Read more - South Turkistan
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Read more - South Turkistan
http://gunturk.tk/ SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST (WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS) By Polat Kaya Copyright © 1997, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada INTRODUCTION Ever since the Sumerian language became known for the world of the linguists, there have been claimes and counter claimes to the view that the Sumerian and Turkish languages are related. While some groups vehemently deny the linguistic affinity between the two languages, others gingerly but nevertheless positively admit the affinity of these two languages. In the following list, a set of 200 English words, numbered from 1 to 200 and alternatively known as "200 concept group Hymes List", and their correspondences in Sumerian and Turkish are given. Under each selection in English, other concepts related to the selected word's meaning are also entered. Thus in the first two colums, we have the English and Sumerian entries and in the third colum, Turkish entries are provided. The purpose of this study is to bring to attention those Sumerian and Turkish words which correspond to each other and/or seemingly related to each other in form and in meaning and at the same time to see if Turkish can pass a given test in order to prove its kinship to the Sumerian. From the listed words given below, there seems to be ample evidence that the Turkish, as members of Altaic languages, have come from a root that also included the Sumerian language. In view of the fact that the Sumerian and Turkish have been separated from each other or from a parent language, that is if they had a common parent in the past, for at least five thousand years, it is surprising to see that there still are many words which correspond to each other in both languages. It is hoped that other workers in this field will contribute to this list to improve its level of accuracy such that it will make the Sumerian-Turkish relationship an unquestionably recognized one. At this point I would like to acknowledge, with special thanks, the contribution of Fred Hamori who provided the 200 word concept group Hymes List. The Sumerian being an ancient and dead language, its present day reading has been done through the intermediary of Akkadian and other Semitic languages. Since language is the most important part of any culture, those who did not live the Sumerian culture that created the Sumerian language would not be able to define exact meanings of Sumerian words no matter how efficient readers they may be of the Sumerian cuneiform writing system. Therefore some degree of inexactness is expected in the definition and meaning of each Sumerian word. However, since the list given below is based on the works of some of the eminent scholars of the field, it can be viewed as up to date. As for the Turkic correspondences of the Sumerian words given in the list below, I have tried to find Turkish correspondences from archaic as well as the living Turkic languages. According to Dell Hymes, [Dell Hymes, "Lexikostatistics so far", Current Antropology, pages 30-31 University of Chicago, 1960], we have the following mathematical relationship between languages that have the same root but separated from each other in the past: t = log c: log r where t is the time of separation, c is the remaining root words, r is the ratio of remaining words to original. (86 words left after 1,000 years based on tests) If t = 1,000 years, Nt/No = r**(1/1000) = c where Nt is the total root words remaining after time separation t and No is the number of root words from the root language in the list (time zero) t/1000 * log r = log c t/1000 = log c/ log r where logr = log 0.86 if t = 5000 years then 5000/1000 = 5 ; 5 = log c / log r ; 5 * log r = log c or 5 * log 0.86 = log c; log c= 5* ( 0.93450 -1 ) = (4.67250 - 5); alog c = c = alog(0.67250 -1) = 4.704/10 = .4704 or 47% of the remaining words. Thus, a language that has 47% of the root words of the following Sumerian list can be a direct descendant of that language acording to Hymes. Please note that this mathematical relationship by Hymes was for 100 selected words for which reader is asked to see Fred Hamori's home page. (In the list below following lettering is used in Turkish words: s^=sh; ü; ö; î; g~= yumus^ak g) ENGLISH - SUMERIAN - TURKISH 200-WORDS COMPARISON LIST ENGLISH SUMERIAN TURKISH bütün, hep, her kes, heme, hamî, tam 1 ALL -- all kis^ -- a.na me.a.bi as, like, which àm all sorts of things em-nam equal, likeness man totality imin -- -- 2 AND -- u, (dahi, taki [ODes: 667]) and u3 u (ve [MuEr, 18, 19]) = and (1) -- mal, hayvan mas^ 2 s>l mal mas^ mal-ak, balak = young of a water buffalo [TDK] mus^ m>k kus^ = bird a2-lal 2/DSL334 lal = konus^amayan, dilsiz, hayvan álad /DSL297,3 mal-ak, balak= young (up to one year old) of animals like 3 ANIMAL animal --animal animal -- her kes, barca, kamag [ODes: 613, 661], [AVG, 76] hamî (her kes) = everyone, all kimi = like her s^ey =every thing ta-mam hamî, tüm, tamam = all, totality kamag [AVG, 76] = all, totality -cow, buffalo; bala = young child animal álad /DSL297,3 d>k balak (balik [AVG, 266]) = fish 4 ASHES -- kül, toz dust, sand, mud sahar -h->-m- çamur = mud; toz =dust; kum = sand dry up s^a s^o-rak, ço-rak tarla = dried up field ashes, smoke? ubilla 2 kül = ash; bulut = cloud ashes dè 5 AT -- at/of -a at/of -a locative infix -ni- to lie with, be with ná n>l --de, -da, -e, -a -de, -da, -e, -a locative suffix -in, -în, -un, -ün = genetive suffix (as in ata-nîn=father's) -de, -da =locative suffix meaning at. -le, -la = suffix for togethernes. at a time, when ud, u öd = time [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12] -- ud, u öd-en = this year, [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12] -- ud, u öd-le (öyle, gün ortasi [IBML, 56] = noon 6 BACK -- back eg~er give birth mud dark, afraid mud nakedness mug 2 çem, çim (soyunma, yikanma, yuzme [IZEy, 139]) = naked, -- -- bathing, undressing; çem-re-mek = to undress back has^ 4 back, spine ed-in 7 BAD -- kötü, fena [fana] bad hul öl = die; ölüm = diying -- gig g>t kötü 8 BARK -- peel, pare, shell bar b>t -- bar b>s -- -- -- bar geri, arka, bel geri =back; eg~er = saddle dogur-mak kara; korku arka bel, bel kemigi kabuk, kavuk ter (kabuk, ince kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a tree sar- = to envelope, to wrap; sar-gî= bandage; sar-î k= wrapped around, turban; skin kus börk (kalpak) = leather hat skin kus kas (kabuk, deri, tulum [IZEy, 381] kîs^î r = bark, peel, crust, rind [RDH1] 9 BECAUSE -- çün, çünkü because, expose bar çün, çünkü by, through, de -- because of de -- because mu -- 10 BELLY -- karîn/garin heart, womb mb s^a3.g s>b bag~-îr, ürek, yürek = heart; blood, vessel su su = water, river, rivulet ; damar suck sub suv = water 11 BIG -- büyük, ulu [ulug], bedük [AVG, 267] big gal gala (ulu, kala, kale) = big wall, fortress; big, great kur, gur kur-ul-tay = summit (big) meeting; ulu = big, great -- kur, gur kur-mak = to establish an organization, to set up, to -- -- organize -- kur, gur kur = row, file, tier, course of masonry [RDH1] mould, hill kur, gur kur-gan, tepe (töpü [MuEr, 134]) = mould, hill. big, high, large mah -- 12 BIRD -- kus^ bird mus^en m>k kus^ = bird 13 BITE -- dis^le, isir bite har (chew) h>s isir, ez, çig~ne 14 BLACK -- kara black g~i 6-g, ku10.g kara -- g~i 6-g, ku10.g gök, kök = dark blue, sky; gök/kök = night 15 BLOOD -- kan, (soy, sop, bir soydan gelen, [IZEy, 370]) blood mud kan blood; carnivoure uri yür-ek/ür-ek =heart; böri, kurt =wolf (carnivoure) 16 TO BLOW -- to blow bug~ g>v -- -- -- -- -- -- bug~u = vapour, misty air that comes out when blowing. blow, kindl bul 4, bu 5 yakmak, tutus^turmak, üflemek .burn, roast bil blow, shine, bun 2, bu 7 blister -- 17 BONE -- kemik, süngük [IZEy, 615] bone g~ir3.pad.du geri = back; ka-bur-ga = rib; skull bone, ugu bas^ tasi = skull; tepe = top of head; skeleton, corpse e ad 3,6, adda 2 adam (ölü); ata = ancestor side, rib ti ka-bur-ga = rib; tooth, teeth, ivory zú ez = crush; dis^ = tooth bone, knee, joint kak kemik = bone; diz= knee; ek = joint. -- -- keg-r-ek/geg-r- ek (Yumus^ak kemik, kîk-îr-dak -- -- [IZEy, 273]) = lower rib [RDH1] X1 BREAST -- breast. chest gaba -- -- breast (female) ubur üflemek, püvlemek [UYAT, 200] puv-di-gen (üfleyen [UYAT, 200] = one who blows puv-/üfle- = to blow; ür-mek (s^is^irmek, üflemek [AVG, 306]) pis^irmek = to cook --- meme gaba-k (ön, kîz-lîk, bekaret [HNO, 832]) = front; virginity koyun (kucak) = bosom, breast, chest [RDH1,677] übür = breast (Tunguz, Mongol [FH]) 18 TO BREATHE -- nefes almak, soluk almak breath, zi so-luk, nefes breath, wind lil l>y yil , yel = wind, air -- lil l>y yel-ek = wind maker; wing feathers, quill yan-mak / yak-mak 19 TO BURN -- to burn, roast bil -- -- burn,burning gi-bil -- ma5 îl-ît-mak (îlî-, îlîn-, îlîk ol-, îsîn- [IZEy, 331] = to heat to a warm state. bil-gän (proto Altaic [FH]) = warm hot. sî -cak, kî z-gî n fever, burn tab -- -- -- -- tav-la-mak (demiri dövülebilmesi icin belirli bir dereceye kadar kîzdîrmak, îsîtmak, yakmak) = to heat iron (or other -- -- material also) to proper degree so that it can be shaped by fever, burn tab b>v beating. (Turkish proverb: "demir tavinda dövülür") tav-lî (sîcak, îsî) = heat, heated 20 CHILD -- child dumu -- -- child banda2/3 -nd->-l- baby, small didi d>b donkey foal dur r>g small, young har h>k small, child tur t>k young animals mas^ s^>l cocuk, bala, yavru, bebek, (civciv, dana, kuzu) damiz-lik (döl, tohum) = young animal kept for breeding, seed (a child is exactly this) bala = young child bebe = baby ko-dug~, sipa kör-pe = young kör-pe = young; bala = small child mal-ak, bal-ak = young animal, cub, buffalo calf [RDH1] -- mas^ m>b bala (kus^ ve hayvan yavrusu [IZEy, 149]) child, son pes^ piç = bastard child child, son pes^ pes^e (pas^a = ilk dogan erkek çocug~un takma adî -- -- [IZEy, 76]) = nick name of first child (son) among Turks. offspring, sprout isim 2,3 -- X2 CLAW, NAIL -- tirnak, cirnak scribe ? umbisañ bitikci [AVG, 269] = writer, scriber Write sar sür ([IZEy, 616])= scribe, plow, drive -- -- yad, yaz, yay y>z>d [IZEy, 742] = write scratch, incise hur h>s sür = plow a field; drive cross plow gib g> çiz-mek = to scratch 21 CLOUD -- cloud du-gud eclipsed, darkened gid-im6 -- -- soak, cloud lum m>t to pass over bàra mistiness pir r>s X3 CLOTHING -- clothing tug2 clothing tug2 -- tug2 -- tug -- tug bulut, duman, sis, pus, buhar du-man, bu-har, bulut bulanmak (sislenmek,bulutlanmak [IZEy,106]) = to become misty, to become cloudy, to become non-transparent bu-lut (bulit [AVG, 270] = cloud -pus = mist giysi, elbise, takî, s^al, aba, aspap, paltar tok-u/dok-u = woven objects tok-u-mak/dok-u-mak = to weave textile tak-in-mak = to wear jewelry tu-man = long wide drawers or trousers; tug~ = horse-hair pennant, horsetail attached to a helmet or -- -- flag-staff [RDH1]. to dress ál al-lar giymek = to put on red or colorful dresses, decorate oneself ornament ul al = ornament, colorfull attachement to dress mur, muör-tün-mek = to dress, to cover oneself to spin sur 8 s>b bur-mak = to twist, to spin -- sur 8 sar-mak = to wrap around excellent, valuable kala remove, cast off s^ub -b>-m Kal-ak = woman's ornamented headgear [RDH1, 584] linen, gadda çem-re; (çemrek [IZEy, 139]) = naked undergarment gadda keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth; cloth crown? kendu keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth; -- -- kendir = rope made of hemp plant; kendir bezi = hempen cloth thing nig leather dresser as-gab g>p type of weaver húb vestments (gods pala & rulers) -- [RDH1, 638] s^ey, nes-ne as-pap = clothing aba =type of rough cloth, cloak pal-tar = cübbe; pal-a = long quilted saddle-cloth [RDH2] -sog~-uk, üs^ü-müs^, (öl-müs^) 22 COLD -- cold s^ed 7/10/11 cold s^ed 7/10/11 sazak (sog~-uk esen yel, poyraz, sert yel, [IZEy, 589]) = cold wind; 23 TO COME -- gel/kel to come g~en. -n>-l gel walk, go du, gel, git üs^ü-müs^, sog~-uk, üs^ü = cold -- (e).re7.er, su8.b] yü-rü-yür = he walks lead away ir10 yü-rü-yüs^ = walk, travel X4 TO COOK -- pis^irmek, kaynatmak, îs-ît-mak to boil s^eg~6 î-sîg~/îsît = heat; îsît-mak = to heat 24 TO COUNT -- saymak count, calculate s^id d>y say; sayi = number; es^it = equal, same one za sa-yî = number equate, compare sá es^it = equal, same 25 TO CUT -- kesmek, üzmek, koparmak separate, kud, ku 5 ko-p-ar = separate, break off; hud-ut = border, cut off kud, ku 5 d>s kes = cut of breach a dike kud, ku 5 ged-ik, kîr-îk, yar-îk = breach, opening snip, cut, trim guru 5 kîr = snip; kes = cut, trim reap, harvest, shear ur 4 or-ak = sickle; har-man = harvest to cut, break tar ta-ra-mak = to comb, mow down; -- tar t>h har-man = harvest X5 TO DANCE -- oynamak to dance e.ne..dug4 [?] oyna = dance; oyna-dîk = we danced 26 DAY -- kün, gün (kin, kan) day, sun, time ud, u 4 üt/ot/od (ates^ [IZEy, 703]) = fire; -- -- üt-mek/üt-i-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn -- -- öd (zaman [HNO, 825]) = time -- -- öd-le/öy-le = noon time -- -- kün, gün = sun, day break of the day, bar 6,7 gün a-g~ar-masî = day break shine bar 6,7 b>p par-la-mak 27 TO DIE -- ölmek blood, die, dead us^2 u-yu = sleep; -- us^2 es-ki = old, broken, used up. die, dead us^2 us-lu (sakin, sessiz) = unmoving, voiceless; -- -- us-lu dur = don't make any move or noise die, kill ug 5,7,8 u (uyku [HNO, 873]) = sleep die, kill hul öl= die; öl-dür = kill destroyed, bent gil l>r kîr-îk = broken, destroyed; eg~-ri = bent netherworld hil-ib obir dünye, yer altî die, destroy, bent gúr kîr = break, destroy, kill; -- -- kîr-gîn = desease 28 TO DIG -- dig up, quarry ba.al -- bal b>s quarry bal b>s quarry bal dig, scrape dun, du 24 plough land si clay pit, pit isi field (cultivated) as^-ag 29 DIRTY -- kirli, pis to be dirty pil -l>-s pis olmak to clean wool pes^ 5,6 pis = dirty clay, mud imi, em ça-mur = mud wastes, animal pen kis-im 2,3,5 kaz-mak, es^-mek, böl-mek böl = divide or break into pieces sal (büyük kaya) = big stone; rock tas^ ocag~î = quarry bal-ta = hatchet, ax (a tool perhaps also used in quarry) -çiz = scratch; es^ = to dig -es^-eg (es^ilmis^ yer), tarla; as^ = food pîs^-kî/fus^-ku, pis-lik; -- -- kes-ek (ker-me, kesilerek kurutulmus^ koyun -- -- dîs^kîsî, tezek) = sheep waste (14). lump of clay gir-in kir = dirt; 30 DOG -- dog, carnivour ur dog, carnivour ur dog, carnivour ur dog, carnivour ur r>l guard ur blood ur fox ka 5 a barking (dog) gu g>l ulu-mak = howling of a dog; ürü-mek = barking of a dog. 31 TO DRINK -- içmek, emmek, sormak it, köpek, kurt, böri, barak kurt, böri = wolf; it = dog r>t?; ürü-mek = barking of a dog; ur-la-mak (hirlamak) = to growl ulu-mak = howling of a dog; koru-mak (one way of guarding is with a dog); ür-ek (yürek) = heart; kan-gal, ka-ra-bas^ = Anatolian sheep dogs; to drink, to irrigate nag~, na 8 iç-mek; su-la-mak = to irrigate irrigate in-gar su-la = irrigate thirst, drink beer imma m>ç içme = mineral waters; emik = suckle 32 DRY -- kuru, karak (kurak) [ODes] dried fish, dried had kuru-mus^ = dried up dry up s^a îsî = heat dry up lah, ah ku-rak dry up, misty bir kuru-mus^ = dried up 33DULL -- kör, kesmez, sîkîcî to soften ten yumu-s^at-mak -- toz, kum, toprak, çamur sahar -h->-m- yer = earth; ça-mur = mud; toz = dust ukum kum = sand 34 DUST earth, dust, sand, mud dust par-im p>ç çor-ak = arid, barren arrid, dry land 35 EAR -- ear g~es^ tug 2 -- tug 2 -- -- hear g~es^ hear, understand g~es-tu 36 EARTH earth, place, where --clay, wetland swamp earth, dust -ki --- kulak es^it =hear; tuy/duy (duyma, sezme, kavrama, anlama, is^itme [IZEy, 207]) = feeling, intuition, hearing, understanding es^it =hear; es^it (anla); dünye, yer, kara, toprak yer, kara, toprak; köt-ki ( tepe, daglik yer, toprak yigini [IZEy, 441]) = hill, mountainous place, pile of dirt. im ça-mur, balçik um-un 5,6,11 bat-ak, çum-luk sahar earth (bur=dust, dirt) s^u-bur 37 EAT -- eat gu7 -- -- feed, nurse kú to take in ku 4 feast ùnu festival, feast ez-en 38 EGG -- --ye, yut yut = swallow; gut = gulping sound that one makes as one swallows food. em-dir ka-pu = gate; kap-mak = to snatch ün = voice, noise; s^en-lik (bayram) = feast es-en = health and happiness yumurta, tohum, döl egg nunuz yumur-ta (töl, döl, to-hum) = egg -- -- yumur (yuvarlak) = round X6 EIGHT -- sekiz eight ussu [us-sa-am] se-kiz = 8 39 EYE -- göz, köz eye, see igi göz = eye; gör-mek = to see; kör = blind face, front igi yüz (g>y) = face; öng/ön = front; see through sim cam = glass -- düs^mek, yîkîlmak, çökmek s^ub düs^mek sus 2, su 2,3 sus-turul-mak = silented, fallen us-an ak-s^am = evening -- uzak bad.r uzak gid uz-un = long; git = go sud 4, su uz-un = long; uz-ak = far, distant, remote us uz-ak-lîk ma3 -- ul.li 2 -- ri -ri, -ru = directional suffix 40 TO FALL fall fall, cast down evening (setting sun) 41 FAR far long, distant long, distant, remote distance to go to go far 42 FAT, GREASE -- yag~ fat, grease i3, ia yag~ = oil, fat 43 FATHER -- ata, apa, baba, dede father a.a, ad.da d>t ata =father; dede = grandfather -- -- atam = my father, my ancestors -- -- adam (insan) = human father, elder abba b>p apa =father, old man; -- -- baba = father, old man -- korkmak, dehs^et duymak, kuruntu yapmak, titremek hu.luh bayîl-mak = to faint; korkut-mak = to terrify; -- titre-mek = to tremble bu.luh bayil-mis^ = fainted ni, ni2 (fear) -- ur er = man, soldier 45 FEATHER -- kus^ tüyü, telek, yelek feather pa[.mus^en] kus^ tüyü = down feathers 46 FEW -- az to be few, etc la2 al (çîkar) = take away empty, destitute sud, su -siz, -suz = suffix for emptiness low, small, weak sig sîkî (küçük ) = tight; küçük = small; za-yîf = weak; -- -- -cik, -cîk = diminitive suffix narrow sig 9, si sîkî = tight 44 TO FEAR terrify, tremble -frightened, nervous fear ? enemy, tremble END OF PART 1 OF 5 SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST (WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS) By Polat Kaya (Part 2 of 5) ENGLISH SUMERIAN 47 TO FIGHT -- -- -- TURKISH atis^-mak, didis^-, dövüs^-, güres^-, süngüs^- [HNO, 854], struggle, fight, du 14 quarrel du 14 savas^-, vurus^didis^ = struggle; dövüs^ = fight; to be angry dug, duk dövüs^ = quarrel battle me3 döv-mek = to beat war gudibir -- hostility, war gug 5 harp, cenk = battle, war gür-es^-mek = to wrestle 48 FIRE -- ot/od, atas^ fire izi îsî = heat; kîz-gîn = hot; strike, tag t>ç çak-mak = drive a nail by striking start a fire tag t>ç çak-mak (tas^î) = flint stone fever dih2 -- beam, ray dalla -- 49 FISH -- balîk fish ku6, ha h>b bal-îk = fish a fish ? gir sün-ger = sponge 50 FIVE -- bes^, bis^ five ia2 bes^, bis^ = 5 51 TO FLOAT -- yüzmek bridge, ferry id-dir köprü float dirig -g>-n derin (tering [AVG, 299, IZEy,180]) = deep water; -- -- dur-an = not moving waterfowl us kaz = goose 52 TO FLOW -- ditch, drain sur, zal akmak sur (duvar) = surrounding wall; arik (ark, irmak, su yolu -- -- [IZEy, 37]) = ditch -- -- ar-ku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261]) = river, brook flow, pour, spout sur 8 suv (su) = water, river; -- sur 8 sür = push, move something forward; -- sur 8 sür = move animals from one area to another -- zal? sal = raft 53 FLOWER -- çiçek fruit, flower gurun yemis^, meyve; çiçek -- sar (plant) -- 54 TO FLY -- uçmak to fly dal uçmak; dal = fly (Mongol) [FH] a flying insect nim n>s cibin, mil-çek = fly 55 FOG -- duman, çen, pus, sis, bulut fog, mist, haze muru 9 m>b bulut = cloud, fog eclipsed, darkened gid-im 6 -- mistiness bir r>s pus (sis, duman [IZEy, 561]) = mist 56 FOOT -- ayak, adak foot g~iri3 gir = enter; yürü = walk foot race dal kos^u 57 FOUR -- dört four, female limmu 2,4,5 dört = 4 ; eme = woman 58 TO FREEZE -- donmak to freeze s^eg~4 [?] sog~-uk = cold; don-mak = to freeze 59 FRUIT -- fruit gurun -- -- X7 FULL -- yemis^, meyve kurut (kurutulmus^ yogurt [IZEy, 450] = dried yogurt balls; kuru yemis^ = dried fruits; ku-rut-mak = to dry do-lu fill, full, increase si sil-me (ag~zîna kadar dolu) = full up to the brim to be full de doy-mak = to be full; -- de dol-dur-mak = to fill 60 TO GIVE to give bear, give birth -sumu vermek, sunmak sun-mak = to give, to deliver tu, tud ta-s^i-mak=to bear; tog~ur-mak = to give birth [IZEy, 193] give, pay, apportion ba bar (ver) = give; öde = pay; 61 GOOD -- glad (Gordon) dug3 d>y good, fine, strong es-ig, esi mild, silent, good s^ig 5 g>s good, true, firm zi, zid d>g to be good, healthy sil-im iyi, yeg~, edgü, esen yeg~, edgü = good [HNO, 791, 890] edgü (iyi) = good, fine ses-siz = silent sag~ = good, true -tat-li; edgü = good sweet, good, glad dug, du 10 good, pleasant sa 6 62 GRASS -- grass u2 folliage, buds pa sprout, shoot bil 63 GREEN -- yas^il, yes^il (ter yes^illik [IZEy, 655]) yellow-green sig7 sarî = yellow blue gin3 gök= blue, sky 64 GUTS -- bag~irsak, barsak, kursak intestines, gut s^a 3.g, s^a bag~irsak sag~ (sag~-lam) = in good state, unbroken or undamaged ot, çimen ot; î (nebat, ekin, orman [AVG, 273]) = plant, growing grain, forest fi-liz = new shoots, buds fi-liz = sprout, shoots lower abdomen has^ karîn stomack, pouch tun tor-ba = pouch, bag 65 HAIR -- saç, sakal, kîl body hair su kîl = body hair head hair suhur h>k sa-kál = beard; saç = head hair -- suhur -- beard sul, su 6 sa-kal = beard; -- -- sal, çal (yas^lî kimse [KTLS, 974]) = old (man) tail kun n>y kuy-ruk shaggy hair, long guz yele = mane 66 HAND -- el hand s^u el = hand; parmak = finger hand, fist kis-ib yum-ruk = fist 67 HE -- O he/she a.ne anî, onu = 3rd p. pr. accusative form he/she in an, o = he, she, it male ni-tah ? ata = father, male 68 HEAD -- bas^, tepe, kafa, kelle head, wise sag~ Ak sak-al = elder man, wise man, saga head, wise sag~ sag~lam düs^ünen = wise -- -- sag~îr (ses duymayan [IZEy, 572]) = deaf skull, top of head ugu bas^tasi= skull; tepe = top of head 69 TO HEAR hear, understanding noise, sound noise, sound -g~is^..tuku [ñes] gu is^itmek, dinlemek es^it = hear, understand gür-ül-tü = noise gür-le-me = noise [IZEy, 304] listen, harken, heed gurgur -- secret -- aka hal 70 HEART -- yürek, gönül (köngül), kalb/kalp [IZEy, 367] heart s^a3.g yürek/ürek; heart s^a3.g sag~-lam (diri, güclü, güvenli [IZEy, 571]) = alive, -- -- sound in body, strong, trustworthy [RDH1] suck sub b>r sor-mak = to suck 71 HEAVY -- ag~îr massive, heavy dugud ag~îr heavy, thick, strong kul kal-in = heavy, thick, strong 72 HERE -- burada, buraya here ki..ne-a bura, burada, buraya 73 TO HIT -- vurmak, dövmek to hit, beat tud2, tu 10/11.b döv-mek (tög-üs^, döy-mek) = to hit, to beat to hit, beat tud2, tu 10/11.b teg~-mek (deymek) to touch; -- -- tok-mak, tok-aç = mallet, stick for beating out washing -- -- tok-us^-mak = to hit each other, head to head butting. to strike, stamp ru ur-mak, vur-mak = to strike; darp etmek= to stamp out 74 TO HOLD, TAKE -- tutmak, yakalamak, almak ha.za yaka-lamak = to catch dab5, b>y dey-mek = to touch tuku tok-un-mak (dok-un-mak) = to touch tuku toka = hand shake -- tut-mak = to hold -- boynuz, mügüz [HNO, 819] to hold, take to hold, take to hold, take to hold, take -X8 HORN horn si müng-üz, ming-iz, müy-üz [AVG, 287] 75 HOW -- nasîl, ne s^ekilde how a.na-gin7 na-sil, ne-gül [AVG, 287] = how; -- -- ne-ce = how; -- -- na, ne = what X9 HUNDRED -- yüz hundred g~is^ 2 g>y yüz =100 ten u on = 10 76 TO HUNT -- to hold, to seize dab 2,4,5 -- -- kick, flop, dúb b>p knock down dúb b>v wander, pass along --- dib 2 hardship, difficulty, bad4 avlamak tap-mak = to find; av-lamak = to hunt (d seems to be dropped); ab (av) = game to hunt tep-mek = to kick döv-mek = to beat; dib-ek = stone or wooden mortar -bat-mak = to go under, to sink wild bad4 to fish, hunt ta-g catch, strike ta-g 77 HUSBAND -- er, koca, es^ husband ni-ta er, koca = husband; ata = father mate, spouse dam dam (ev) = house first husband g~itlam nit -- a team bir -- 78 I -- men, ben yab-an = wild ag~ = net to catch fish (t seems to be dropped) teg-mek/deg~-mek = to touch I g~a-e, ma-e men I -g~u 10 -em = verbal (indefinite) pronoun suffix for I I, self ni meni = (accusative 1st p. s.) myself men men = myself possesive pr. suffix -mu, -ma -im, -îm, -um, -üm = possesive 1st p. s. suffix 79 ICE -- buz, muz, don ice s^eg~8 [?] sog~-uk = cold 80 IF -- eg~er, ger, ise, -se, -sa if ? tukum-bi -se, -sa = conditional suffix if it be/Gordon hé-a -- 81 IN -- içeri locative, -a, -bi -a, -ya = dative suffix genetive suffix -a, -bi -in, -în in, into im(mi) içeri into, to, upon ba-an bin = get onto, ride middle, inner, waist ib, éb bel = waist, guts 82 TO KILL -- öldürmek us^2 sus-tur-mak = to silence nud, nu n>y u-yut = put into sleep; yat = lie down gaz 2 ez = crush hus^ -- ug 5,7,8 g>l öl = die gul öl-dür-mek = to kill, to destroy (g is dropped?) 