodes (Loweia) tityrus (Poda, 1761) (=Lycaena tityrus) Türkçe: İsli Bakır Kelebeği English: Sooty Copper, Blackish Copper Habitat: Mixed forests between 50-2500 m Flight Period: April to October RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam 66 Lycaena (s.str.) phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761) Türkçe: Benekli Bakır Kelebeği English: Small Copper Habitat: Various habitats from sea level to 2400 m Flight Period: March to November RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Dereköy, between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 82 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 67 Lycaena (Thersamolycena) dispar [(Hawort, 1802)] Türkçe: Büyükbakırgüzeli English: Large Copper Habitat: Salty steps and marshlands Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): LR Localities: Dereköy, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Erikli Lake, Longoz, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık 68 Lycaena (Thersamonia) thersamon (Esper, [1784]) Türkçe: Küçük Ateş Kelebeği English: Lesser Fiery Copper Habitat: Meadows and pastures from sea level to 1600 m Flight Period: April to October RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy Family: HESPERIIDAE – ZIPZIPLAR, SKIPPERS 69 Carcharodus (Reverdinus) orientalis Reverdin, 1913 Türkçe: Oriental Zıpzıp English: Oriental Skipper Habitat: Hot, dry, grassy and rocky places Flight Period: May to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Longozs 70 Carcharodus (s.str.) alceae (Esper, [1780]) Türkçe: Ebegümeci Zıpzıpı English: Mallow Skipper Habitat: Lush to very dry grassy places often with flowers and amongst scrub or woodlands, meadows, roadsides up to 2500 m Flight Period: March to October RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 71 Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Paslı Zıpzıp English: Dingy Skipper Habitat: Woodland clearings and meadows up to 2000 m Flight Period: April to June RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 72 Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Ebegümeci Zıpzığı English: Grizzled Skipper Habitat: Mixed pine forest clearings Flight Period: April to September RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan, Erikli Lake, Longoz, Mert Lake 73 Spialia (Neospialia) orbifer (Hübner, [1823]) Türkçe: Kızıl Zıpzıp English: Red Underwing Skipper Habitat: Open areas and water edges up to 1600 m Flight Period: April to September (October) RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 83 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 74 Ochlodes venatus (Bremer et Grey, [1852]) Türkçe: Orman Zıpzıpı English: Large Skipper Habitat: Various kinds such as woodland clearings and meadows, from sea level to 1800 m Flight Period: June to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Dereköy 75 Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761) Türkçe: Sarı Antenli Zıpzıp English: Small Skipper Habitat: Rough grassland, where tall grasses grow, and also on roadside verges, hedgerows, overgrown downland, in woodland clearings and along woodland rides up to 2000 m Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Longoz, Mert Lake Family: ZYGAENIDAE – ZİGENALAR, BURNET MOTHS 76 Zygaena purpuralis (Brünnich, 1763) Türkçe: Erguvani Zigena English: Transparent Burnet Habitat: Meadows Flight Period: June to July RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Longoz, Mert Lake Family: ADELIDAE - FAIRY LONG HORN MOTHS 77 Adela reamurella (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Reamür Adelası English: Common a longhorn moth Habitat: Oak trees Flight Period: ? RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Longozlar vicinity 78 Nematopogon panzerella Fabricius, 1794 Türkçe: English: Habitat: Flight Period: RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, between the streams of Deringeçit and Uzunalan Family: NOTODONTIDAE 79 Furcula furcula (Linnaeus, 1761) Türkçe: Solgun kedicik Güvesi English: Sallow Kitten Habitat: Environs of willow, birch and poplar trees Flight Period: April to the end of August RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Between the lakes of Deniz and Saka, Longoz 80 Spatalia argentina ([Denis-Schiffermüller], 1775) Türkçe: English: Small Chocolate-tip Habitat: Environs of trees of Quercus ssp., sometimes also Salix and Populus spp., which the larvae mainly feed on. Flight Period: April to August Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 84 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Longoz, between the lakes of Pedina and Hamam Family: NOCTUIDAE - OWLET MOTHS 81 Emmelia trabealis (Scopoli, 1763) Türkçe: Çizgili Emel English: Spotted Sulphur Habitat: Open areas with field bindweed Flight Period: May to August RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Longoz Family: SPHINGIDAE - HAWK MOTHS 82 Macroglossum stellatarum (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Güvercinkuyruklu Atmaca Güvesi English: Hummingbird Hawkmoth Habitat: Flowered open areas Flight Period: Almost all seasons, even sunny days in winter RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Limanköy, between the streams of Yavuz and Bulanık Family: ARCTIIDAE – AYI GÜVELERİ, BEAR MOTHS 83 Lithosia quadra (Linnaeus, 1758) Türkçe: Dörtbenekli Likengüvesi English: Four-spotted Footman Habitat: Lichens and algae on trees, mostly oaks Flight Period: June to September RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Longozlar vicinity Family: GEOMETRIDAE - GEOMETER MOTHS 84 Amoebe pectinaria (Knoch, 1781) Habitat: Oak and beech forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Longozlar vicinity 85 Aplocera plagiata (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Oak and beech forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Longozlar vicinity 86 Asthena candidata ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775) Habitat: Oak, beech and (European) hornbeam forests RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Demirköy, Balaban (Velika), Sislioba 87 Cabera pusaria (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Oak and beech forests RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Demirköy, Balaban (Velika) 88 Campaea margaritata (Linnaeus, 1767) Habitat: Oak and beech forests RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Demirköy, Balaban (Velika) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 85 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 89 