1900-1928 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRKİYE`DE - Inter
Transkript
1900-1928 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRKİYE`DE - Inter
1900-1928 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRKİYE’DE YAYINLANAN MİZAH GAZETELERİNDE “FIKRA” ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME *1Aydan ENER SU “1900-1928 Yılları Arasında Türkiye’de Yayınlanan Mizah Gazetelerinde Fıkra” adlı bu çalışmada, bu tarih aralığında yayınlanan mizah gazete ve dergileri işledikleri konuları bakımından incelendi ve fıkra türü ile ilgili olanlar değerlendirildi. Türk edebiyatındaki fıkraların mizah gazetelerine yansıması ele alındı. Bu çalışma 1900-1928 yılları arasındaki mizah süreli yayınlarında işlenen konuları saptamak, modern mizah kuramlarından yola çıkarak mizah süreli yayınlarında mizahın oluşturulma yöntemlerini belirlemek, bu dönemin dergilerinde yazan mizah şair ve yazarlarının mizah yaratma tekniklerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yapıldı. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye’de dönemin mizah anlayışının nasıl olduğunu, mizah-edebiyat anlayışını ortaya çıkarmaya çalışacağız. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mizah, fıkra, Türk edebiyatı, mizah gazete ve dergileri, mizah kuramları An Investigation About Jokes at Humor Magazines Published in Turkey Between 1900-1928 In this paper named “An Investigation About Turkish Literature Jokes at Humor Magazines Published in Turkey Between 1900-1928”, humor newspapers and magazines published in this date range have been examined in terms of the issues they handle and which were evaluated on genres of jokes. The jokes in Turkish literature was discussed reflected the humor newspaper. The purpose of this study was to determine issues handled in humor periodicals between 1900-1928 years, to determine the method of creating humor based on the theory of modern humor, to determine the literary writing and poetry of humor periodicals, be the humor magazine writer and poet of this period was to demonstrate the technique of creating humor. This study is how the term the Turkish sense of humor, I will try to reveal the humor, literature and understanding. Keywords: Humor, jokes, Turkish literature, humor magazines and newspapers, theory of humor ***** Giriş Tanzimat Period (1860-1896) has began to Westernized of Turkish literature in the modern sense of first period from the second half of the 19th century. During this period its started to give the first example of the many species in the modern sense, Ali Reşat and Filip Efendi who have a weekly supplement of the newspaper of the same name Terakki (23.10.1870) that they have Turkish humor magazine first published the Arabic alphabet (Apaydın, 2006, s.328). Terakki that do not have carricature on its pages changes name as Terakki Eğlencesi at 1870. (Çeviker 1986, s.21). Here's a visual element of humor in writing, that the entrance to the magazine as a comic cartoon seen. 1 Arş. Gör., Turkey, Hacettepe Üniversitesi – Turkish Language and Literature. An Investigation About Jokes at Humor Magazines Published in Turkey Between 1900-1928 Diyojen is the first humor newspaper published in the Ottoman Empire at the end of 1870 and this newspaper was published by Teodor Kasap. Diyojen is a turning point for Turkish humor magazine. Ali Bey, Namik Kemal, Teodor Kasap and important thinkers of the period were written in the humor magazine. Twenty Ottoman humor magazine published between 1870-1877 years; however Delegation of Deputies forbid the humor magazines at May 8, 1877. The content of humor magazines purposes only entertainment before these magazines will begin to find their humorous identity; to engage in political and social life and prepared the ground for the magazine dealt with a critical attitude. The humor magazines or newspapers weren’t seen 1879-1908 period of time. Humorous magazines began to be published abroad because of the cencor. Hayal at Paris as the same name Hayal at London, Dolap at England in anywhere published, Bebe Ruhi and Tokmak at Cenevre, Pinti Abdülhamit Curcuna Deccal and Hasbihal at Kahire have important humor magazines. Şarivari that means when raids for adultery people hitting the tin and hooting the guilty was 5 numbers published. (Özünlü, 1999: s. 64) Constitutional Period is an extremely efficient and colorful period in terms of humor magazines. The enthusiasm created by the II. Constitutional, the end of censorship in the press, the end of the 30year period of autocracy and the victory accros from II. Abdülhamit, the