10 KNEE -- diz knee dug3, du10 diz = knee; ek = joint 83 TO KNOW -- bilmek kill kill, lie down kill, vanquish, crush terrible, wild to kill, die to destroy understanding tál til (dil) bil-mek = to understand a language understanding tál til (dil) = language, tongue to know zu us = mind, intelligence, wisdom 84 LAKE -- göl, köl, (tengiz, deniz = sea) lake, sea a.a.ba ba-t-ak = swamp spring idim bulak, göze, kaynak pool, swamp umun 5,6,11 -- pool, pond ~garin -- 85 TO LAUGH -- gülmek to laugh i.si.is^ [?] ses = voice, sound 86 LEAF -- yaprak bud pa uc, gon-ca, tomurcuk, sürgün = bud; bud (3) pa te-pe = hill, the end point such as the top of the head. leaf, sprout (3) pa yap-rak = leaf; fi-liz = sprout sprout, shoot bil b>f fi-liz = sprout luxuriant growth lam l>c çim-en, ot = grass; çum = turf 87 LEFT -- sol left gub3 sol 88 LEG -- thigh ur2, r>d -- -- -- -- waist, lower body ib2 bacak, bud bud = thigh; yum-ur (yuvarlak, yumulmus^ cikinti, yumruk gibi) = round; bal-dîr = calf, back of the shank, leg (knee down) bel = waist; bel-den as^ag~î = lower body 89 TO LIE (down) -- yatmak lie down, lie with yat, uyu, uzan nud, na 2 vagina ngála am lie down ku ku-cak-la = hug, embrace 90 TO LIVE -- yas^amak, sag~ olmak to live, dwell ti, til til-ek/dölek (dölleyici [IZEy, 186]) = prolific, fertile, -- ti, til productive, fruitful; -- -- til/dil = tongue. sit, dwell, buttock tus^ [durun] otur = sit; yas^a = live, dwell seated, a fart durun oturan= seated life force alad -- live, create, yellow sig 7, se 12 sig- (sik-) = to intercourse; sa-ri = yellow 91 LIVER -- karaciger, bag~ir liver, omen ba 3 bag~-îr = liver, lungs, bosom, heart, breast liver, soul ur 5 yür-ek/ür-ek = heart soul, innerd bar ruh, can = soul 92 LONG -- uzun long sud.r uzun = long pull, draw, distance gid2 çek = pull; uzat = draw; git = go length, distance su uz-un-luk = length; uz, iz = yol 93 LOUSE -- bit lice, insect uh bit, böcek (bög~cek, örümcek [IZEy, 100]) vermin uh -- 94 MAN, MALE -- adam, ata man nita, ni-tah ata = father; te-kin, ti-gin = prince penis, man ngis 2,3 (g<>s) sik, çük = penis penis, man us^ uri (erkek evlat) = son [ HNO, 876] prince, young man mis^, mes^ te-kin, ti-gin man, soldier, servant 95 MANY many many, much abundance many, much, people er-im er-im = my husband, my man, my soldier, my male servant -- çok, köp, bol, dolu, artîk s^ar2 ar-tîk = many es^ çok = many he 2 bol, dolu = abundant; lu bol, dolu = abundant; top-lu-m = many people 96 MEAT, FLESH -- et meat, flesh uzu ku-zu = lamb (4) -- ai, ay moon id 4,8, it 4 d/t>y ay (ad, id, ud) = moon (5) shine brightly ayas = light (Ak Ayas = Ajax, Sais, Zeus) [MiEl,9; háda, had 2 d>y PK] 97 MOTHER -- mother ama m>n mother ama mother ama mother ama mama (kadin [AVG, 286]) = woman; mama = uncle's wife -- tau, tag~, dag~ kur, hur.sag~ kîr (yayla, cayîrlîk, yaylîm [IZEy, 407])= countryside, -- uncultivated land [RDH1]; kur, hur.sag~ s>t tag~ (dag~) = mountain; X11 MOON 98 MOUNTAIN mountain -higland higland -roof, mountain pass -- ana ana = mother; eme=female ana ana (nine, nene) = grandmother emig, imig (meme [AVG, 264]) = breast kur-gan = mound, hill kur, hur.sag~ boz-kîr = (grey) steppe -ur bur-un = nose; te-pe = mountain peak; sirt = mountain top; mountain -- ge-çit, bo-g~az = mountain pass; -- is^i sira dag~lar = mountain chain; -- -- köt-ki (yüksek yer, yayla, dag~lîk yer, tepe, tepecik, -- -- toprak yîgînî [IZEy, 293,294]) = highland, heap, pile -- plateau, mountainous place, hill, small hill, pile of dirt -- gurum gur-gan (kur-gan) = mound, pile; big -- yîg~în, küme = pile kur4 kara = big [FH] 99 MOUTH -- ag~îz mouth ka ag~îz = mouth; ka-pu = gate, door door, entrance gi ga-pu (ka-pî) = gate; gir = enter swallow, eat gu 7, ku g>y yut = swallow; gut = gulping 100 NAME -- ad, isim name mu tam-ga (dam-ga) = seal, stamp speak, word, year mu mî-rîl-dan-mak = murmuring to oneself progeny numun soy, nesil, torun-lar, tohum END OF PART 2 OF 5 SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST (WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS) By Polat Kaya (Part 3 of 5) ENGLISH SUMERIAN TURKISH 101 NARROW -- dar, sîk, sîkî narrow sig 9 sîk = close together, dense, thick -- -- sîkî = tight, narrow 102 NEAR -- yakîn near zìg, zi sîk = close together, dense, thick one (as one) as -- come near to ús üst üs-te = one on the top of other side, near, with da d>y ya-kîn = near locative suffix (at) -ta -ta -te, -ta (-de, -da) = locative suffix 103 NECK -- boyun, bogaz, kîstak neck gu2 boyun hinged joint kak ek = joint 104 NEW -- yeni, teze (taze) new gibil yeni 105 NIGHT -- gece, gice, tün night g~i 6, gig kök/kög/gög ( gece [IZEy, 286]) = night; -- -- gök (kök yüzü, mavi, gök rengi) = sky, sky blue 106 NOSE -- nose, muzzle kiri 4 k>b peak, point kur k>b peak, point kur peak, point kur roof, mountain pass ur burun = nose, point; dam, çati = roof; geçit = mountain pass 107 NOT -- yok, eksik, olumsuz no, not, without nu- n>m -me, -ma = verbal negation suffix prohibiting performative nam- n>m -me, -ma = verbal negation suffix lúñ kusur, hata = fault; yan-lis^ = error s^es^ -siz, -suz = negation suffix; sil = erase ba-ra engel burun, gaga, uc burun = nose, point bur-un = nose, point Kur-ul-tay = summit meeting; Kur-i-kan (çadîr) = tent fault, error to erase prohibitive prefix 108 OLD used, worn, old, ancient elder man old woman old woman old woman ancient, old, ruins old old old progenitor progenitor progenitor -li-bir abba b>p umu umu m>n umu m>n sumun~, sun ur-ag/L254 ur-ag/L254 ur-ag/L254 ugu 4 ugu 4 g>y ugu 4 eski, pîrtîk, yas^lî pîr-tîk = torn, ragged apa, baba = father, old man; eme = woman; ana = mother, nene, nine = grandmother eski yor-gun = tired, old; urug (uruk) = clan. er-gin = aged, matured, old. Bay Ülgen, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl] Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9] ogan/okan (ulu Tengri); aga = creator god, Lord, owner bir, tek 109 ONE -- one as^ one, title of AN dis^ 2 alone dili one, 60 (1/60th?) ~ges^ first, slave sa~g progenitor ugu 110 OTHER -- dig~er, bas^ka, oteki equal, partner man es^, ortak female, woman mu-nus eme, hanum = female, woman bir = 1; is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title of God is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title of God dul = vidow, alone; dil = tongue --Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9] half más yarîm drawing masda -- 111 PERSON, PEOPLE -- kis^i, s^ahis, halk, toplum, el/il lu2 el/il, budun ug~ bugun (bukun [AVG, 270]) na- -- 112 TO PLAY -- çalmak, oynamak an insturment, sing, du 12 da-vul = drum; play an insturment du 12 da-vul çalmak = to play drum; saz çalmak; -- du 12 tu-nur [kam davulu HNO, 485] = shaman's drum cry, shout, scream tal 3,4,5 t>ç çal-mak = to play an instrument cry, shout, scream tal 3,4,5 s^a-ma-ta cantor (singer) gala çal-mak, söy-le-mek 113 TO PULL -- çekmek pull gid2 it-mek = to push; pull gid2 önde git-mek = to go in the front pull gid2 güt-mek (sür-mek) = to drive 114 TO PUSH -- to push zag to push tag to push tag to push tag push s^u..us2 butt, toss du 7 fling, shove lah4 people people human beings itmek, sokmak sok-mak = to thrust into, to insert, to push teg~-mek (dey-mek) = to touch [IZEy, 174] teg~-en-mek (day-an-mak [IZEy, 175]) = to lean against teg~-nek (day-a-nak [IZEy, 175]) = cane, stick sus-ta-li = switchblade tok-us^-mak (dok-us-mak), tos-la-mak atmak = fling; itmek = shove 115 RAIN -- yag~mur to rain s^eg~3 s>y yag~-mak; (nur yag~dî = it rained) moistening, spittle us îs-lak = wet, moist; sis =fog; moistening, spittle us su = water; çise-le-mek = drizzle rain, drip an.s^ur yag~mur = rain; yam-gur [ AVG, 308] = rain; rain, drip an.s^ur kî-s^îr (dolu) = hailstone cloud, storm, rain em -- 116 RED -- al, kîzîl, kîrmîzî red - brown, ocher sa5 sa-rî = yellow red si 4, su 4 kîr-mî-zî, kî-zîl = red; red si 4, su 4 kî-zîl (altun) = gold light, bright piri~g pîrîl-tî = light; par-lak = bright light, bright piri~g yar-uk [AVG, 309] = light to flame up, blaze bir par-la-mak 117 RIGHT, CORRECT -- hak, dog~ru, gerçek, düz, dürüst, erdem zi-d z>s sag~ = right side zi-d z>d düz = straight zi-d z>d düzen (yasa, kural [IZEy, 491] = law, code na-nam namus-lu 118 RIGHT (side) -- sag~ right side zid, zag sag~ 119 RIVER -- river id 2 river, cannal ida, id watercourse a right (hand), true -legitimate true, honest, reliable nehir, su, çay, irmak, dere ir-mak = small river ulugsu [IBML, 80] = river arku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261] ark (arîk, harîk, yarîk, su yolu [IZEy, 38]) = irrigation ditch, dike eg, ig, e irrigation ditch canal, ditch pa 4,5,6 ba-t-ak= swamp; ark (arik) -120 ROAD caravan expedition, road kas-kal, ka.g~iri3 k>y kas-kal, ka.g~iri3 k>y road sal s>y road, expedition, trip ~gir road, expedition, trip ~gir yol, iz iz = path ; uzun yol = long road; girmek = to go in giri-len ka-pi, yürü-nen yol gir = enter; yürü = walk; git = go kök, urug 121 ROOT -- root ur 2 ur (s^is^, yumru) = tumor, round, extension from body -- -- like a tumor. -- -- ura (s^is^, kozalak [KTLS, 504]) = cypress cone (seed) -- -[RDH1, 677], -- -a swelling, tumor [RDH1, 1065]. -- ur 2 ur/ür (üreme, döl [IZEy, 689]) = reproduction -- -ür-en = generation, progeny [RDH1, 1209] -- -kök = root [IZEy, 286] -- -- -- ur 2 breed ram, bull utua breed bull, fish roe inda, ninda breed bull, fish roe inda, ninda send forth, rise de ur, urug (tohum [IBML, 80]) =seed urug (uruk, soy, kök) = clan, tribal root, kins ata = father; koç = ram; bug~a = bull da-miz-lik, döl çiçek döl = seed 122 ROPE -- ip, urgan rope dur ur-gan (örken) = rope to tie kes bag~-la-mak knot kesda dü-g~üm = knot rope és^e sicim 123 ROTTEN -- çürük, kokmus^, köpüklenmis^ rot sug~in sog~-an = onion, smelly rot, stink hab 2 h>k köp-ük = foam ruin, rot, decay sun, sumun -- -- yuvarlak, yumru, ur, s^is^ la-gab kab kacak = round pots and pans, containers ni-gin 2 -ni -- ku kag~-ni = wooden wheeled cart gur te-ker-lek = wheel; ur = round, tumor har har-man = harvest, turn round and round kára, kár k>s sar (kus^at) = encircle, siege; -- çe-per = wall encircling a property, hedge 124 TO RUB -- sürmek, yaymak to rub su.ub sür-mek = to rub to rub su.ub süpür- mek = to sweep, to clean anoint with oil s^es^ 2 yag~-la-mak, sil-mek? 125 SALT -- tuz salt mun tuz 126 SAND -- kum sand, dry sahar sahra = desert dust ukum kum = sand X12 ROUND round round turn around, transform sphere, circle, ring, loop ring, hand mill encircle, beseige -- 127 TO SAY -- demek, söylemek, aymak [MuEr, 104] say dug4 [=3D> e] de, di ([UYAT, 102] = say 128 TO SCRATCH -- kas^imak, kazmak, çizmek to scratch hur kas^i-mak = scratch 129 SEA -- sea a.ab.a the sentient sea ab-zu (or ZU-AB) the abyssal sea en-gur the abyssal sea en-gur en-gin = high sea, open sea, wide, wast, boundless 130 TO SEE -- görmek eye, see, face igi göz = eye; gör = see; yüz = face. stare at, gaze ug 6 bak = look stare at, gaze du 8 dik-mek (gözünü) = to stare to seek, to find pàd 3 d>l bul-mak = to find, to discover, uncover expose, see bar b>g gör see through sim cam = glass appearance ál görüntü; al = red; appearance ál al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red attention geting ulut bulut = cloud; al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red awe inspiring lám al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red 131 SEED -- tohum, döl, meni, urug [IZEy, 238] seed numun, a tohum, döl, yumurta, ur, ur-luk, -- numun, a urug (her seyin tohumu [IBMl, 39]) seed, progeny nu~gun, numun meni = human seed to grow mu m>b bü-yü-me X13 SEVEN -- yedi, yeti deniz, tengiz deniz, tengiz su = water (15) ten-giz (deniz) = sea; seven, totality imin [u3-me-nu] yedi = seven; tüm = totality; tamam = that is all; -- imin [u3-me-nu] hemi, hamî = everyone 132 TO SEW weaver, ?tailor net, mat, sinew rope type of weaver to weave, decorate to weave a mat to weave a mat -- -us-bar r>s sa es^e húb dikmek üs(t)-bas^ = clothing hasir = mat s^e-rit, kiris^ = sinew, thread; ip, urgan = rope aba = thick cloak tag tak-î = jewelry; tak = to wear; örmek = to weave kid 6, kad 6,8 (k<>d) dik-mek = to sew, to tie together kid 6, kad 6,8 kid 6, kad 6,8 kat kat ör-mek = to tie together layer by layer; kat = layer, such as layers of a rope 133 SHARP -- sivri, keskin, itik [UYAT, 214], ötkür [UYAT, 276] to cut gum, gun kes-mek = to cut point, head se~g igne = needle, sharp point lance sukur sok-ar (mizrak, kar-gi) = lance, to thrust into barb, point dih 2 di-k-en = barb, thorn; barb, point dih 2 i-tik (keskin [UYAT, 214]) = sharp insert, enter, write sur sür = drive, stabb; ir=write (Chuvash sir, ir [TDEK1, 225]) -- sur kar-gî = lance, pike, javelin -- sur dagger, sword ~gir -- ~gir -- ~gir sür-gü (sün-gü) = bayonet gir = enter; gir-gi = a pointed instrument that enters; öt-kür (keskin [UYAT, 276]) X14 TO SHOOT -- atmak, vurmak shoot an arrow ti..ra tîg~ atmak, ok atmak arrow arrow ti tîg~, ok = knitting needle, straight and strong 134 SHORT -- kîsa, gödek, güdük short (man) (lu)-gud göd-ek, güd-ük short gud 8 göd-ek = short short lal -- small gi 17 ki-sa = short; ki-çik (küçük) = small ant (a small bug?) kis^i kon-guz (böcek [HNO, 843]) = a bug 135 TO SING -- îrlamak, türkü söylemek, demek to sing du12 tür-kü de-mek, îr-la-mak = to sing -- -- kög/küg [TDEK, 227] = to sing with the -- -- accompaniment of instruments sing(er) na-(r) s^ar-kî-cî, tür-kü-cü X15 SISTER -- girl (young) ge -- ge -- ge -- ge sister nin9 female, woman nunuz -- nunuz kîz kardes^, baci, apa [KTLS, 43], eke (ece, eze [IBML, 12]) genç kîz; eke (ece, eze [IBML, 12]) = sister; aga (büyük erkek kardes^, bey, yörenin büyüg~ü) = elder brother, Beg, lord, rich and influential man of the town. ana = mother; nine = grandmother, sin-gil [IBML, 60] ine [KTLS, 176] = female; ana = mother; eme = woman; nine/nene = grandmother 136 TO SIT -- oturmak to sit tus^ [=3D> durun] o-tur-mak = to sit; dur = stop to mount, ride, sit on u5 u(yu) = sleep; bin = mount, ride; o-tur = sit lap, thigh ur ku-cak = lap; bud (but) = thigh silent, still áll dur-an = still, silent to sit down, reside s^us^ çüs^ (dur) = a Turkish expression used to call -- -- a moving (i.e., a driven) donkey to stop throne, dais, stand bar-ag otur-ak = place to sit on, chair; -- bar-ag dur-ak (durulan yer) = stand governor ni- sang -- pillow (?), triangle sang-tag day-a-nak (yas-tik, [IZEy, 171]) = pillow 137 SKIN -- deri, gön skin, hide, leather kus^ kös-e-le meat, flesh uzu kuzu = lamb peel, pare, expose bar arala, soy = peel spread out? pára yay-mak, ser-mek pelt, hide mun-sub deri = pelt; gön = hide 138 SKY -- gök, tan (tang) [IZEy, 638] sky, heaven, high an, an- tan (tang, gök) = sky; (16) -- an, an- tan agarmasi [IZEy, 639] = dawn; -- an, an- Tan-rî, Teng-ri, Ten-gir, Tan-gara = sky god; -- an, an- ana = mother (9). dark, night (?sky) gi 6, mé gi-ce (gece, tün) = night; gök = sky, sky blue sky gik, kik gök [IZEy, 286] 139 TO SLEEP -- u [HNO, 873], uyumak sleep ù3 u, uyu = sleep lie down ku yat = lie down sleep ku-ku uy-ku = sleep rest, repose huñ -- 140 SMALL -- küçük, ufak, hurda child, young, small tur t>k kör-pe= young, child, small; hur-da = small child, young, small banda2/3 hur-da (hirda) = young, small child, son pes^ 8 piç = bastard child young, small di 4.di 4.l dinç = young, energetic small, young man gi 14 ge-de/gi-de = young boy (Azeri) girl, young woman ge 2,3 g>k kîz = girl short gud 8 güd-ek (göd-ek) = short; short gud 8 göd-en = large intestine; göd (göt) = rectum low, small sig sîkî = tight small, young har hur-da (hîr-da) = small; small, young har dar = narrow, tight -- kokmak, koklamak ni koku ir iy, is, iyis, cit (koku [KTLS, 492]) ir ir-in = pus, matter of wounds [RDH1,546] zi sid-ik (siy-ik, hiydik in Baskurt [KTLS, 778], -- kötü koku) = urine; zi si-mek (siy-mek [IBML, 60]) = urinate zi sik = penis