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K t JAN. r THE JOURNAL OF TURK rsH P[lTT )lH{T [I0[0fir Published by the Turkish Phylopathological Society 1975 TURKISH PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Journal : Prol. 0r. lbrahlm Karrca Executivc vicc - president : llluslala Copgu Prcsidcnt oI Board of Editors : 0og. 0r. Tryyar Bora, 0r. 0lk[ Yorgancr 0r. Yrldrz Soflmen, Gogkun Saydam, Yrldrray lnng The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology is published once every four months. Three parts form a volume. The subscription price of a volume (which includes postage) is $ 6.00. CONTENTS Effccs of Alfalfa and lts Rhizosphcrc on Cotton Wilt Fungur, Vcrticillium dehlire Klcb. T.BORA. . . I Investigations onrhe Dctermination and Pathogcnicity of the Fungal Flora of Fruit Nursery Soils in lznir. A. SARIBAY ANd An lavertigation oa Ricc s. Sced I. KARACA. Borac Fungi rBsl.l Studid on the Chcmical Control foctldr " Wall', Liro) of Whcat in 9 Ege Rcgion. 23 of Common Bunt C. SAYDAM, M. COPqU and Tlllctir M. 06Ut.. 29 Compctition Bctwcen Anoual Wecds and Potatocr and Wccd Coutrol. s. SoNMEZ rnd VOLUME: 4 I KAnACA . JAN.: t975 NUMBER: I BIRLIK MATBAASI _ lniinii Caddcri No.i78, Boraova - 35 1975 tzMtR j. iiuri<isrr phyropath. Vol. : 4 Num. :I- lg/5 Ellecls ol Allalla and lls Rhizosphere 0n Cotton tlrilt Fungus, Uerlicillium dahliae Kleb. Tayyar BORA Department of Phytopatholog/, Faculty of Agricul rure University of Ege, Bornova, izmir, TURKEY. ABSIRACT The root extract of alfalfa plant entirely prevented the microsclerotial development of v. dahliae. The Leaf and stem extracts affected only the number and size of the microsclerotia. The rhizosphere soil of the plant below 15 cm from surface reduced the percentage of conidial germination of the fungus. on the other hand, a strong antagonistic fungus, Aspergilus niger, was obtained from the alfalfa root cuttings. INTRODUCTION In 1951, Wilhelm reported that some soil amendments such as blood meal, fish meal and cottonseed meal, reduced the inoculum poten- f. tial of Verticillium fungus in pot soil (6). Soil amended by adding oatmeal or alfalfa meal also affected the Verticillium wilt (5). GILBERT et al (2) experimentally showed that, when soil was exposed to the volatile substances from alfalfa hay for a period of 24 hrs, the pathogen was eliminated for 12 weeks. Crop rotation also reduced the cotton wilt. For instance, when alfalfa, maize, wheat, barley and oat plants were used in rotation the soil became less favourable for V. dahliae (7,4). Germination of microsclerotia were redueed three or four times rn'hen the soil amended by adding sawdust, wheat straw and cotton seed husks (1). YIINUSOV observed that cotton wilt could be entirely prevented when crop-rotation was applied as 2-years alfalfa or l-year alfalfa and l-year maize (?). EFFECIS OF ALFALFA ON-VERTICILLII'M DAIILIAE trial plots of Agricultural Faculty. The plants were washed under dahliae : The roots of alfalfa were cut into parts in 2 mm thickness, and surface disinfected bY 0,1 Vo HgCIz for 1 min. then washed in sterilized water. At least B cuttings were placed into each Petri dish including 20 ml of PDA. To the centre of each of these petri dishes a mycelial part of V. dahliae Planted and incubated in 22C. Roots, stems and leaves of alfalfa were ground and extracted in sterile - distilled wat:r for 24 hrs, and filtrated by ten-foid chesecloth. This filtrate was used instead of water in preparing P.D.A. medium. Then the medium was autoclaved at 120"C for 15 min. The Petri dishes tap-water. with normal PDA medium In this paper, the results of investigations on the effects of different parts of the alfalfa plants and its rhizosphere soil on the mycelial and microsclerotial development and on the germination of conidia of V. dahliae will be discussed. MATERIALS and METHODS Alfalfa Sarnples : The Peruvian alfalfa (Medicago setiva L.) was used in this work. The three year old plants were uprooted from the Soil Samples : From the rhizosphere of the plants, three soil samples were taken. Samples were from the forir different depths: 0-5 cffi, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm. and 15-20 cm. The three soil samples taken from each depth