silence of the large and long time it will use humor with all the means. The address of opposition that it has cencored since 1878 is still print media. (Yazıcı, 2011, s. 1301) We have detected 133 humor newspapers and magazines are available between the years 19001928 so far. Some of them are long-term will continue for years and some of them are closed after 1015 numbers or 1-2 numbers. In this study we will investigate over four jokes in humor newspaper which names Kahkaha, Eşek and Malum published between the years 1900-1928. There are various opinions about the definition of joke that is one of the products of oral culture. Dursun Yıldırım defined the jopke as follows: “Joke, relationship with real life and events, a fully idea, social and human aspects we encounter distortions in our daily lives, ridiculous situations, contrasts, old / new conflicts of a subtle humor, philosophical conversation, a sharp irony and a strong criticism understanding in a style with, strong dramatic elements around the story roof, usually only one type connected to tell, created the prose language small volumes of oral literature, the name given to each of the compositions, we can say” (Yıldırım 1992:333). Short but an impressive expression are possible. One of the products of oral culture and when say humor then comes firstly to mind as well as laughing function suggest, making fun of or have criticizing function. There are various types of personal characteristics in jokes. Joke types the most comprehensive classification was by the Dursun Yıldırım again. This classification consists of seven groups. (Yıldırım 1992: 24-32) In this study we will investigate over four jokes in humor newspaper which names Kahkaha, Eşek and Malum published between the years 1900-1928. Firstly jokes will investigate by joke types and then hemeneutics by humor theories. The first joke is Yapraktan Bir Takvim that founds in the name of Malum humor newspaper in the number of 4 page 2. This is a Nasreddin Hoca joke. Yapraktan Bir Takvim Geçen gün gazetelerin kapatılması münasebetiyle meclis-i mebusanda istizah takriri verilmiş olduğunu gören bir zat anlatıyordu: 2 Aydan Ener Su Nasreddin Hoca merhum bir gün eşeğine bir miktar zahiye yükleterek yola revan olmuş. Epey gittikten sonra yorulunca eşeği durdurmuş; kendisi de binmiş; fakat eşek zayıf, dayanamamış, yere çöküvermiş. Hoca bakmış ki olmuyor. Tutmuş yükü indirmiş, eşeğe kendisi binmiş. Eşek hiç zahmet çekmeyince hoca “Hah!...” diyerek ve sevinerek tekrar inmiş, bu sefer yükü kendi arkasına alarak eşeğe öylece binmiş, biner binmez eşek yine çökmüş. Hoca bu sefer kemal-i hiddetle: Oğlum demiş, yükü ben kendi arkama aldım, sana ne oluyor?... Teşbihte hata olmaz ya, muhterem mebuslarımız da galiba bu hikâyeyi hatırlamış olacaklar ki mecliste: Canım gazeteleri kapatan idare-i örfiyedir. Hükümet değildir, bundan hükümete ne var?... diyorlar… At Nalı At Nalı. (19 Kanun-ı Evvel 1326- 01 Ocak 1911). Yapraktan Bir Takvim. Malum. N. 4, s. 2. We can classificate this joke like Dursun Yıldırım’s the ability to represent the common personality getting types. The main person is Nasrettin Hoca who is a within the geographical area where Turkish is spoken and the types are considered famous in the world. The event be around the Nasrettin Hoca. Hoca as alone as a human all the jokes he speaks his ass that sembolizing meek. Nasrettin Hoca personalizes his ass. When we consider the paragraph in terms of superiority theory Nasrettin Hoca finds a remedy. Reader or hearer thinks that is a stupidly remedy. Nasrettin Hoca falls into funny situations and then reader or hearer thinks that will not do the same mistake and he feels superior, feels relief. In this case, he feel enjoy and then laugh. We examine the same joke in terms of dissonance theory, when Nasreddin hoca gets off the donkey, reader or hearer thinks that Nasreddin Hoca will continue the road. But reader or hearer surprizes this situation. Because, Nasreddin Hoca rides on donkey again and taking goods his own back. The amount of weight on the back of the donkey does not change. The only thing that is changing goods don’t touch the donkey's back. The second joke is Yapraktan Bir Takvim that finds in the name of Eşek humor newspaper in the number of 2 page 2. This is a joke that make reference to Nasreddin Hoca joke. Yapraktan Bir Takvim Hoş hamiyetli bir zât mecliste anlatıyordu: -Allah rahmet eylesin bir turşucu var imiş. Her gün turşusunu eşeğinin arkasına yükletir mahalle mahalle dolaşırmış. Fakat mahalle ortasında turşucu tam “turşu” diye bağırmak isterken eşeği başlarmış