sag 5, sig 6 -- hab 2 pis koku bid d>s pis koku s^em güzel koku 141 TO SMELL smell? smell, scent, fragerence smell, scent, fragerence stench ---sweet, pleasant foul smell deficate, urinate aromatic, perfume 142 SMOKE -- duman, tütün, bulut, sis smoke de3, i.bi2 du-man, tü-tün smoke/deliberate dar du-man, tü-tün; d>k kar = snow soot ubilla 2 bulut = cloud; is, kurum = soot eclipsed, darkened gidim 6 gice (gece) = night 143 SMOOTH -- düz, düzgün, kaygan, kolay smooth sal [?] s>k kal/kel = bald headed, bare of vegetation. to smooth sal [?] dü-zelt-mek 144 SNAKE -- yilan snake, reptile mus^ kus^ = bird; mus^ = bird like encircling snake mer mar (6) = snake, serpent 145 SNOW -- kar snow s^eg~8 [?] sog (sog~uk [KTLS, 787]) = cold 146 SOME -- bazî , bir kac some [?] -- X16 SPEAR -- mîzrak, kargî, zîpkîn spear s^ukur kar-gî 147 TO SPIT -- tükürmek to spit uh 2 [?] tuh (tükürmek) 148 TO SPLIT -- yarmak split bar, b>y yar split, shatter dar, d>y yar cut into, divide sil 2 böl; dilim = slice; yar-îm = half sickle zubu orak cut out, deduct, s^ub bölme, paylas^tirma apportion s^ub bölme, paylas^tirma lead out, travel sab sab (söz, haber [MuEr, 127]) = words, news slave (?) su-bar kul; sin-gar [MuEr, 128] = half, one of two halves 149 TO SQUEEZE -- sîkmak, sarmak, sarîlmak, kucaklamak to twist /Gordon sur sar-mak = to wrap around, to wind -- sur sar-îl-mak, = to be hugged, to be embraced, -- -- to be encircled by enemy 150 TO STAB, PIERCE -- tîg~la-mak, okla-, bîçakla-, del-, gir-, sok-, ignele- bur3 b>v vur-mak= to hit; gir-mek = to enter, to pierce tu 10 tîr-nak-la-mak = to scrape, to claw; tu 10 des^-mek = to lance, to open up ti tîg~ (ok) = arrow, sharp pointed spindle ti tîg~, s^is^= knitting needle du 7 des^ = to gore, to stabb sar gir = enter, pierce; sür = drive into, push tab b>v tav-la-mak = to heat; a-tas^ = fire to stab, pierce dig, scrape, furrow hole arrow arrow gore, toss insert, enter sting, fever END OF PART 3 OF 5 SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST (WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS) By Polat Kaya (Part 4 of 5) ENGLISH SUMERIAN TURKISH 151 TO STAND -- durmak, ayakta kalmak stationary, standing gub [su8.b] duran to be, to have men = I, me; olmak; sahip olmak me to be, we me olmak; miz/biz; fate me men me-nem = I am my fate (11) to act, to behave me 6 dav-ran-mak stand up zig 3 z>d dik-dur, kalk 152 STAR -- yildiz, yulduz, gün, günes^ shine, glow mul m>y yal/yul (is^ik, kizarti [IZEy, 719]) = bright, shining, light; shine, glow mul m>y yal-in-lik [AVG, 308] star, planet mul m>y yul-duz (yil-diz) = star planetshine, star s^un s>g gün (kün) = sun shine brightly had 2 od (ates^) = fire; shine brightly had 2 d>y ay = moon (5) shine, gleam, sta zalag z>y yal-av (alev, [AVG, 308]) = flame; shine, gleam, sta zalag z>y yal-tir-mak [AVG, 308] = to shine 153 STICK -- çubuk, sopa, sîrîk, deg~nek, ag~aç stick g~is^ ag~aç = tree, wood -- g~idru çubuk, sîrîk, deg~nek 154 STONE -- tas^, kaya, çakîl pebble, stone na 4 çakîl stone, rock za 2 ka-ya = big rock; ça-kîl = pebble pretty, precious s^ub 7 s^eb = coral stone?, mercan?; guher stone -- -- block of stone la-gab lapik (lepik= yassi ince tas^) = layered stone lapis lazuli gìn gök tas^ (mavi renkli tas^) 155 STRAIGHT -- düz to straighten, si..sa2 düzeltmek; dik = upright upright -- -- steadyness, ~gen güven reliability -- -- stand upright si dik dur 156 TO SUCK -- sormak, sorumak, emmek, i*mek, *ekmek, almak to suckle sub b>r sor = suckle, suck breathe (in), soul zi (g) nefes almak = to breathe; can = soul stench zí sid-ik = urine; kötü koku leak zum z>d dam-la-mak = to drip; leak zum sîz-mak overflow zum tas^-mak 157 SUN -- gün, kün sun, time, when utu, ud üt/ot/od (atas^ [IZEy, 515, 703]) = fire; -- -- üt-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn; -- -- ütü = (hot) iron ( used for pressing clothes); -- -- gün, kün = sun; day, time utu, ud d>y öd-le/öy-le = noon time; -- -- öd = time [ODes, 466], [HNO, 825], [ONT: 12]; sun god d.KIN kün tengri [ONT, 12] torpidity, fever dih 2 -- beam, ray dalla d>y yalav (alev) = flame, fire; -- -- yul-duz = star 158 TO SWELL -- s^is^mek, kabarmak, büyümek to grow mu 2 m>b bü-yü-mek = to grow to widen dag~al dag~-îl-mak = to spread, to widen to widen dag~al d>ç çog~-al-mak = to increase, to spread to widen dag~al d>y yay-îl-mak = to spread to grow, thick bulug~ 3 bulug~ = to reach puberti; to ripen. 159 TO SWIM -- yüzmek water i7 su waterfowl, swan us kaz = goose; ku/kur/kug~u = swan; -- -- su = water 160 TAIL -- tail kun n>d>y -- -- -- -- X17 TEN ten hand (finger?) finger(s), 10 one (?) -u [ha-wamu] su hù, u dis kuyruk kud-ruk (kuy-ruk [IZEy, 454]); kud/kuy (1. kic, 2. kiyi, 3. dere [IZEy,454]) = 1. bottom, rear end; 2. side; 3. brook on on = ten el, (parmak) on parmak (barimak [IZEy, 549] = 10 fingers bir 161 THAT -- 0, ol, s^u to that? ri -ra, -ri, -ru = directional suffix that one, he, she ni, na an (o) = he, she, it that one ni, na o biri this/that one bi, bé bu/mu = this one; s^u = that one 162 THERE -- that place ki..ri-a -- -- place, town ki place, town -- ora, orada, oraya o-ra, o-ra-sî; -ri, -ra, -ru = directional suffix kîr (yayla, ova, çayirlik, yaylim [IZEy, 407]) = countryside, place, town ki k>y mountain resort, medow; place, town ki yer/yir/kir = place, ground, dirt place, town ki kir (yer, toz, toprak, çamur) = dirt (12) place, town ki kent = town ki (geri, bati) = west [HNO, 812] 163 THEY -- onlar, an-an (old Turkic) they e.ne.ne an-an (= onlar) (7); (-en, -an = -ler, -lar in old Turkish) genitive, locative -na- -in, -un = suffix for genitive this one ne bu-na = to this one -- ne -na = dative suffix 164 THICK -- kalîn, sîk, çok, koyu, yog~un expand, womb pes^ p>s^ s^is^-mek = to expand big, fat gur 4, gir 8 gür = thick, dense big, fat gur 4, gir 8 yo-g~un = thick, dense big, fat gur 4, gir 8 guy-ruk/kuy-ruk = big fat tail of eastern Anatolian sheep 165 THIN -- thin sal -- sal -- sal s>c -- sal s>y -- sal s>d dal = branch of a tree (which is thin as compared to the body of a tree 166 TO THINK -- düs^ünmek hear, understand g~es^tug 2,3 es^it = hear, anla intelligent us 4 us (anlayis^ gücü, yeti, öz, töz, akîl -- -- [IZEy, 689]) = inteligence, mind, wisdom ince, seyrek, sulu, soluk, cansiz, ciliz, zayif su-lu = watery sol-uk = pale (in colour) cil-iz, can-siz= thin, undersized yal = watery mash prepared for dogs as food discernment umus, us 4 us (zeki, anlayan [IZEy, 689]) = discerning intelligent ngiz-al us-lu = intelligent, smart 167 THIS -- bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol this ne.en, nen>l bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol 168 THOU -- sen thou za-e, -zu sen; -iz, -uz = 2nd p. plural verbal suffix 169 THREE -- üç three es^ 5 üç 170 TO THROW -- atmak to throw ra, ri, s^ub -ri, -ru = directional suffix 171 TO TIE -- bag~lamak, dokumak, dügümlemek, kat katmak to bind, tie lá il-mek (baglamak, birles^tirmek [IZEy, 343]); to bind, tie lá il-mek (düg~üm) = noose; to bind, tie lá ile = with, together with [RDH1, 527] tie, rope, bond dim düg~üm [IZEy, 208] to tie, bond, string dur dür-mek (bükmek, toplamak, katlamak [IZEy, 210]) = to put together, -- -to tie, to wrap. to tie, bond, string dur -- -- dür-üm = flat bread wrapped around cheese or other edibles to eat, to tie, bond, string dur folded sandwich. to tie, bond, string dur dür-ge (katlanmis pamuk[IZEy, 210]) = folded cotton to tie, bond, string dur dür-gü [IZEy, 210] = wrapped dead body, folded, wrapped object to tie kes^.dr -- -- to tie kes^.dr dok-u-mak (dügümlemek) = to weave, to tie kos^-mak (baglamak, ilis^tirmek, takmak [RDH2, 461]) = to hitch, -- -- to attach something to another to tie together kad 4,5 kos^a (yoldas^, [IZEy, 429]) = two together, two people attached together like to tie together kad 4,5 man and wife, pair, two, two friends, two related people or objects. nest gud d>y nest gud to weave a mat kid 6, kad 6,8 kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer. sinew, cord, mat, net sa uya (yuva)= nest [HNO, 877] a knot kes^da udi (uyu) = to sleep [HNO, 874]; kat (büküm, kîvrîm [IZEy, 384]) = layer, such