Camtogramma bilineata (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Forested areas, especially herbs (mostly under surfaces of leaves of nettles) in river banks RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Demirköy, Balaban (Velika), İğneada, Sislioba 90 Catarhoe rubidata (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775) Habitat: Oak, beech forests, and also poplar-willow trees and flowered herbs in riverine biotop RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Balaban (Velika) 91 Cleta perpusillaria (Eversmann, 1847) Habitat: Oak forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 92 Cosmorhoe obliterata (Hufnagel, 1767) Habitat: Oak and beech forests RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Demirköy, Balaban (Velika) 93 Cosmorhoe unidentaria (Haworth, 1809) Habitat: Oak forest and meadow in open forest RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 94 Cyclophora linearia (Hübner, 1799) Habitat: Oak and beech forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Balaban (Velika) 95 Cyclophora ruficilaria (Hübner et Schiffermüller, 1855) Habitat: Oak forest, fields RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Demirköy 96 Ennomos quercinaria (Hufnagel, 1767) Habitat: Oak forest RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 97 Epirrhoe rivata (Hübner, 1813) Habitat: Beech forest, herbs in riverine habitats RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Balaban (Velika) 98 Eupithecia signata (Scopoli, 1763) Habitat: Pine, oak, beech, and (European) hornbeam forests, and also herbs and scrubs in forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 99 Hydriomena impluviata (Boisduval, 1840) Habitat: Beech forest RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Balaban (Velika) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 86 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 100 Idaea aversata (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Oak, pine forests, and also herbs and scrubs in forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 101 Idaea determinata (Staudinger, 1876) Habitat: Flowered herbs RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 102 Idaea deversaria (Herrich et Schaffer, 1847) Habitat: Oak, pine, beech forests, meadow in forest openings RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 103 Idaea dilutaria (Hübner, 1799) Habitat: Oak forest, flowered herbs RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 104 Idaea dimidiata (Hufnagel, 1767) Habitat: Oak forest RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 105 Idaea ochrata (Scopoli, 1763) Habitat: Oak, pine and (European) hornbeam forests, flowered herbs RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 106 Idaea politata (Hübner, 1799) Habitat: Oak, hornbeam forests, meadow in forest openings RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 107 Idaea remutata (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Beech forest RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Balaban (Velika) 108 Lomospilis marginata (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Oak and (European) hornbeam forests RedList (IUCN): NE Localities: Demirköy, Balaban (Velika) 109 Lyhtria purpuraria (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Pine, oak, (European) hornbeam forests; meadow in open forest RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 110 Melanthia procellata (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775) Habitat: Oak forest, scrubs RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Demirköy Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 87 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS 111 Minoa murinata (Scopoli, 1763) Habitat: Oak, pine forests and meadow in open forest RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 112 Operoptera brumata (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Oak and pine forests and also orchards RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 113 Rhodostrophia calabra (Petagna, 1786) Habitat: Oak forest, thickets RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Demirköy 114 Scopula nigropunctata (Hufnagel, 1767) Habitat: Oak forests, herbs RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Sislioba 115 Scopula ornata (Scopoli, 1763) Habitat: Oak and (European) hornbeam forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 116 Scopula rubiginata (Hufnagel, 1769) Habitat: Oak and (European) hornbeam forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: İğneada 117 Serraca punctinalis (Scopoli, 1763) Habitat: Stream banks, beech forests RedList (IUCN): NE Locality: Balaban (Velika) Papilio (s.str.) machaon (By Ahmet Karataş) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Iphiclides podalirius (By Mustafa Sözen) 88 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Pieris (s.str.) brassicae (By Mustafa Sözen) Pieris (Artogeia) rapae (By Ahmet Karataş) Colias crocea (By Mustafa Sözen) Cynthia cardui (By Mustafa Sözen) Callophrys rubi (By Ahmet Karataş) Argynnis (Fabriciana) adippe (By Ahmet Karataş) Argynnis (s.str.) paphia (By Ahmet Karataş) Argynnis (Pandoriana) pandora (By Mustafa Sözen) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 89 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Chazara briseis (By Ahmet Karataş) Lasiommata megera (By Ahmet Karataş) Melitaea cinxia (By Ahmet Karataş) Melitaea didyma (By Ahmet Karataş) Polygonia c-album (By Ahmet Karataş) Maniola jurtina (By Ahmet Karataş) Coenonympha pamphilus (By Ahmet Karataş) Celastrina argiolus (By Ahmet Karataş) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 90 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Satyrium (Nordmannia) ilicis (By Ahmet Karataş) Heodes (Alciphronia) alciphron (By Ahmet Karataş) Lycaena (s.str.) phlaeas (By Ahmet Karataş) Ochlodes venatus (By Ahmet Karataş) Thymelicus sylvestris (By Ahmet Karataş) Macroglossum stellatarum (By Ahmet Karataş) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 91 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEX 6: MARINE FISHES - THREATENED STATUS, COMMERCIAL CATCH RECORDS AND IMAGES FROM COASTAL REGION OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table A6.1 Species inventory, showing source of records and threatened status. (New records are marked by an asterisk.) FAMILY Species