anırmaya… Bir gün böyle. Beş gün böyle; zavallı adam mahallede hiç bağıramıyormuş. Bir gün yine bir mahallede turşu… diye bağırmaya başlayacakken yine eşek başlamış: ai ai…Ai.. Herif fena halde kızmış, eşeğe: Be eşek, turşuyu sen mi satacaksın ben mi satacağım?... Acaba şimdi maarif nazırı da dese ki: Maarif nezaretini ben mi idare edeceğim, yoksa gazeteler mi idare edecek?.. O vakit Mahmut Sadık Bey biraderimiz! Ne cevap verir acaba?... ?. (16 Teşrin-i Sani 1326- 30 Kasım 1910). Yapraktan Bir Takvim. Eşek. N. 1, s. 2. We can classificate this joke, arts and professions representing types in daily types. Pickle is the main person in this joke. The people who sell pickle, speaks with his donkey. Donkey is the deputy of pickle seller. Although there isn’t the name of Nasreddin Hoca this joke are known to belong to him, and the joke is tell pickle seller instead of Pickle Seller Nasreddin Hoca. When we examined the joke with Coupling Theory, events in opposition and logical problems are possible. Humorous fiction feature stems from the clause in the joke. When the pickle seller sell his pickle, his donkey began to braying. This situation causes conflict. The changing role of the speaker in paragraph / interference that led to this situation creates wit of joke. And this situation causes no inference to conform to reality. He thinks that his donkey will sell his pickle. Unexpected, logical inference is problematic that this would be ridiculous. An Investigation About Jokes at Humor Magazines Published in Turkey Between 1900-1928 The third joke is Parmak İzi that finds in the name of Malum humor newspaper in the number of 2 page 3. This is a Nasreddin Hoca joke. Parmak İzi Bir gün Nasreddin Hoca evinde otururken komşularından biri gelmiş, demiş ki: -Hoca Efendi bu gün oduna gideceğim, senin eşeği bana verir misin?... Hocanın besbelli işine elvermemiş olmalı ki cevaben: -Merkep evde değil, demiş… Fakat tam bu sırada eşek aşağıdan anırmaya başlamasın mı?... Komşu:-Canım, işte sesi geliyor! Hoca:-Amma yaptın a… Ak sakalımla benim “merkep evde değil” dediğime inanmıyorsun da merkebin anırtısına inanıyorsun değil mi?... Acaba biz de muhaliflere memleketimizin inzibatı yolunda gidiyor desek bize mi inanırlar yoksa yankesici ve hırsız güruhi birkaç herifin parmak izlerine mi?.... ?. (10 Kanun-ı evvel 1326- 23 Aralık 1910). Parmak İzi. Malum. N. 2, s. 3. We can classificate this joke the ability to represent the common personality getting types. The main person is Nasrettin Hoca who is a within the geographical area where Turkish is spoken and the types are considered famous in the world. Nasreddin Hoca is with his neighbor and his donkey in this joke. Hoca is the most contacts with his neighbors. In this joke, the neigbor who tries to take his need to from Nasreddin Hoca. The neigbour is a manipulative neighbor type. Nasreddin Hoca don’t want to give his donkey to his neigbor so, he says a lie and says the donkey isn’t home. At that time the donkey braying and Hoca’s lie revealed. The neigbour think that Hoca will give his donkey but Hoca is a clever person. Hoca produce a pratical solution and provides superior to his neigbors. And he accusing his neigbor. When we examined the joke with Incompatibilities Theory, the donkey braying and Hoca’s lie revealed. Reader/listener thinks that Hoca will give his donkey but Hoca is a clever person. Hoca produce a pratical solution and not expected. Moreover and he accusing his neigbor. On reader / listener creates a shock. The result in this case outside the expected causes of humor. The fourth joke is Hizmetçi İşte Böyle Olmalıdır! that find in the name of Kahkaha humor newspaper in the number of 2 page 4. Hizmetçi İşte Böyle Olmalıdır! Bir gün madamın biri evi için bir erkek hizmetçi arar. Bunu haber alanlardan biri bu hizmetkârlığa talib olur. Fakat madama müracaat etmeden evvel esasen diğer bir evde hizmetçilik eden bir arkadaşına giderek ev hizmetçiliğine dair tafsilat ister. Arkadaşı bu müracaatı memnuniyetle kabul eder. Ve bu hususta ne biliyorsa hepsini bir kâğıda yazarak eline verir: -Al azizim, işte bu pusulanın içinde mükemmel bir ev hizmetçisi olmak için ne lazımsa hepsi yazılıdır. Buradan okur ona göre ev hizmetlerini, madamın işlerini yaparsın, der. Delikanlı pusulayı alır ve doğru madamın evine koşar, kapıyı çalar, madam bahçeye iner, kapıyı açtırır ve onu içeriye alır. Avluda şu muhavere başlar. Madam – Ne istiyorsun? Delikanlı – İşittim ki madam bir ev hizmetçisi arıyorsunuz. Bu hizmete ben talibim. -Sen evvelce hizmetçilik yaptın mı, bu işin ehli misin? -(İki eli de pantolonun ceplerinde, aldığı pusula ise sol elinin avucunda olduğu hâlde) madam, evvelce hizmetçilik yapmadım 4 Aydan Ener Su Fakat bugün pantolonumda size her cehle nafi’ olabilecek vesaitim var. (Mahçup) (Mahçup). (30 Kanun-ı Evvel 1338- 30 Aralık 1922). Hizmetçi İşte Böyle Olmalıdır!. 