as layers of a rope (13); kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer to a layered object. -kos^-uk = tied together 172 TONGUE -- dil tongue eme em = suck -- eme dil/til 173 TOOTH -- dis^/tis^ tooth zu2, zu 9 ez-mek = to crush, to chew; 174 TREE -- ag~aç tree g~is^ ag~aç; yis^ (orman) = forest 175 TO TURN -- dönmek, burmak, bükmek to turn gi 4, gur g>b bur-mak = to twist, to turn -- gi 4, gur g>b bur-gu = drill; te-ker-lek = wheel -- gi 4, gur ger-i-ye git = turn back -- gi 4, gur eg~-ri = bent, crooked -- gi 4, gur ger-i, arka = back -- gi 4, gur g>s sar = wrap around -- gi 4, gur kur = reload (e.g.: "yay kurmak" or "saatî kur") X18 TWENTY -- yirmi, yigirmi twenty nis^ yirmi, yigirmi = 20 176 TWO -- iki/ikki two min iki/ikki = 2 177 TO VOMIT -- çîkarmak, kusmak to vomit buru 8 [?] çîkarmak, kusmak -- yürümek, gelmek, gitmek walk g~en (du, etc) gel git = come and go, to walk about; yuru = walk 179 WARM -- isi, sîcak warm kum 2 kum = sand, desert scorching mèl -- baker, cook mu-hal-dim -- 180 TO WASH -- yikamak, yumak wash luh, lah l>y yîka, yu wash, bathe, pour tu 5,17 su dök = pour water to wash rain, cloud em yag~-mur; bulut to clean sikil sîk-mak = to squeeze water out of laundry 181 WATER -- su, ter [IZEy, 655] water a (?) su 182 WE -- biz, miz we -me miz; -miz, -muz = 1st p. pl. verbal suffix 183 WET -- yas^, sulu wet dur(u) 5 duru (sîvî, sulu [KTLS, 776]) = watery -- dur(u) 5 duru-la-mak = rinsing with clean water; -- dur(u) 5 ter (islak, yas^ [IZEy, 655]) = wet; sweat 178 TO WALK -- sur r>l sulu, sîvî (cîvîk, suyuk [KTLS, 776]) = watery; moist, get moist dig su dök = pour water; soak, cloud lum bu-lut = cloud; pond, pool ñar-im nor (in Mongolian) = lake 184 WHAT -- ne, na, nasil what a.na ne, na (hangi, AVG, 72]) -- a.na ne-çuk = how? [HNO, 820] -- a.na ne-guda (nasil, ne biçim [HNO, 820]) = how? -- a.na ne-ke (neye, neden [HNO, 820]) = why? -- a.na ne-luk (neden [HNO, 820]) = because of what? -- a.na nen-çe (kaç, ne kadar [HNO, 820]) = how many -- a.na neng (s^ey, nesne [HNO, 820]) = thing -- a.na neng-nen (ne, her ne [HNO, 820]) = what -- a.na ne teg (ne gibi) = like what [HNO, 820; AVG, 72] 185 WHEN -- ne zaman, na öd when me.na.am3 kaçan (ne zaman AVG, 72]) -- ud...-a öd = time [HNO, 825] 186 WHERE -- nerede where me-a, ki..-a kani (ne-rede, [AVG, 72]) -- ak/ag/ag~, bayaz babbar bayaz bar 6.bar 6 ag~, ak 188 WHO -- kim, ki who a.ba kim who a.ba apa = father 189 WIDE -- genis^, enli 187 WHITE white to widen, wide dag~al, d>ç çog~-al-mak = to increase, to swell to widen, wide dag~al dag~-îl-mak = to spread, to widen to widen to widen, wide dag~al, d>y yay-îl-mak = to spread, to widen wide tal2 genis^; sel = flood to be wide sal genis^-le-mek; sel = flood 190 WIFE -- kari, es^ wife, husband, spouse dam dam (ev) = house female, woman munus eme, mama [AVG, 286] female, eggs, offspring nu-nuz nene, nine = grandmother 191 WIND -- yel, yil wind im, lil yel, yil 192 WING -- wing a2, pa p>k to fly dal -- dal d>y -- dal TO WIPE -- silmek to wipe ra.g sil-mek; ku-ru-lamak = to dry erase dir sil 194 WITH -- ile, beraber together with -da, -ta -le, -la = suffix expressing togetherness commitative -da- -de, -da, -te, -ta = locative suffix lie with -na -ne, -na = dative suffix for demonstrative pronouns 195 WOMAN -- kadîn, eme, mama, nine, hala woman munus meme = breast; ana = mother; hanîm/hanum = lady kanat, telek, yelek ka-nat (telek [IZEy, 652]); kana(t) [IZEy, 370] = wing tel-ek (tüy, tüg [IZEy, 652]) = feather, down yel-ek (kaz tel-egi) = quill from a goose or from a bird's wing. dal (kol, butak/budak) = branch orman, koru, yis^, ag~aç 196 WOODS, FOREST -tir woods, forest -- -- ter (dirilik, islaklik, yes^illik, canlilik [IZEy, 655]) = liveliness, wetness, greenness, living (all of these concepts are associated with forest -- -- or woods); tir -- ter-ek (kavak [KTLS, 454]) = poplar tree, wooden shelf tir -- ter (kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a tree X19 TO WORK -- is^lemek, çalis^mak to work kin..ak -- 197 WORM -- solucan, kurt worm g~ar7 [?] gurt/kurt (solucan) 198 YOU -- siz you -zu.ne(.ne) -niz, -nuz = verbal pronoun for 2nd p. pl 199 YEAR -- yîl, sene year mu yîl, sene 200 YELLOW -- sari yellow sig7 sari END OF 4 OF 5 SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST (WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS) By Polat Kaya (Part 5 of 5) NOTES: 1. "u" has been widely used in Turkish literature as a word corresponding to the word "and". It might be considered by some as a loan word into Turkish from Persian. Although it is not clear who got this word from whom, however, in our view, it is a Central Asiatic word which has migrated into Persian: a) by way of Sumerians and/or 2) by way of other Central Asiatic peoples such as Sakas, Huns, Turks who ruled the Persian land mass many times and each time for very long durations of time throughout the known history. So, in Persia there were a lot of interaction between Central Asiatic Turkish peoples and Persians throughout the hystory. During these times of interactions, there have been linguistic and cultural borrowings between the two ethnic groups. 2. Sumerian "pa" is reported to mean the "top", the "upper part of a tree", "the upper part of a bird", "supervisor", "chief" and "coming from upper sides" [AZ, 223]. If this definition is correct, then we would have direct correspondence for it in Turkish. The Turkish version of this Sumerian word would be as follows: "bas^ = head"; "the upper part of a bird" is 'bas^'; father "apa" in Turkish is a supervisor of a household as well as the chief of the family. So evidently Sumerian "pa" and Turkish "bas^ are related to each other. Probably the earliest form of Turkish "bas^" was also "pa". This we can se from the Turkish word "tepe" meaning hill, mountain top, top of the head and figuratively, someone above others. In Turkish, there is also the saying of "dag~ bas^i" meaning "mountain top". If we want to synthesize this two words in old Turkish, we would need to put together the Turkish word "tau (dag~) = mountain" and the word "bas^ = pa". Thus we would have {tau+pa ----> taupa ----> tapa} which is exactly the Turkish word "tepe" in form and meaning, thus, meaning "mountain top" or hill. When one looks at a mountain chain at a horizon, "mountain peaks" will look like "small hills = tepes" with respect to the main bodies of the mountains. So Turkish word "tepe" fits well to these two different but similar concepts. Let us now consider the Turkish word "apa" meaning "father". If we use the same approach to its synthesis as we did for the word "tepe, one could say that "father is the "head of a house', "father" is a "supervisor" and "father" is the "chief" in the house and hence we would have {a + pa} where the Sumerian word "e" is "house" and "pa" is "top". The Turkish word for "house" is "ev" the very ancient version of which was probably "e" or "a". When we put them together, we have {(ev+bas^) ----> (e + pa) ----> (a+pa) ----> apa = father}. Again we see that we have a likely explanation for Turkish word "apa" having total affinity to the Sumerian words "e = house" plus "pa= top". 3. The concept inbedded in the words "bud", "leaf" and "sprout" have one aspect in common to them all which is they all develop at the tip of the branch of a tree or plant. So Sumerian "pa" meaning "top", as also suggested by the Turkic words "tepe" and "apa", seems to be a fitting interpretation of the Sumerian sign for this word. 4. For Central Asiatic people, whose economy in ancient times was based on herds of sheep, cattle, horse and other herbivorous animals, lamb and/or sheep, i.e., Sumerian "udu for sheep and Turkish "kuzu" for lamb, was one source of meat. This culture, i.e., using "lamb meat" for their meat intake, has been carried on to the present times by Turkic peoples. 5. In Turkish, change from d to y is very common. Because of this type of consonant changes, some Turkic dialects are classified as d group and some others as y group, eg. adak versus ayak meaning "foot",[TDEK2]. 