HEXANCHIDAE Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) SQUALIDAE Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827) SQUATINIDAE Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) GYMNURIDAE Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) RAJIIDAE Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) ACIPENSERIDAE Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833 Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky, 1828 Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758) AMMODYTIDAE Gymnammodytes cicerellus (Rafinesque, 1810) ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) ATHERINIDAE Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 Atherina hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758 BALISTIDAE Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 BELONIDAE Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) BLENNIIDAE Aidablennius sphynx (Valenciennes, 1836) Blennius ocellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus, 1758) Parablennius incognitus (Bath, 1968)* Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1811) Parablennius tentacularis (Brünnich, 1768) Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892)* Salaria pavo (Risso, 1810)* BOTHIDAE Arnoglossus kessleri Schmidt, 1915 CALLIONYMIDAE Callionymus lyra Linnaeus, 1758 Callionymus pusillus Delaroche, 1809 Callionymus risso Lesueur, 1814 CARANGIDAE Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1863) Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) CENTRACANTHIDAE Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810 Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758) Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) CLUPEIDAE Alosa caspia (Eichwald, 1838) Alosa fallax (Lacepede, 1803) Occurrenc e 1 Record IUCN, 2009 Global Red List IUCN, 2007 Regional Red List L NT NT VU VU A2bd+3bd+4bd VU A2bd+4bd EN EN L CR A2bcd+3d+4bcd CR A2bcd+3d+4bcd L VU A2bd+4bd CR A2bcd TM BT L NT NT NT VU TM BT L L L L L EN A2d EN A1acde+2d EN A2d EN A2d EN A1acde EN A1acde+2d EN A1acde+2d EN A1acde+2d Bern Anon. Fricke Conventio , 1997 , 2007 n App. III CR VU App. III App. II, III VU CR CR CR CR L DD L CR SD SD LC LC LC L TM L EN VU SD L L SD SD SD SD SD VU VU EN NT VU LC VU VU VU VU EN BT NT L SD BT EN EN EN EN L BT SD DD DD DD L L L L L Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 DD LC App. III VU VU RE CR 92 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS FAMILY Species Occurrenc e 1 Record IUCN, 2009 Global Red List Alosa immaculata (Eichwald, 1838) Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758) CONGRIDAE Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758) ENGRAULIDAE Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) GADIDAE Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758) GOBIESOCIDAE Lepadogaster candolii Risso, 1810 GOBIIDAE Aphia minuta (Risso, 1810) Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870 Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814 Gobius niger Linnaeus, 1758 Gobius paganellus Linnaeus, 1758 Mesogobius batrachocephalus (Pallas, 1814) Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) Pomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso, 1810) Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas, 1770) LABRIDAE Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ctenolabrus rupestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Labrus viridisLinnaeus, 1758 Symphodus cinereus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Symphodus ocellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Symphodus roissali (Risso, 1810) Symphodus rostratus (Bloch, 1797) Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) LOPHIIDAE Lophius piscatoriusLinnaeus, 1758 LOTIDAE Gaidropsarus mediterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758) MORONIDAE Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) MUGILIDAE Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827) Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) Liza haematocheila (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) Liza ramada (Risso, 1827) Liza saliens (Risso, 1810) Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 MULLIDAE Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758 Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 OPHIDIIDAE Ophidion rochei Müller, 1845 PLEURONECTIDAE Platichthys flesus Linnaeus, 1758 POMACENTRIDAE Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) POMATOMIDAE Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) SCIAENIDAE Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758 Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) SCOMBRIDAE Euthynnus alleteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) L L L BT Vulnerable B2ab(v) IUCN, 2007 Regional Red List Bern Anon. Fricke Conventio , 1997 , 2007 n App. III L EN NT VU VU VU DD L VU BT VU L LC L L L BT, SD SD BT BT SD L EN EN NT App. III SD L L BT, SD SD SD L SD VU VU DD LC NT LC VU DD DD NT NT NT DD EN LC LC LC VU LC L VU L LC L VU L SD LC DD L L L L BT, SD L VU LC LC LC EN NT NT L DD BT NT L NT BT TM L L L L L Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 DD VU DD App. III App. III CR TM TM 93 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS FAMILY Species Occurrenc e 1 Record Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789 Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758 Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758) SCOPHTHALMIDAE Psetta maeotica (Pallas, 1814) Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758) SCORPAENIDAE Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810 Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 SERRANIDAE Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) SOLEIDAE Buglossidium luteum (Risso, 1810) Pegusa lascaris (Risso, 1810) SPARIDAE Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758) Diplodus annularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti, 1777) Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758 Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758) SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758) SYNGNATHIDAE Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829 Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nerophis ophidion (Linnaeus, 1758) Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827 Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758 Syngnathus schmidti Popov, 1927 Syngnathus tenuirostris Rathke, 1837 Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus, 1758 Syngnathus variegatus Pallas, 1814 TRACHINIDAE Trachinus draco Linnaeus, 1758 TRIGLIDAE Aspitrigla cuculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chelidonichthys lucernus (Linnaeus, 1758) Eutrigla gurnardus (Linnaeus, 1758) TRIPTERYGIIDAE Tripterygion tripteronotus (Risso, 1810) URANOSCOPIDAE Uranoscopus scaber Linnaeus, 1758 XIPHIIDAE Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 ZEIDAE Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758 1Occurrence IUCN, 2009 Global Red List L L L IUCN, 2007 Regional Red List Bern Anon. Fricke Conventio , 1997 , 2007 n EN EN DD BT L EN VU L SD VU L L VU LC NT NT L BT VU L L SD L L L L L L L VU L L L L SD BT, SD L L SD L VU VU CR VU VU LC VU LC VU LC NT VU NT VU NT VU DD DD App. II App. II EN EN App. III NT VU BT EN EN DD DD NT DD DD NT DD VU L BT L VU NT VU VU L VU BT VU L L DD EN TM NT record: – Literature, Bottom Trawl, Skin Diving. Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 94 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table A6.2 Main species commercially fished in the western Black Sea between 1995 and 2007 (TSI, 2009). Highest catches (in tonnes) are framed for each species. Atlantic Chub Atlantic Scorpion Anchovy Bluefish Whiting Mullets Turbot Sharks Sardines Sprat Rays Bonito Mackerel Mackerel fish 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 103702 81390 43280 32755 16459 42642 86667 101021 79896 92084 4947 29359 52644 5708 5249 2450 8461 4458 6653 5332 3159 3015 2865 30324 7373 1539 3381 2180 1514 1384 1475 2841 6766 12952 11398 10311 12137 3851 2835 9789 4331 6472 4164 4044 9117 2932 2915 2648 2716 1934 1777 2727 1257 1457 1232 1005 1870 1643 779 986 682 676 876 502 787 2006 1414 777 1056 1579 2321 2169 193 126 158 273 266 346 907 836 2203 2376 219 3284 111 37 37 35 30 244 3 1513 1678 1232 553 1461 2330 447 267 155 178 71 93 61 481 949 375 160 297 1911 150 47 65 70 370 197 55 1570 937 468 619 286 540 8 0 0 0 0 32 15 118 102 44 28 51 743 162 135 198 195 107 81 106 57 30 68 75 380 356 81 5 4 7 97 9 2 107 26 5 0 0 73 12 45 40 55 84 45 18 Mean 58988 6660 5617 4274 1058 976 794 772 394 344 159 90 39 Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 95 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Annex 7: FRESHWATER FISHES: Images of species identified from Yildiz Mountains Alosa caspia Scardinius erytrophthalmus Salmo trutta Vimba vimba Oncorhynchus mykiss Cobitis taenia Alburnoides bipunctatus Gasterosteus aculeatus Barbus tauricus escherichi Gambusia affinis Carassius gibelio Liza aurata Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 96 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Alburnus chalcoides Mugil cephalus Cyprinus carpio Lepomis gibbosus Gobio gobio Neogobius eurycephalus Squalius cephalus Neogobius fluviatilis Petroleuciscus borysthenicus Neogobius melanostomus Phoxinus phoxinus Proterorhinus marmoratus Rhodeus amarus Knipowitschia caucasica Atherina boyeri Rutilus rutilus Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 97 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEX 8: HERPETOFAUNA, DORMICE AND BATS: THREATENED STATUS, COMMERCIAL CATCH RECORDS AND IMAGES FROM COASTAL REGION OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table A8.1 Distribution and conservation status of herpetofauna, dormice and bats recorded in Yildiz Mountains IUCN, 2006 Species Family LR CR EN VU Latin name English name Turkish name CD NT BERN End Ann.-II Ann.-III DD NE emic SPFS PFS LC Locality Nos (see Figure 2.4) AMPHIBIANS Bufonidae Ranidae Hylidae Pelobatidae Salamandriade TURTLES Testudinidae Emydidae LIZARDS Gekkonidae Anguidae Lacertidae Scincidae SNAKES Bufo bufo Bufo viridis Rana ridibunda True toads European green toad Marsh frog Siğilli kurbağa Gece kurbağası Ova kurbağası X X X Rana dalmatina Agile frog Çevik kurbağa X Hyla arborea Pelobates syriacus Pelobates fuscus Triturus karelini Triturus vulgaris Common tree frog Eastern spadefoot Common spadefoot Crested newt Smooth newt Ağaç kurbağası Toprak kurbağası Trakya toprak kurbağası Pürtüklü semender Küçük semender X X X X X Testudo greaca Spur-thighed Tortoise Büyük tosbağa X Testudo hermanni Mauremys caspica Emys orbicularis Herman's tortoise Trakya tosbağası Striped-necked Terrapin Çizgili kaplumbağa European pond terrapin Benekli kaplumbağa Crytopodion kotschyi European Bent-toed Gecko Turkish gecko, mischaro Slow worm European legless lizard Green lizard Balkan green lizard Meadow lizard Common wall lizard Crimean wall lizard Snake-eyed Lizard, Field Lizard Slim lizard Hemidactylus turcicus Anguis fragilis Ophisaurus apodus Lacerta viridis Lacerta trilineata Darevskia praticola Podarcis muralis Podarcis tauricus Ophisops elegans Ablepharus kitaibelii X X X X X X X X X X X X Genişparmaklı keler Yılan kertenkele Oluklu kertenkele Yeşil kertenkele İriyeşil kertenkele Çayır kertenkelesi Duvar kertenkelesi Trakya kertenkelesi Tarla kertenkelesi X X X X Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 X X İnceparmaklı keler İnce kertenkele X X 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42 1, 4, 6, 9, 21, 22, 37, 40, 45 1, 4, 5, 8, 25, 43, 44, 45, 46 1, 5, 8, 11, 24, 25, 43, 44, 45 42 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4, 5, 9, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 20, 21, 22, 41, 46 1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 34, 42, 45 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 40, 41 1, 4, 5, 6, 22, 23, 41, 44, 45 41 40 4, 5, 6, 24, 43, 44 5, 6, 24, 43, 44, 45 X 14, 24, 42 5, 6, 33, 36, 42, 44, 4, 11, 33, 37, 42 9, 14, 22, 27, 34, 35,42, 44, 45 1, 4, 5, 6, 11, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 33, 35, 42, 43 4, 6, 9, 16, 22, 44, 45 6, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 26, 34, 35 44, 45 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 22, 42 14, 17, 22, 43, 44 98 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS IUCN, 2006 Species Family LR CR EN VU Latin name Typhlopidae Colubridae Viperidae Thyphlops vermicularis Coluber caspius Coluber najadum Natrix natrix Natrix tessellata Elaphe quatuorlineata Elaphe situla Elaphe longissima Coronella austriaca Eirenis modestus Vipera ammodytes Vipera xanthini DORMICE Gliridae Glis glis English name Worm snake Caspian whip snake Dahls wipe snake Grass snake Dice snake Four-lined Snake Leopard snake Aesculapian snake Smooth snake Dwarf snake Transdanubian sand viper, Horned viper Rock viper Fat dormouse, Edible dormouse Dryomys nitedula Forest dormouse BATS (*bat species generally seen in forest areas) Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus blasii Blasiu’s horseshoe bat Rhinolophus euryale Mediterranean horshoe bat Rhinolophus Greater horseshoe bat ferrumequinum Rhinolophus hipposideros Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus mehelyi Mehaly’s horseshoe bat Vespertilionidae Myotis alcathoe* Whiskered bat Myotis bechsteini* Bechstein’s bat Myotis blythi* Lesser mouse-eared bat Myotis capaccinii Long-fingered bat Myotis daubentoni* Daubenton’s bat Myotis emerginatus* Geoffroy’s bat Myotis myotis Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis mystacinus Whiskered bat Myotis nattereri* Natterer’s bat Pipistrellus kuhlii* Kuhl’s pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii* Nathusius’ pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus* Common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus* Pigmy bat Turkish name CD Kör yılan Hazer yılanı İnce yılan Yarısucul yılan Sucul yılan Sarı yılan Ev yılanı Eskülap yılanı Avusturya yılanı Uysal yılan Boynuzlu engerek NT BERN End Ann.