and et al., 2001 - ITU ESONET MARMARA DM Main Page
Transkript
and et al., 2001 - ITU ESONET MARMARA DM Main Page
History of Marine GeologicalG Geophysical h i l Research R h and d the th Need N d for Seafloor Observatories in the Sea of Marmara M. Namık Çağatay EMCOL, Faculty of Mining, İstanbul İ Technical University Outline • • • • • The Sea of Marmara: Geotectonic and Oceanographic settings Early studies P 1999 E Pre-1999 Earthquake th k studies t di Post-1999 Earthquakestudies Need for Seafloor observatories in the Sea of Marmara Seismo-tectonic setting: High earthquake risk Water Circulation in the Sea of Marmara Surface water Salinity: 22 ‰ Velocity: 20-50 cm/s Renewal time: 4-5 months Halocline at 25m depth 100-500m 50-100m D Deep water t Salinity: 36 ‰ Velocity: few cm/s Renewal time: 6-7 year O2 content: 1-4 mg/L Beşiktepe at al. (1994) Distribution of population and Industy in the Marmara Region:Anthropogenic inputs 30 % of Turkey’s population more than 50% Turkey’s industry located in this region Inputs from Black Sea Natural sediment inputs mainly from the southern drainage basin Mater and Gürpınar (1992) Early marine studies of historical importance • Count Luigi Fernando Marsili (1679-1681): Hydrographic H d hi experiment i t iin th the B Bosphorus h St Strait it to test the two-way flow system. • Andrusov ((1900)) Bathymetric y mapping pp g and discovery of the Neouxine fauna of Black Sea and Caspian p Sea affinities in sediment cores belonging to the lacustrine episode of the SoM, Ottoman vessel called Selanik in 1894. Nikolai Ivanovich Andrusov (1861 (1861-1924) 1924) Bathymetric map of the Sea of Marmara prepared by Naval Captain Spindler during the Selânik Expedition Nuriye Pınar’s 1943 map of the ‘Marmara Fault’ drawing on the basis of the Russian 1894 bathymetry. She was not aware that she was using half a century old Russian data. Sengör 1979 Sengör et al 1985 Modern studies pre - 1999 İzmit and Dü Düzce earthquakes th k Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO): MC Seismic surveys A fault map published in a newspaper in November 1999 just after 1999 Düzce earthquake Studies by METU-IMS paleoceanography, marine sediments (Mustafa Ergin and his students) Single channel Seismic suvey by RV Piri Reis cruise in 1989 (Ergün and Özel, 1995; Wong et al., 1995) Fault maps: showing the N&S boundary faults as normal o a faults au ts a and d NE-trending t e d g faults au ts st strike-slip e s p faults au ts Cruises before the 1999 İzmit and Düzce earthquakes RV MTA Sismik-1 RV Çubuklu RV Piri Reis RV Arar pre - 1999 İzmit and Düzce earthquakes (continued) Studies by Turkish National Marine Programme of TUBITAK involving Turkish universities, MTA and TPAO: Th programme used The d RV MTA Sismik-1 Si ik 1 a) tectonics, basin evolution ( Okay et al., 2000; İmren et al al., 2001; Gökaşan et al al., 2001) 2001), and b) paleooceanographic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions ((e.g., g Ergin g et al., 1997; Çağatay Ç ğ y et al., 2000). Other groups: Mainly M i l paleoceanographic l hi studies t di by b Memorial M i l University Newfoundland, Canada – DEU-MST Institute Deep Marmara Sea Project” that involved MTA Sismik1 and R/V Meteor Cruise (Leg M 44/1): mapping of the NAF in the western Sea of Marmara and sampling of fluids (Halbach et al., 2002). Multi- Channel Seismic Survey of MTA Sismik-1 Sismik 1 (1997) Okay et al. (2000) Tectonophysics, 321:189-218. Transtensionala faults at transform *plate bounday Okay et al. (2000) PALAEOCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES Core stratigraphy 20 ka records Çağatay et al. (2000) Mar. Geol. 167:191-206. Sapropel (10.6-6.4 (10 6 6 4 kyr) Lacustrine / Marine transition 12 14C ka BP Lacustrine sediments Post-1999 Earthquakes studies “Marine atlas of the Sea of Marmara”, Ifremer, Genavir: RV Le suroit cruise (2000) “Earthquake Earthquake Geology in the Marmara Sea”: Sea : RVs Odin Finder and Urania cruises in 2000, 2001) “Marmacore” & projects: RV Marion Dufresne cruises in 2001 and 2004 2004. “Seismarmara”: RVs Le Nadir and Seismic-1 cruises (project) (p j ) in 2001 “Marmarascarps”: R/V Le Atlante with ROV Victor 6000 in 2002 Seismic Risk evaluation in the Sea of Marmara R/V Urania cruise in 2005 “MarNaut”: RV L’Atalante cruise with manned submersible b ibl Nautile N til in i 2007 “TAMAM”: RV Piri Reis