were mixed, sieved by 2 mm sieve, and air-dried for 12 hrs. Culture of V. ilahliae : Isolate of Salihli -1 of Verticillium dahliae Kleb was used in all the tests. It was highly virulent cotton wilt isolate. The pathogen was cultured on PDA (200 g potatoes, 20 g dextrose, 17 g agar) for 10 days and u:ed for the tests. Effect of Alfalfa on Microsclerotial and Mycelial Development of V, 2 were used as check of the treatment. After incubating for a period in these dishes, growth of the colonY and production of microsclerotia of V. dahliae were observed. Effect of Alfalfa RhizosPhere Soil on the Germination of Conitlia of V. dahliae : The percentages of the conidia were estimated by AgarDisc Technique (3) using the sieved and air-dried soil of alfalfa rhizosphere. Cotton field soil was used as check of the treatment. In this test, for each Petri dish 40 g of the soil was weighed and its humiditY was adjusted to 60 % of the water holding capacity. Then the each of all the agar-discs were inoculated bY one drop of well homogenized conidial suspension using 1-ml of pippet. T. After inoculation, the dishes incubated at 22'C for 16 hrs. Germinated and ungerminated conidia were recorded. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Effect of Alfalfa on Microsclerotial and Mycelial Development of V. dahliae : When the root cuttings of alfalfa incubated for a period of one week, it was observed that there was no growth of V. dahliae which had been previously planted on the centre of each dish. Although the all cuttings were surface-disinfected by 0,1 Vo HgCIz for one minute, Aspergillus niger developed from BORA the 50,4 %o of. planted root cuttings (Figure 1). Table 1 summarizes the results obtained from 7-14 day old colonies of V. dahliae which developed on the media prepared by using the extracts of root stem and leaf of alfalfa. According to Table 1, there is no difference betweerr- the colony diameters on PDA and on the extracts of alfalfa. So it may be expressed. that extra:t; of alfa fa have no effect on mycelial growth of V. dahliae (Figure 2).Bfi, there was nr microsclerotial development on the rool extract of alfalfa. In the extracts of leaf and stem, the fungus produced Table 1. Diameters of colonies and the Numbers of Microsclerotia of V. dahliae on alfalfa extracts Diameter of colony* 7e day (mm) 14tt, day The average number of (mm) microsclerotia Media on Leaf Extract with PDA 26.8 2L.5 Stem Extract with PDA Check (PDA) Root Extract with PDA *:t 14th dayn * 5t.4 45.5 22.3 79.7 42.0 56.3 245 53.0 164.0 Average of 5 petri dishes Average of the numbers of 5 petri dishes with B r:plicaliors for each dish under microscope, magnification x 450. EFTECTS OF AIJALFA ON SERTICIIIIUM DJIIILIAE Table 2. Germination of conidia of V. dahliae on the RhizosPhere soil of Alfalfa* Germination of Conidia (Vo\ Depth of the soil (cm) 0-5 38,B 5-10 39,6 10-15 .{ 33,1 15-20 65,8 Check (PDA) 52,4 * Average of 5 petri dishess with 3 replications for each disc and four discs for each dish. microsclerotia, in the ratio of I/8 and 1/3 of PDA, in respectivelY. Alfaifa affects the microsclerotial development both quantitatively and qualitatively. The microsclerotia developed on alfalfa extracts were smaller than that of developed on P.D.A. (Figure 3). Table 2 shows the data of conidia tests on the alfalfa rhizosphere soil. It is clear that ciepth soil of 0-15 cm of the alfalfa rhizosphere re- cluces the pencentage of conidial ger- minat.on. It can be concluded that, A. niger from the root mycoflora of alfalfa entirely prevents the development of V. dahliae. But among the parts of the alfalfa plant only chemical composition of root showed an exact antagonism agai.nst the devel.opment of microsclerotia. On the 4 other hand, extracts of leaf and stem of alfalfa were less effective against the microsclerotial development of the pathogen in comPare with the root extract. It aPPears that this effect is due to a thermostable or a gaseous matter which was found mostly in the root tissue of alfalfa. It is very meaningful that only A. niger developed from the surface-disinfected root cuttings. Indeed, KOSTENKO and NESTEROV re- ported that when crop rotation such as 3 years alfalfa and l-year maize is applied the soil becomes very favourable for the antagonistic microorganisms of V. dahliae (4). It should be clarified that A. niger is the most important antagonistic organism of V. dahliae. BENKEN et al. (1) observed that cottonseed husks and sawdust 1. prevented the development of microsclerotia. By this investigation, it has been understood that alfalfa has also an effect of this type. BORA It will be very interesting to investigate all these effects of alfalfa in pots and in field plots in respect to control of Verticillium wilt of cotton. 