-II Ann.-III DD NE emic SPFS PFS LC X X X X X X X X X X X 14, 25 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 18, 21, 22 25, 26 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 22, 23, 32, 34, 43, 44, 45 2, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 24, 32, 43, 44, 45 22, 24, 25, 42 24, 25, 42 24, 25, 42 37, 38 24, 25, 41 4, 5, 6, 19, 21, 22, 35, 42 X 5, 6, 17, 18, 19, 21. 22, 26, 42 X Şeritli engerek Locality Nos (see Figure 2.4) Yediuyur, kataliks X Ağaç faresi, cevizkıran X X 1, 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 4, 33, 35, 42 X X X 22, 37, 38, 43 7, 22, 27 X X 2, 3, 22, 29, 30, 37, 38, 45 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 22, 37 7, 22, 37 14, 20, 38 5, 7, 10, 15, 22, 25, 38 22, 37 22, 30, 31, 35, 37, 45 5, 7, 10, 14, 16, 22, 33, 34, 37, 38 16, 22, 34, 36, 37, 38 22, 37, 38, 46 X X X X X X X X X X X X 7, 22 22, 24, 25, 38 22, 46 11, 46 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 22, 24, 37, 38, 39, 42, 46 22, 37, 38, 43 Nalburunlu yarasa Akdeniz nalburunluyarasası X Nalburunlu büyükyarasa Nalburunlu küçükyarasa Mehely yarasası Bıyıklı küçük yarasa Büyükkulaklı yarasa Farekulaklı küçük yarasa Uzunayaklı yarasa Su yarasası Kirpikli yarasa Farekulaklı büyük yarasa Bıyıklı yarasa Saçaklı yarasa Beyazyakalı yarasa Pürtüklü yarasa Cüce yarasa Cüce yarasa Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 X X X X X 99 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS IUCN, 2006 Species Family LR CR EN VU Latin name English name Nyctalus leisleri* Nyctalus noctula* Eptesicus serotinus* Barbastella barbastellus* Plecotus auritus* Leisler’s bat Noctule Serotine Barbastelle Brown long-eared bat Plecotus austriacus* Miniopterus schreibersi Grey lon-eared bat Schribers’ bat Turkish name CD Küçük akşamcı yarasa Akşamcı yarasa Genişkanatlı yarasa Sakallı yarasa Kahverengi uzunkulaklı yarasa Gri uzunkulaklı yarasa Uzunkanatlı yarasa NT BERN End Ann.-II Ann.-III DD NE emic SPFS PFS LC X X X X X X X Locality Nos (see Figure 2.4) X X X X X 22, 37 5, 7, 8, 14, 23, 37 22 10, 22, 38 22, 38 X X 12, 24, 38 5, 22, 31 LEGEND BERN (Bern Convention) ANNEX II – SPFS: Strictly Protected Fauna Species ANNEX III – PFS: Protected Fauna Species IUCN Threatened Species Categories: ENdangered, VUlnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, Not Evaluated Table A8.2 Field notebook for herpetofauna Head and body (HB): Shell width: Tail (T): Scale: Weight (W): Method of capture: Sex (S): Colour: Features of habitat: Shell length: Features of sample: Locality: Temperature: Date: Coordinates: Explanation: Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 100 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table A8.3 Field notebook for dormice No Species Date Localities TB (mm) TB (mm) Tail (mm) Hf (mm) Ear (mm) W (gr) Features 2002/8 ♀KP Adult Glis glis 28/07/2009 Demirköy/KIRKLARELİ 242 130 112 27,4 16,3 52 Nestboxes 2002/9 ♂KP Adult Glis glis 28/07/2009 Kastro/Kıyıköy/Vize/KIRKLARELİ 259 135 124 26,5 17 52 Live trap Table A8.4 Locality Habitat Cave Altitudes Features of localities Beech forest 35 566178 D 4627155 N 0 251 m 20 C Quercus + beech forest 35 566178 E 4627155 N 0 251 m 23 C Field notebook for bats Güneşli Göller, Bıçkı Stream Demirköy / KIRKLARELİ Mixed forest, stream 200 m No Species 1- 2006/42 Myotis bechsteinii Sex ♀ FA 43,2 HBY 52 Tail 43 Ear 24,5 0 Temperature Date Hour Researchers Wsp 291 W 9 PhI 10,7 PhIIVI 10,6 14 C 06.09.2008 20:30 B. ÖZKAN, S. PAKSUZ PhIII 64 PhIV1 9,2 PhIV2 - PhV 55 Hf 10,6 35 566096 E 4627339 N 200 m. Tibia 21,4 Trg Not 12 Mark: NMNH-SOFIA A04048 234- -2006/42 ♀ : Myotis bechsteinii : Radiotracked -The radiotracked individual was catched in the following day in a hole of a beech tree at 6 meters height in a place 1.2 km northeast from the radiotracking point. 35 566178 E 4627155 N 251 m Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 101 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Photos taken during herperofauna, dormice and tree-dwelling bat survey (Number in brackets indicates the locality as in given in Table A.8.1.) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 102 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 103 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 104 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 105 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 106 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 107 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 108 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 109 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 110 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 111 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 112 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 113 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 114 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 115 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 116 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 117 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 118 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 119 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 120 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 121 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 122 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 123 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 124 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 125 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 126 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 127 