cruise in 2008 Post-1999 Earthquakes studies “M i atlas “Marine tl off th the Sea S off Marmara”, M ” RV Le suroit cruise (2000) Multi-beam bathymetric mapping and sparker high resolution (HR) seismic surveys of areas deeper than -100 m in November 2000 (Le Pichon et al., 2000, 2001, 2003; Armijo et al., 2002). Multibeam barthymetry map (Le Pichon et al., 2001) and fault Geometry (Armijo et al., 2002) onboard RV Le Suroit (2000) Through-going “maişn Marmara Fault (Le Pichon et al, 2001, 2002) CENTRAL BASIN Deep basins at stepover between Izmit and Ganos faults Armijo at al. (2001, 2005) Tectonics and sedimentation in deep Marmara Basins Sparker seismic surveys (Le Suroit 2000) Package 1 ~40 m Package g 2 ~ 70 70-80 80 % tu turbiditeb d te homogenite and ~ 20-30 % hemipelagic units Le Pichon et al. ((2001)) EPSL, 192: 595-616. RV Marion Dufresne cruises in 2001 and 2004 Recovery of up to 40 m long giant piston cores useful in: 1) Identifying key stratigraphic horizons that are important some major seismo-tectonic events and subsidence rates (Beck ( et al., 2006)) 2) Palaeoceanographic and paleoclimatological reconstructions (Eriş et al al., 2007; Çağatay et al., 2009). R/V Marion Dufresne 2001 Diyajenez zonu Paleooceanographic records : Isotope stage 5 “Earthquake Geology in the Marmara Sea” project: p j RVs Odin Finder and Urania cruises • Multibeam bathymetric mapping, HR and MC • • • seismic surveys and ROV observations in the İzmit Gulf and northern shelf areas during 2000 and 2001 Tectonics (Vertical and lateral slip rates):Polonia et al. 2004; Seeber et al., 2004; Cormier et al., 2006). 2006) Sedimentary earthquake records (McHugh et al., 2006; Çağatay et al al., 2003; Sarı and Çağatay Çağatay, 2006) Paleoceanographic reconstructions (Çağatay (Ç et al., 2003; McHugh et al., 2008) Earthquake risk evaluation in the Sea of Marmara RV U Urania i C Cruise i (2001 (2001, 2005) RVUrania 2005 cruise • High resolution siesmics • Mult-bean bathymetry • MC Seismic • Coring Paleoshorelines and bioherms on Çekmece shelf Odin Finder and Urania crusies in 2000 and 2001 Bioherms on the northern shelf Ç ğ t ett all (2009). Çağatay (2009) M Mar. G Geol. l Çekmece Shelf: Stratigraphy RV Odin Finder cruise 2000 MTA Sismik-1 core Çağatay et al. (2009) Mar geol. Prince Islands shelf Urania cruise (2005) Structures mapped at the base of the Holocene Unit -85 85 m shoreline 12 ka BP Fault causing basement uplift Gulf of İzmit W Basin W. Central ((Karamürsel)) Basin Eastern (Gölcük) Basin Urania 2001 and 2005 cruises Courtesy of Hülya Kurt Gulf of Gemlik: Bathymetry Urania 2005 cruise Sedimentary sequence of the Marmara basins are good archives of past earthquakes. This is important for seismic assessment along the different segments of the NAF Çağatay et al., al 2008). 2008) (1630±30 yr BP) (1630±30 840 ±60 60 ADyr BP) 840 ±60 AD (1790±25 BP) (1790±25 BP) 690 ±45 AD 690 ±45 AD (2110±100 yr BP) (2110±100 BP) 350 ±130yrAD 350 ±130 AD (2740±90 yr BP) (2180±30 BP) 400275±64 ±147 BC AD (4280±100 BP) (2740±90 yryr BP) 2330 ±147BC BC 400 ±147 (16.05.865 AD İstanbul, IX) (16.05.865 AD İstanbul, IX) (26.10.740 AD IIst,XIII XIII ) (26.10.740 AD Ist,XIII ) (24.08.358 İzmit İzmit, İst İst. IX (24 (24.08.358 08 358 Tsunami) İzmit, İst. IX Tsunami) M S BC (427 M.S. 325 N.Marmara) İstanbul IX (427 BC N Marmara) N.Marmara) The Seismarmara cruise on board RV Le Nadir cruise in 2001 also using MTA Sismik-1 4000 km MC seismic data together with OBS recordings for imaging the deep crustal structure of the SoM and NAF zone in the deep p Marmara basins. • Hirn Hi ett al. l (2002) g et al. ((2007)) • Carton and Singh • Laigle et al., 2008). Seismarmara : Çınarcık Basin Carton, Singh et al. (2007) Çınarcık Basin: Sediment fill and fault geometry 6-7 km thick syntectonic sediment infill in the deep Marmara basns Carton, Singh et al. (2007) Central Basin: Seismarmara Line 40 Negative flower structure Laigle et al. (2008) EPSL, 270;168-179. Seismic velocities Seismarmara cruise 2001 SeptemberSeptember -October 2002 On board L’Atalante The ROV Victor 6000 (with Seabat 8101 multibeam) Control room onboard L’Atalante The Marmarascarps project • Microbathymetric mapping along the NAF g y • ROV video-imagery • Coring for palaeo-seismological studies (Armijo et al.,, 2005). ) • Important observations on the fluid activity and carbonate chimneys y and