6zlIE YoNcA sltristNiN gE$lTLi rrsnrLARrNrN ve RlzoSFnR TOPRAGININ SOLGUNLUK ETMENi Vertic:Ilitrm dahliae FUNGUSU UZTNIXN ETKILERI Yonca bitkisinin k6k, sap ve yap- rak ekstraktrnrn ve ayrlca yonca rizosferinden ahnan topraprn pamuk solgunluk etmeni olan V. dahtiae iizerine olan etkisi laboratuvar kogullarrnda aragtrrrldr. Kiik ekstraktr ile hazrrlanan ortamlarda V. dahliae'nrn mikrosikleroti olugumunun kesin olarak 6nlendi!'i anlagrlmrgtrr. Ayrrca yaprak ve sap ekstraktlannrn da mikrosikleroti olugumunu azalluct etkisi bulundu!'u giiriilmtigtiir. Yonca k6k kesitlerinin ekildigi petrilerde V. dahliae kesin olarak kolonize olamamrgtrr. Buna karqrhk drgtan sterilize edilmiq olan bu kesitlerden gok sayrda Aspergillus niger geligmiqtir. Yonca rizosferinin, 0-5, 10-15, 15.20 cm. 5-10, derinliklerinden ah- nan topraklarda V. dahliae conidiumlarrnrn gimlenmesi toprak yiiztine do$ru bir gerileme giistermigtir. Qahgmalar yoncadan izole edilen A. niger'in V. dahliae'ye antagonismi i.izerinde ve aynr zamanda yonea kiiklerinin uygulamada pamuk V. dahliae solgunlupunu iinlemede nasrl kullanrlacafr yiiniinde geligtirilmelidir. LITEMTT'RE CITED BENKEN, A.A., A.S. DOTSENKO, G.N, MARSHU. BEL, 196E. The influence of volatile substan- NOVA and E.K. KLEIMENOVA, 193. Agrobiolcg'cal basis for control measures against ces from alfalfa on growth and survival of wilt (Verttcllllum drhllae Mikologiya i Fitopatologia, 6 (5) : (RPP, s2 (5) : 324). 58 cotton Kleb.). Vertlcillhn dahllae in soil. : phytopatholoyg, 1051 (Abstr.) 420427 GII,BERT, R.c., J.D. MENZIES and G.E. GRIE- JAKSON, R.M., 1958. Some Aspects gistasis, J. Gen. of soil Microbiol, 19 : Fun- 390401. EFFECTS OF LOSTENKO, AtFAlrA ON vEBTICrutrrM DAnt.lAE I.R. ahal Yu. B. NESTEROV, 193. WILHEIJII, S., 1951. Effect of varlous solt Amendpo:antial of th: Ver. of cotton froE pest'anA diseases .Dents cn the inoculum Protectioa in the Uibek SSR. Zashchity ReDterii, 2&32. (RFP, 12 POWELSON, 3l (1) : (5) : 32a). . tlcllltum wilt ,tungus. Phytopatholog, ll : 6E4J90. R.L., 19C6. Avaibilty of diffusible for genr:ination, and growth of V. YUNUSOV, M.A. aud V.G. BEREOVSKII, 193. Role of crop Rotation and cotton rariety in wilt i1 soils amended with oat aDd alfalfa residues. Phytoqathology, 5o : S9S ' ' control. Khlopkovodstvo, 6: 17-18 (RPP, 32 (9) : 5s/). (Abstr.). nutrients drhtlae t e .l /l 6 Figure 1. Colonies of A. nlger developed from alfalfa root cuttings and their antagonistic effect on V. dahllae planted to the centre of each dish. Figure 2. Colonies of V. dahllae on pDA (p), root extract (K), Ieaf extract (y), stem extract (S) of T. BORA Figure 3. Size of nicrosclerotia A-Root extracts (There was no) B-Leaf extracts, FStem €xtract, D.4hecl (PDA). J. Turkish Phytopath, Vol. : 4 Nurn. : I - 1975 lnuestigations on the lleterminalion and Palhogenicily 0l lhe Fungal Flora ol Fruil Nursery $oils in lzmir. Ayti.il SARIBAYT and lbrahttn KARAC/I2 AB!'IIACT This study has been done in ord.er to determine, the mycoflora and the pathogenicity of some of the important isolated fungi, in the fruit nursery soils of the province izmir studies weie carried-out between 1g?0-19?B and 84 genera of fungi were isolated. The genera such as Alternaria, Fusarium, phoma, pythium, Sclerotium and Verticillium were tested for the determination of their pathogenicity on peach, apricot, almond, apple, olive and citrus seedlings. Ail the genera tested, retarted the root growth of the test plants. It was determined that, the te'sted pathogens were combined with some of the saprophytic genera such as, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Gliocladium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys and Trichoderma and the rate of decline in root growth was larger