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 128 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS ANNEX 9: SMALL AND LARGE MAMMALS - TRAP RECORDS, THREATENED STATUS, AND IMAGES Table A9.1 Records of small mammal specimens caught in traps over 3-4 consecutive days Trap Northing Location No Easting 1. Longose / Mert lake (19 - 22 Temmuz) 134 41.86016 020.95421 135 41.86024 027.95415 136 41.86029 027.95406 137 41.86036 027.95397 138 41.86050 027.95389 139 41.86054 027.95384 140 41.86064 027.95391 141 41.86070 027.95390 142 41.86084 027.95394 143 41.86097 027.95405 144 41.86109 027.95407 145 41.86119 027.95412 146 41.86124 027.95125 147 41.86130 027.95432 148 41.86137 027.95453 149 41.86140 027.95464 150 41.86140 027.95471 151 41.86156 027.95487 152 41.86163 027.95433 153 41.86166 027.95510 154 41.86172 027.95517 155 41.86180 027.95530 156 41.86185 027.95556 157 41.86184 027.95577 158 41.86188 027.95584 159 41.86180 027.95587 160 41.86185 027.95606 161 41.86199 027.95620 162 41.86199 027.95629 163 41.86204 027.95642 164 41.86313 027.95650 165 41.86223 027.95661 166 41.86225 027.95675 167 41.86231 027.95684 168 41.86235 027.95684 169 41.86235 027.95690 170 41.86238 027.95712 171 41.86238 027.95735 172 41.86238 027.95752 173 41.86242 027.95758 174 41.86245 027.95770 175 41.86245 027.95778 176 41.86243 027.95785 177 41.86245 027.95794 178 41.86253 027.95814 179 41.86261 027.95821 180 41.86267 027.95826 181 41.86277 027.95841 182 41.86281 027.95858 183 41.86282 027.95858 184 41.86292 027.95879 185 41.86301 027.95895 186 41.86313 027.95906 187 41.86327 027.95910 188 41.86332 027.95914 189 41.86337 027.95916 190 41.86351 027.95915 191 41.86362 027.95925 192 41.86365 027.95934 193 41.86371 027.95942 194 41.86382 027.95960 195 41.86392 027.95966 1st day 2nd day 3rd day Empty Neomys Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus flavicollis Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 4th day 129 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Trap Northing Location No 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 41.86396 41.86407 41.86422 41.86428 41.86441 41.86456 41.86463 41.86469 41.86473 41.86484 41.86491 41.86496 41.86499 41.86510 41.86511 41.86523 41.86528 41.86532 41.86534 41.86544 41.86555 41.86557 41.86562 41.86563 41.86564 41.86565 41.86569 41.86576 41.86574 41.86570 41.86555 Easting 027.95976 027.95988 027.95998 027.95999 027.95002 027.96008 027.96014 027.96022 027.96026 027.96028 027.96035 027.96043 027.96052 027.96056 027.96057 027.96043 027.96027 027.96004 027.96001 027.95991 027.95974 027.95973 027.95963 027.95951 027.95935 027.95922 027.95913 027.95904 027.95897 027.95885 027.95872 Totals 2. Open area inside forest / Dupnisa Cave 227 41.84097 027.55745 228 41.84086 027.55748 229 41.84068 027.55758 230 41.84063 027.55759 231 41.84057 027.55767 232 41.84046 027.55769 233 41.84034 027.55769 234 41.84022 027.55768 235 41.84026 027.55781 236 41.84007 027.55781 237 41.84000 027.55789 238 41.83992 027.5593 239 41.83982 027.55799 240 41.83973 027.55807 241 41.83962 027.55816 242 41.83953 027.55821 243 41.83944 027.55830 244 41.83936 027.55835 245 41.83940 027.55848 246 41.83949 027.55854 247 41.83958 027.55882 248 41.83963 027.55867 249 41.83959 027.55851 250 41.83953 027.55832 251 41.83898 027.55824 252 41.84005 027.55742 253 41.84005 027.55745 254 41.84011 027.55743 255 41.84013 027.55750 256 41.84016 027.55756 257 41.84017 027.55759 258 41.84033 027.55760 1st day 2nd day 3rd day Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Crocidura Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Empty Apodemus agrarius 19 Apodemus flavicollis 15 Crocidura 1 Neomys 1 Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius 33 Apodemus flavicollis 15 Empty Empty Empty Apodemus flavicollis Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus agrarius Empty Apodemus agrarius Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius Empty Empty Apodemus agrarius 38 Apodemus flavicollis 7 23.07.2009 24.07.2009 25.07.2009 empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis stolen empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 4th day 130 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Trap Northing Location No 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 41.84035 41.84045 41.84052 41.84059 41.84061 41.84065 41.84073 41.84075 41.84081 41.84084 41.84086 41.84099 41.84103 41.84106 41.84103 41.84108 41.84113 41.84112 41.84115 41.84118 41.84132 41.84132 41.84128 41.84126 41.84137 41.84151 41.84161 41.84168 41.84177 41.84182 41.84179 41.84171 41.84165 41.84156 41.84150 41.84139 41.84135 41.84132 41.84128 41.84116 41.84105 41.84096 41.84088 41.84076 41.84066 41.84056 41.84049 41.84039 41.84032 41.84025 41.84016 41.84006 41.84008 41.84014 41.84021 41.84028 41.84032 41.84040 41.84076 41.83954 Easting 027.55759 027.55755 027.55749 027.55730 027.55727 027.55726 027.55722 027.55717 027.55719 027.55716 027.55717 027.55719 027.55725 027.55725 027.55735 027.55746 027.55757 027.55763 027.55769 027.55772 027.55762 027.55752 027.55748 027.55738 027.55735 027.55727 027.55726 027.55727 027.55733 027.55739 027.55751 027.55765 027.55770 027.55774 027.55773 027.55771 027.55766 027.55782 027.55794 027.55802 027.55809 027.55811 027.55814 027.55801 027.55805 027.55809 027.55818 027.55816 027.55819 027.55819 027.55812 027.55804 027.55796 027.55795 027.55796 027.55787 027.55780 027.55778 027.55754 027.55867 Totals 3. Avcılar village / agriculrural field 319 41.89450 027.88462 320 41.89477 027.88458 321 41.89499 027.88448 322 41.89513 027.88439 323 41.89530 027.88420 324 41.89543 027.88395 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty Micotus guentheri Microtus guentheri empty empty Microtus guentheri Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 20 Microtus guentheri 5 26.07.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Microtus guentheri empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Microtus guentheri Microtus guentheri empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 13 Microtus guentheri 5 27.07.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty Microtus guentheri Microtus guentheri Microtus guentheri empty empty stolen empty Microtus guentheri empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 19 Microtus guentheri 8 28.07.2009 Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty 29.07.