2. Kahkaha. N. 2, s.4. We can evaluate Arts and professions representing types of daily types in this joke. There are 3 people in this joke. A young man representing the profession servants, friend of the boy's servant and madan who needs a servant. The young man doesn’t work before who who will apply for a job as a servant boy. The young man asks for help from friend who works as a servant. His friend writes at a paper all the things how can he work like servant. When young man goes to job interwiev, madam asks a question. The young man doesn’t answers the question clearly, because of, It causes ambiguity. This connotation repressed feelings and talk to the community which is a shame reveals a funny situation because it is a shame about sexuality. When we examined the joke with Incompatibilities Theory, job seekers are expected to fulfill the conditions required before a person's job application. The lad helps from his friend who work as maid about how to be a maid. His friend writes all information about maid and give the mad. Reader/listener thinks that the mad read the paper and so he will give answer from there. The lady who is seeking men maid doesn’t know anything about paper. So answers given by the young man, thought to come from a different meaning because it creates confusion. Incompatibility confusion caused by the recognized causes laughter. Conclusion In this paper named “An Investigation About Turkish Literature Jokes at Humor Magazines Published in Turkey Between 1900-1928”, humor newspapers and magazines published in this date range have been examined in terms of the issues they handle and which were evaluated on genres of jokes. To was chosen Kahkaha, Eşek ve Malum the humor newspapers published between specified in and firstly, the jokes which terms of in this newspaper over article were classified in types and then it tried to be interpreted in terms of theories of humor. The article discussed the results of these comments were generally seen to be based on contrasts and contradictions. And from this contradiction consists of contrast was seen laughing place of action. The jokes which many of humor that can be explained by the theory of where clause, to were seen that to examined in terms of incompatibility and superiority theory were more convenient, usually. The jokes of Nasreddin Hoca studying in newspapers, generally was seen to be those associated with donkey. The names of newspapers are effective that situation. One of the humor newspaper’s name is Eşek, and another’s name is Malum which was the new version of Eşek. It was came out after Eşek was closed. The life of press was brighten up with Constitutional Monarchy, situation of freedom. Forced to shut for a long time, the suppression of intellectuals and journalists when was free, they began to write and they spew their anger with humor elements. So they want to get rid of the pain of the past. During this period, most of the humor in the newspaper joke section located under different headings. While some jokes provide only laugh function, some of them can also be used with some suggesting and criticizing function not only laugh function. When is any subject to criticism, First is tell a joke appropriate to the subject and when the joke finish, a question asks about subject to critism or comment, later the jokes part is completed. The journalists who want to show the truth, ıt appeared to benefit from its joke part for open the eyes of the people. Some of them was encountered for the first An Investigation About Jokes at Humor Magazines Published in Turkey Between 1900-1928 time which jokes in the newspapers and others known by the world for centuries that associated with Nasreddin Hoca. Jokes are short, but the depth of the text which can be varied by the reader means via connotations. So here examined jokes, when viewed from the perspective of different readers in different ways with different theories different comments and results can come up. 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Hizmetçi İşte Böyle Olmalıdır!. 2. Kahkaha. N. 2, s.4. Aydan Ener Su: She has been working as a research assistant in the Department of Modern Turkish Literature in Hacettepe University. “An Investigation About Humor Magazines Between 1900-1928” has continue her PhD thesis. 6