6. The word "mar" for snake, serpent is used both in Turkish and Persian. Some would claime it as a Persian loan word in Turkish. Who got the word from whom is not certain. 7. In archaic Turkish, there is the -en, -an suffix used as suffix for plural. A good example of this is in the Turkish word "er-en" meaning "men, soldiers, brave men". When the 3rd p. s. pronoun o or when it is in the form of an, en receives the plural suffix -an or -en, we get 'an+an' or 'en+en' form which would correspond to the present form 'onlar'. Thus the archaic form en-en or an-an of this Turkic word would be related to the corresponding Sumerian word 'e.ne.ne'. 8. If a Sumerian word starts with a vovel and ends with a consonant, i.e., in the format of VC, it is very likely that in the original Sumerian form, that word may actually ended in a vovel, i.e., having a VCV format whereby the final V was dropped when reading the Sumerian cuneiform writing, eg: us[u], ug[u]. Similarly, if a Sumerian word has been read in the CV format, it is likely that that word was originally in VCV format, but somehow the first vovel got dropped in the evolution of the Sumerian language or in the reading process of the Sumerian cuneiform writings. 9. In Sumerian pantheon "an" is the topmost god who created everything on the earth and in the sky. The underliying theme of this word is that "an" is the "mother creator" of everything. In view of this understanding, it seems that the Turkish word "ana" for mother is related to the Sumerian "an". It is reasonable to think that even during proto Sumerian times, "an" and "ana" not only were related but probably were the same word used for a number of differing meanings as indicated by the Sumerian word "an" and the Turkish word "ana". This again implies that the ancestors of Turks and the Sumerians were very closely related people, sharing a common culture in a homeland common to both of them. All indications are pointing to Central Asian steppes. 10. It seems that the Sumerian suffix -ag and Turkish suffix -ag or -ak have the similar meaning as suggested in the following examples: bar-ag vs otur-ak, or durak. 11. In Turkish the saying "men menem" has two meanings; 1) 'I am myself, I do not resemble anyone else but myself; 2) 'I am my fate' which again means 'I represent my fate only' or 'I am the living representation of my fate'. In this Turkic saying, one gets the meaning of Sumerian "me" for fate. Therefore, there seems to be a kinship between the Sumerian word "mae = I", the Turkish word "men = I" and the Sumerian word "me" for fate. 12. As one interacts with the ground, one picks up dirt, "kir" in Turkish, which comes from the ground. Thus it seems that Sumerian word "ki" and Turkish word "kir", in addition to Turkic "KIR" = countryside, are related and coming from the same root word. 13. In Turkish the root word "kat" signifies "layers" of layered object in which layers are tied or attached together, eg. 'apartman kati' a floor of a building, 'ipin kati' a layer of a rope, 'kat' of any weaving eg. basket, socks, rug weaving, etc. In the case of rope, the layer threads are tied or hold together by twisting, "bükmek" in Turkish, them together. Thus the Turkish word "büküm" signifies a kind of tie or knot, i.e., "dügüm" in Turkish. 14. Turkish villager who raise sheep keep their herd in enclosed pens during winter. The waste of sheep in the pen is stepped on and pressed down by the sheep all winter long. In the spring time when sheep are let out, then the pressed sheep waste is cut and put out to dry. The dried waste is used for burning. These cut and dried waste bricks are called "kesek" or "kerme" or "tezek" depending on the local dialect of people using it. 15. This Sumerian word pronounced as abzu by some Sumerologist is written as zuab in its original Sumerian writing [JLHa], that is to say that the sign for zu is written before the sign for ab. Therefore, I feel that it should have been read as zuab rather than abzu. If these two signs written together as zuab stands for underground waters in Sumerian, then we have a correspondence between this Sumerian word and the Turkic word "su" for water. Why the order of the Sumerian words zuab has been changed to abzu is a mistery. This kind of arbitrary change alters the character of the word making the word Akkadian rather than Central Asian as written in its Sumerian form. 16. The ancient Turkic word for "sky" is "tang > tan". This is written in the form of "Tan" in "IRK BITIG" hand written Gök Türk manuscripts, [HNO,271, line 38. XXVI]. The Turkic words "tengri", tenger", "tengere", "tangara" and "tanri" which all come from the same root, initially must have consisted of the root words "tang" or "Teng" plus "er" plus "-i" meaning the "man of the sky/heaven" and hence "the God". These roots put together as (teng + er + i) ---> tengeri ---> tengri. The suffix -i is indicative of the accusative form of the Altaic word "tengri". REFERENCES ARAT ..... Resid Rahmeti Arat, "Makaleler, cilt I", Turk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü, hazirlayan: O. F. Sertkaya, ..... ..... ....Ankara, 1987. AVG ....... A. von Gabain, Eski Türkçenin Grameri", Ceviren: Mehmet Akalin, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari, 332, ..... ..... ....Ankara, 1988. AYB1 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt1, Sayi 1-12, Burhanettin Matbaasi, Istanbul,1932. AYB2 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt 2, Sayi 13-24, Burhanettin Matbaasi, Istanbul,1933. AYB3 Azerbaycan Yurt ..... ..... ....Bilgisi, Cilt 3, Sayi 25-36, Burhanettin Matbaasi, Istanbul,1934. AZ ..... ....Andraz Zakar, "Sumerin-Ural-Altaic Affinities", Current Anthropology, vol. 12, No. 2, April 1971, ..... ..... ...p. 215-224. FH ..... ....Fred Hamori : "100 word Hymes List" FH2 ........ Fred Hamori : "Ural - Altaic Language Page" IZEy ..... ..Ismet Zeki Eyüboglu, "Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlügü", Sosyal Yayinlar, Istanbul, 1991. IBML ..... Abdullah Battal, "Ibni-Muhenna Lugati", Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu ..... ........ Yayinlari: 9,Ankara, 1988. JLHa ..... John L. Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts", Undena Publications, Malibu, 1990. KTLS .....Karsilastirmali Türk Lehçeleri Sözlügü, Kültür Bakanligi /1371, kaynak Eserler Dizisi /54, Ankara, 1992. UYAT .....Kurtulus Oztopcu, "Uygur Atasözleri ve Deyimleri", Dogu Türkistan Vakfi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1992. MiEl ...... Mircea Eliade, "Shamanism Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy", Bollingen Series LXXVI, Princeton University ..... ........ Press, 1974. MuEr ..... Muharrem Ergin, "Bir Azeri Sairi Ahmet Bey", Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt 4, Sayi 37, Burhanettin Erenler ..... ........ Matbaasi, Istanbul,1954, s. 18-21. ODes ..... Oguz Hakan Destani, part of ARAT above, pages 605-672. ONT ...... Osman Nedim Tuna, "Sümer ve Türk Dillerinin Tarihi Ilgisi Ile Türk Dilinin Yasi Meselesi", Atatürk Kültür, ..... ..... ...Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 561, Ankara, 1990. PK ........ Polat Kaya, "A Study of the Lemnos Island Inscription: a preliminary report", ISBN 0-9696949-3-8, Ottawa, ..... ....... Ontario, Canada, 1977. RDH1 ... "Türkçe-Ingilizce Redhouse Sözlügü", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul, 1987. RDH2 ... "Ingilizce-Türkçe Redhouse Sözlügü", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul, 1980. TDK ...... Türk Dil Kurumu, "Türkçe Sözlük", sayi 175, Ankara, 1959. TDEL1 ... Türk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü, "Türk Dünyasi El Kitabi", Birinci Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992. TDEL2 ... Türk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü, "Türk Dünyasi El Kitabi", Ikinci Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992. ABT ....... Abdullah Battal Taymas, "Kazan Türkçesinde Ata Sözleri ve Deyimler", Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek ..... ........ Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 275, Ankara, 1988 END OF 5 OF 5