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 131 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Trap Northing Location No 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 41.89555 41.89567 41.89571 41.89573 41.89566 41.89555 41.89559 41.89560 41.89552 41.89539 41.89540 41.89549 41.89559 41.89553 41.89550 41.89565 41.89580 41.89590 41.89597 41.89608 41.89618 41.89628 41.89634 41.89649 41.89658 41.89660 41.89657 41.89656 41.89669 41.89672 41.89665 41.89665 41.89665 41.89666 41.89674 41.89661 41.89660 41.89651 41.89626 41.89613 41.89617 41.89626 41.89631 41.89647 41.89649 41.89637 41.89620 41.89610 41.89595 41.89582 41.89568 41.89557 41.89555 41.89553 41.89543 41.89534 41.89515 41.89528 41.89521 41.89511 41.89504 41.89494 41.89479 41.89486 41.89487 41.89488 41.89480 41.89491 41.89503 Easting 027.88376 027.88349 027.88338 027.88308 027.88279 027.88258 027.88246 027.88230 027.88206 027.88174 027.88157 027.88148 027.88139 027.88128 027.88110 027.88117 027.88115 027.88123 027.88128 027.88138 027.88140 027.88149 027.88167 027.88175 027.88183 027.88198 027.88211 027.88233 027.88248 027.88265 027.88282 027.88298 027.88313 027.88225 027.88346 027.88381 027.88382 027.88392 027.88403 027.88391 027.88419 027.88427 027.88455 027.88472 027.88491 027.88493 027.88494 027.88494 027.88493 027.88490 027.88490 027.88492 027.88511 027.88510 027.88515 027.88519 027.88526 027.88527 027.88532 027.88537 027.88536 027.88538 027.88536 027.88552 027.88567 027.88588 027.88588 027.88626 027.88642 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 132 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Trap Northing Location No 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 41.89521 41.89523 41.89527 41.89524 41.89518 41.89507 41.89500 41.89487 41.89474 41.89472 41.89471 41.89471 41.89459 41.89460 41.89460 41.89461 Easting 027.88652 027.88657 027.88665 027.88672 027.88685 027.88690 027.88691 027.88684 027.88683 027.88667 027.88652 027.88635 027.88585 027.88579 027.88572 027.88562 Totals 4. Sislioba village / Oak - Beech Forest 420 41.97073 027.93144 421 41.97073 027.93141 422 41.97088 027.93146 423 41.97095 027.93147 424 41.97110 027.93146 425 41.97110 027.93152 426 41.97111 028.93150 427 41.97112 027.93150 428 41.97120 027.93154 429 41.97132 027.93159 430 41.97144 028.93159 431 41.97163 027.93156 432 41.97161 027.93163 433 41.97171 027.93161 434 41.97176 027.93166 435 41.97194 027.93155 436 41.97207 027.93151 437 41.97213 027.93131 438 41.97219 027.93135 439 41.97230 027.93119 440 41.97232 027.93133 441 41.97242 027.93140 442 41.97245 027.93140 443 41.97250 027.93138 444 41.97255 027.93134 445 41.97266 027.93129 446 41.97282 027.93125 447 41.97289 027.93125 448 41.97284 027.93122 449 41.97301 027.93115 450 41.97305 027.93094 451 41.97338 027.93098 452 41.97333 027.93084 453 41.97342 027.93086 454 41.97342 027.93086 455 41.97342 027.93081 456 41.97395 027.93025 457 41.97370 027.93056 458 41.97377 027.93052 459 41.97387 027.93040 460 41.97403 027.93037 461 41.97408 027.93041 462 41.97409 027.93046 463 41.97420 027.93052 464 41.97423 027.93053 465 41.97424 027.93052 466 41.97429 027.93046 467 41.97430 027.93045 468 41.97437 027.93038 469 41.97437 027.93041 1st day 2nd day empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis .3 Microtus guentheri 1 30.07.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Erinaceus concolor empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Microtus guentheri empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 1 Apodemus flavicollis 1 Apodemus flavicollis 1 Microtus guentheri 1 Microtus guentheri 1 31.07.2009 01.08.2009 02.08.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 3rd day 4th day 133 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Trap Northing Location No 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 41.97436 41.97435 41.97441 41.97446 41.97491 41.974888 41.97486 41.97486 41.97488 41.97495 41.97503 41.97506 41.97506 41.97508 41.97507 41.97508 41.97514 41.97503 41.97520 41.97463 41.97482 41.97480 41.97475 41.97476 41.97461 41.97453 41.97447 41.97438 41.97432 41.97429 41.97427 41.97419 41.97402 41.97393 41.97392 41.97391 41.97388 41.97380 41.97380 41.97382 41.97379 Easting 027.93045 027.93044 027.93035 027.93033 027.92984 027.92981 027.92478 027.92958 027.92960 027.92952 027.92942 027.92933 027.92929 027.92921 027.92916 027.92901 027.92884 027.92851 027.92831 027.92858 027.92833 027.92828 027.92821 027.92818 027.92828 027.92835 027.92839 027.92841 027.92842 027.92852 027.92852 027.92863 027.92871 027.92876 027.92878 027.92878 027.92885 027.92895 027.92897 027.92902 027.92910 Totals 5. İğneada – Demirköy Pine plantation 511 41.85906 027.87571 512 41.85891 027.87580 513 41.85894 027.87592 514 41.85883 027.87605 515 41.85874 027.87624 516 41.85867 027.87626 517 41.85850 027.87659 518 41.85848 027.87630 519 41.85840 027.87629 520 41.85826 027.87632 521 41.85831 027.87646 522 41.85813 027.87654 523 41.85792 027.87657 524 41.85778 027.87665 525 41.85765 027.87671 526 41.85760 027.87674 527 41.85752 027.87678 528 41.85741 027.87684 529 41.85731 027.87684 530 41.85711 027.87692 531 41.85706 027.87685 532 41.85691 027.87680 533 41.85683 027.87672 534 41.85672 027.87664 535 41.85667 027.87659 1st day 2nd day 3rd day empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 12 Erinaceus concolor 1 03.08.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 11 Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Glis glis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis 12 Glis glis 1 05.08.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty 04.08.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 4th day empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 9 06.08.2009 empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty 134 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Trap Northing Location No 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 Totals 41.85670 41.85673 41.85678 41.85688 41.85695 41.85705 41.85718 41.85730 41.85741 41.85749 41.85759 41.85769 41.85779 41.85789 41.85798 41.85803 41.85806 41.85818 41.85832 41.85847 41.85851 41.85856 41.85865 41.85883 41.85889 41.85899 41.85905 41.85910 41.85912 41.85915 41.85920 41.85921 41.85925 41.85930 41.85937 41.85940 41.85941 41.85943 41.85944 41.85954 41.85976 41.85975 41.85971 41.85972 41.85971 41.85968 41.85968 41.85960 41.85955 41.85950 41.85947 41.85949 41.85946 41.85942 41.85942 41.85939 41.85936 41.85933 41.85946 41.85946 41.85955 41.85958 41.85957 41.85951 41.85922 Easting 027.87640 027.87630 027.87621 027.87614 027.87609 027.87608 027.87603 027.87606 027.87603 027.87604 027.87606 027.87606 027.87605 027.87601 027.87598 