mounds along g the fault (Zitter et al., 2008) Central basin bounded by en‐echelon normal faults 5 km last event scarp is 1-2 m high Armijo et al., 2005 500 m Superposing hi‐res multibeam bathymetry (Seabat 8101 carried by ROV VICTOR: resolution 50cm precision 10cm) (Seabat 8101 carried by ROV VICTOR: resolution 50cm, precision Courtesy Gülsen Uçarkuş Marmarascarps cruise (2001) 1.5 m high scarp at SE of Tekirdağ Basin Cold seep, carbonate b t chimneys hi and black patches Photo taken at 1240 m depth in Central Basin Marnaut project C Cruise onboard L’Atalante ’ with Nautile (12May-12 June 2007) Survey of fluid emissions from the NAF Main i objective: j i Study S off relations i between fluid and seismic activities 1) Mapping of distribution of fluid expulsions, direct observations sampling of fluids observations, 2) Sampling of carbonate crusts and mounds 3) Deployment of piezometers osmometersflowmeters and OBSs QuickTime™ et un décompresseur MPEG-4 vidéo sont requis pour visionner cette image. Marmara Denizi EK60 sounder Distribution of Fluids along the submerged NAF Red, green and white are locations of Nautile dives Yeşil: Observation locations of MarNaut project for 3-12 3 12 months Purple: Sites of survey and equipment deployment during MARMESONET 2009 Blue: Planned Kandilli stations Three important areas a) Tekirdağ-W. High b)İstanbul c) E Çınarcık Basin 3He T ki d ğ Tekirdağ Batı Sırtı Orta Sırt Sismik boşluk Sea of Marmara Çınarcık 2 m hifgh carbonate mound (NE Central Basin - Nautile dive 661, June 2007) •Mineralogy: aragonite, very little calcite •Isotope composition: δ13C:-37,5 ‰PDB ; δ18O: 2,2 ‰ PDB : Carbonate crusts formed along the fault was later fractured by fault activity and fracures are filled by sulphidic black patches that are colonized by p y bivalves NE Central Basin (Nautile Dive No. 661) Bacterial mat and tube wurms Scale: Width of photo: ~ 25 cm Carbonate cemented mudstone Corals grown on the carbonate cemented mud Aragonite Deep-water coral 2 cm Calcite 5 cm δ Carbonate chimney Mineraloji: aragonit Mineraloji: aragonit 5 cm GAS HYDRATE IN THE SEA OF MARMARA Western High, 660 m water depth Sea of Marmara Gas Hydrate Composition Gas composition: Methane (C1): % 82 Ethane +propane+ butane (C2-C4): % 18 (C1/C2+C3 ) = 4.6 Isotope Composition Hidrocarbon δ13C ‰ Metan - 45 Etan - 24 Propan - 30 Bütan, isobütan, pentan, isopentan - 30 δ13C (CO2) = + 30 ‰ HC gas of thermal origin Analysis by TÜBİTAK-MRC Earthquake locations during 13 June- 10 September In the SoM, there is an urgent need for permanent, long-term observatories for obtaining real time multi multi-disciplinary disciplinary data: Geotectonic setting on the North Anatolian Fault: Earthquake, submarine landslide and associated tsunami risk to 25 M people people. Relations between fluids and seismic activtiy: possible percursory behaviour Oceanographic setting between Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea: Climate and environmental changes Environmental risks of pollution from industrial, municipal and maritime transportation, tanker accidents Proximity to the coastlines: easy and cost effective Marine observatories and observatory initiatives in Turkey • MOMA: Integrated meterorological/Oceanographic N E project NoE j t (METU-IMS): (METU IMS) Meteorological M t l i l and d water t column observations at stations in the Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits • Turkish Sealevel Monitoring System (TUDES) (General Mapping Commond of Turkey): Mareograph stations also collecting Meteorological data (two stations in the SoM) • Marmara Sea Bottom Observatory ( MSBO) Project: ((BU-KOERI): ) 5 cabled seafloor seismological g stations (under construction) as part of the seismological network • National Tsunami Project: B.U. Kandilli Rasathanesi (under construction) Present observatories and observatory intiatives in the Sea of Marmara • Not multi-disciplinary, and therefore, do not address all the scientific (geohazard and environmental change) issues • They are established mainly for routine monitoring purposes and are not true research infrastructures Thank you CAPEX and OPEX analysis CAPEX for a single station (Western High) 25 km cable = Ship time = ROV time = Sensörs = Junction Box = Total = 475 475.000 000 € 25.000 € 50.000 € 600.000 € 250.000 € 1.400.000 € OPEX : 10% of CAPEX = 140.000 €