027.87592 027.87590 027.87587 027.87587 027.87572 027.87570 027.87563 027.87556 027.87549 027.87541 027.87536 027.87530 027.87521 027.87501 027.87484 027.87468 027.87452 027.87442 027.87431 027.87418 027.87405 027.87385 027.87371 027.87359 027.87346 027.87339 027.87350 027.87359 027.87364 027.87375 027.87383 027.87396 027.87411 027.87424 027.87440 027.87453 027.87462 027.87481 027.87491 027.87508 027.87515 027.87530 027.87547 027.87554 027.87554 027.87567 027.87582 027.87594 027.87599 027.87629 1st day 2nd day 3rd day empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty Apodemus flavicollis 19 empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 16 Apodemus flavicollis 13 Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 4th day empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus flavicollis empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty Apodemus flavicollis 16 135 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Table A9.2 Distribution and conservation status of small and large mammals recorded in Yildiz Mountains Species Family INSECTIVORA Erinaceidae Talpidae Soricidae LAGOMORPHA Leporidae RODENTIA Sciuridae Cricetidae Muridae CARNIVORA Canidae Turkish name English name IUCN, 2006 Latin name EN VU NT LC Erinaceus concolor Talpa europaea Talpa ceaca Sorex minutus Sorex araneus Neomys anomalus Crocidura suaveolens X X X X X X X Kirpi Köstebek Akdeniz Köstebeği Sivriburunlu Cücefare Orman Sivriburunfaresi Sivriburunlu Bataklıkfaresi Küçük Sivriburunlu Bahçefaresi Sivriburunlu Bahçefaresi Eastern hedgehog Common mole Blind mole Pigmy shrew Common shrew Miller’s water shrew Lesser white-toothed shrew Bi-colored white-toothed shrew Crocidura leucodon Yabani Tavşan Brown hare Avrupa Sincabı Su Sıçanı Akdeniz tarla faresi Küçük Oyucufare Uzun kuyruklu çayır faresi Hasat Faresi Orman Faresi Çizgili Orman Faresi BERN Ann.-II Ann.-III SPFS PFS Localities X X Velika, Mert, Fidanlık, Arnavutdere, Balaban, Dupnisa Mert, Fidanlık, Velika, Pedina, Kıyıköy İğneada İğneada, Sivriler İğneada, Demirköy, Longos Mert, Dupnisa İğneada, Velika, Saka X X İğneada, Demirköy, Longos, Sivriler, Kıyıköy Lepus europaeus X X iğneada, Fidanlık, Demirköy, Dupnisa Red squirrel Water vole Gunther’s vole Common pine vole Sibling vole Harvest Mouse Yellow-necked mouse Striped field Mouse Sciurus vulgaris Arvicola terrestris Microtus guentheri Microtus subterraneus Microtus rossiaemeridionalis Micromys minutus Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus agrarius X X X X X X X X X Ev Sıçanı Black rat, Ship rat Rattus rattus X Göçmen Sıçan Makedonya Ev Faresi Brown rat Balkan short-tailed Mouse Rattus norvegicus Mus macedonicus X Ev faresi Yediuyur, Kataliks Ağaç Faresi, Cevizkıran Western house mouse Edible dormouse Forest dormouse Mus domesticus Glis glis Dryomys nitedula X X X Velika, Demirköy, Fidanlık, Sivriler, Kıyıköy, Dereköy Mert, erikli around Dupnisa Cave, Avclar Village Longoz, Velika, Longos, Velika, İğneada Mert, erikli Proje alanındaki tüm orman İğneada, Longos, Fidanlık, Panayır iskelesi, Kıyıköy, Sislioba İğneada, Dupnisa, Longos, Fidanlık, Panayır iskelesi, Kıyıköy İğneada, Çavuşdere, Dupnisa, Kıyıköy, Saka İğneada, Longos, Fidanlık, Panayır iskelesi, Kıyıköy, Sislioba İğneada, Demirköy, Fidanlık, Sivriler Proje alanındaki tüm orman İğneada, Demirköy, Haman, Fidanlık, Velika, Kıyıköy Kurt Çakal Tilki Wolf Golden jackal Red fox Canis lupus Canis aureus Vulpes vulpes X X X Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 X X X X Sivriler, Bulanıkdere İğneada, Kıyıköy İğneada, Demirköy, Velika, Dupnisa, Dereköy, Limanköy, Longos 136 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Species Family Turkish name Mustelidae Felidae English name IUCN, 2006 Latin name EN VU NT LC BERN Ann.-II Ann.-III SPFS PFS Kaya Sansarı Ağaç sansarı Porsuk Su Samuru Gelincik Kokarca Alaca Kokarca Yaban Kedisi Beach marten, Stone marten Pine marten Badger Otter Weasel Western polecat Marbled polecat Wildcat Martes foina Martes martes Meles meles Lutra lutra Mustela nivalis Mustela putorius Vormela peregusna Felis silvestris X X X X X X X X X X Yaban Domuzu Kızıl Geyik Karaca Wild boar Red deer Roe deer Sus scrofa Cervus elaphus Capreolus capreolus X X X X Yunus Afalina Common dolphin Bottlenose dolphin Delphinus delphis Tursiops truncatus X X X X X X X X X Localities Demirköy, Velika, İğneada, Çavuş dere, Dereköy Demirköy, Velika, İğneada, Dereköy Fidanlık, İğneada, Dereköy Mert, Velika, Bulanıkdere, Denizgölü İğneada, Limanköy, Dereköy, Demirköy Demirköy, Velika, İğneada İğneada İğneada, Demirköy, Velika, Dupnisa, Dereköy, Longos, Kıyıköy ARTIODACTYLA CETACEA Delphinidae LEGEND BERN (Bern Convention) IUCN Threatened Species Categories: X Longos, Demirköy, Dupnisa, Dereköy, Kıyıköy Sivriler, Sisiloba İğneada, Dereköy İğneada, Panayır iskelesi İğneada, Panayır iskelesi, Kıyıköy ANNEX II – SPFS: Strictly Protected Fauna Species ANNEX III – PFS: Protected Fauna Species ENdangered, VUlnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 137 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Photos of some mammals recorded in the Project Apodemus flavicollis (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Apodemus agrarius (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Turciops truncatus (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Crocidura sp. (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Neomys sp.(Photo Mustafa Sözen) Glis glis (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Microtus guentheri (Photo Faruk Çolak) Talpa sp. (Photo Ahmet Karataş) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 138 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Erinaceus concolor (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Lepus europaeus (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 Tursiops truncatus (Photo Mustafa Sözen) 139 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Capreolus capreolus (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Canis aureus (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Vormela peregusna (Photo Ahmet Karataş) Vulpes vulpes (Photo Ahmet Karataş) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 140 FAUNA OF YILDIZ MOUNTAINS Meles meles (Photo Mustafa Sözen) Crocidura suaveolens (Photo Ahmet Karataş) Cervus elaphus (Photo Ahmet Karataş) Felis silvestris (Photo Mustafa Erturhan) Yildiz Mountains Biosphere Project Report Series No. 4 141 YILDIZ MOUNTAINS BIOSPHERE PROJECT REPORT SERIES No.4: Fauna of Yildiz Mountains