than the pathogens' effect alone. INTRODUCTION Fruit crops have a great importance in Turkish agriculture and Aegean Region is a very important fruit growing area in Turkey. According to 1969 statistics, total number of fruit tees in this region 72.120.000 with olives taking the first place and followed by figs, rs citrus and peaches. Aegean Region is also a very important export center. The export value of the fruits in 1970-1971 season (exclu- :- -: r) Regional Plant Protection Research Institute, Bornova, lzmir, TLJRKEY l-l-i: 2) Department of Phytopathology ald Agricultural Botany, Universily of Ege, lzmir, TURKEY. I INVESTIG.q,TIONS ON THE FUNGAL I.LORA OF FRUIT NURSERY SONS ding raisins) was 23?.899.328 TL . and it wac raised to 250.009.562 TL. in 7971-7972. The fruits were exported as fresh pr-duct, dried fruit, pulp, seeds and oil. It is believed that for a sound clevelopment in fruit growing, the use of healty and high quality planting material is essential. Similar to the developments in orchard areas, fruit tree nurseries are also ir, a rapid growth. In the last five years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of fruit tree nurseries in the region. Although Tu'rkey yet, it is not noticeable in in some other coun- tries, through infested nursery stock various fungal pathogens have spread around the countr;r. According tc Zentmver et.al. (1952) and Mc Intosh (1969) respectively, extensive presence of P. cinnomomi in citrus orchards and P. cactcrum in anp'e or-hards are due to usage of inf:sted planting stock as starting material. Several re:earchers have concthat replanting old peach orchards (Hine, 1961; Micretich and luded Keil, 1970) and citrus orchards (Martin, 1951; Carpenter and Furr, 1962) causes disease problems. Thess researchers all agree that this is because of pathogenic fungal comp- lexes formed in the soil inhabiting Pythium spp., Phytophytora spp. Fusarium spp. Rhizoctonia spp., and l0 some other soil microorganisms. So far, no research was performed on mycoflora of soil inhabiting fungi and pathogenicity of some important ones in Turkey. Present study was carried out at Bornova Regional Plant Protection Research Institute through 1971-1973. The main purpose of our research was to determine the soil mycoflora of fruit nursery soils and pathogenicity of some of the isolated fungi. The relation"hip between phvsical properties of the soil and fungal population inhabiting it, was also studied. MATERIAL and METHODS Soil samples were collected from the fruit nurseries of all counties in izmit province, accordinq to Meredith's technigue of sampling (Meredith, 1940). Physical analysis of the soil samples were also performed. Soil plate technique was applied in isolations from the rhizosphere (Warcup, 1950). Rose bengal and streptomycin added Czapec and Carrot agar were the isolation mediums. Pathogenicity trials were performed in pots on 1,5-2 months old peach, almond, apricot, apple, olive and trifoliate orange seedlings. Genera of Alternaria, Fusarium, Phoma, Pythium, Sclerotium and Verticillium were tested for pathogenicity. These genera were both app- A. SARIBAY ANd I. KAMCA lied singly and in mixture with sity of each genus, in the soil samPsapro-hytic fungi like M;rrothecirm'' les was calculated as a Percent raGliocladium, Trichoderma, Stachy- tio of number of its isolates over tobotrys, As'oergillus and Penicillium. tal number of isolates recovered. Test plants were dipped into ino- Rates of presence in samPled fruit culum as previously described by tree nurseries are also given. Wiles (1952) and results were obWorking with a total of ll24 tained two months after inoculation isolates we recovered 34 genera of by measuring the differences in the fungi (including mycelia sterilia) root growth of the seedlings accor- in soil samples. Most commonlY ding tc the following scale : isolated fungi were Fusarium which took the first place, followed by 0-Normal root development Aspergillus, Mucor, Myrothecium 1-Mild decline in root growth and Trichoderma. Our studies 2-Medium amount of decline in completely agree with the reports bv several investigators including root growth (1951), Thrower (1955), 3-Serious decline in root growth Warcup Durrell and Shield (1960). Podos4-Extreme decline in root pora platensis (Speg) Niessl., Clagrowth Figure 1 illustrates various degrees of decline on apple seedlings between 0-4 on the scale. The decline rates were calculated from the scale readings by utilizinq Towsend-Heuberger formula. Differences between the characters were established by analysis of variance and orthogonal comFarison. RESULTS and DISCUSSION A- Isolated genera and their rates of presence. Table 1 summarizes the results of survey studies in izmir fruit tree nursery soils. R-.lative inten- dorrhinum foecondissimum Sacc. and March., Dreschlera bromi (Died.) Drechsl. rnd Stachybotrys bisbyi (Srinivasan) Barron were determined first time in Turkish mycoflora. The genera Podospora and Cladorrhinum were not recorded in Turkey previously. B-The relationship of isolated fungi with the physical properties of the soil. Physical analysis of nursery soils ind'cated that pH ra-ged between 0,0-5,4, percent saturation was 0-70, permeability ranges were 0,5-25 and salt content was between 0-8 degrees. No correlation detected between types of soil and genera of fungi inhabiting it. Certain genera were isolated from diffe- ll Table 1. Isolated genera and their rates of presence in total number of isolates and sampled fruit tree nurseries. Name No. of recovered isolates Fusarium Aspergillus Mucor Myrothecium Trichoderma Rhizopus Stachybotrys Pythium Penicillium Gliocladium Sclerotium Humicola Helminthosporium Actinomucor Botryotrichum Cephalosporium Papulospora Relative Intensity (%) Rates of presence in the nurseries (vo) 245 21,79 100 167 14,95 90,6 l4t 72,54 B3,7 79 7,02 71,4 75 6,67 76,7 65 5,78 83,7 61 5,42 53,4 53 4,71 55,8 4l 3,64 51,1 24 2,14 32,5 23 2,04 23,2 2T 1,86 25,5 20 1,77 25,5 t4 !,24 23,2 11 0,97 23,2 10 0,Bg 16,2 I 0,80 t6,2 Alternaria 8 0,71 9,3 Chaetomium B 0,71 9,3 Steril Verticillium Thielavia 8 0,7r 9,3 7 0,62 18,6 7 0,62 11,6 6 0,53 9,3 5 0,44 9,3 Ulocladium Paecilomyces Cylindrocarpon Trichothecium Curvularia Cladorrhinum Drechslera Scopulariopsis Irhoma 3 0,26 6,9 3 0,26 6,9 2 0,17 2,3 2 0,t7 4,6 1 0,08 2,3 1 0,08 2,3 1 0,08 2,3 Podospora 1 0,08 2,3 1 0,08 2,3 1 0,08 2,4 Sordaria Nigrospora t2 A. SARTBAY ANd rent soil types. These results correspond with Al-Doory (1959), Kaufman and Williams (1964) and Eicker (1969) who report that there is no correlation between physical properties of the soil and its fungal population. C-Pathogenicity trials In pathogenicity trials, genera of Alternaria, Fusarium, Phoma, Pythium, Sclerotium and Verticillium caused various degrees of root decline, however no detectable effect was observed on above soil parts of the plants. Results of previous studies by Hine (1962) and Sonderhousen (1971) on peach and. cherry seedlings also demonstrate pathogenic fungi slow down the growth rate and caused decline in root growth. According to our experiments, when pathogens. were mixed with saprophytes, decline rate in root growth was larger than their effect alone. Decline rates of test seedlings upon inoculation with various genera are given in Figures 2,3 and 4. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate some examples of the effect pathogenic fungi alone and when they were applied with the saprophytes. Although various test plants responded certain pathogenic fun- gi similarly, their effect on trifoliate orange was less severe. This may be due to the fact that trifoliate orange is more resistant tr t. KARACA nematodes and soil fungi than the other rootstocks (Baines et. al. 1962). Various reports indicate that the saprophytic fungi which were applied with the pathogenic genera in this study, have antagonistic effect on many plant pathogenie fungi (Wilson 1955; Catani and Peterson 1963). Hcwever, antaqonism in the soil can only take place when soil pH, temperature, humidity, organic matter content, inoculum potential of the antagonistic organism and its ability to inhabit soil are appropriate for this type of interaction (Waksman 1952; Sanford 1959; Hepting 1963). Previous reports indicate that it is not unusual to obtain enhanced reaction rates as it was observed in our studies, when certain saprcphytes are added with the pathogens. In such cases saprophytic fungi may help penetration of pathogen by increasing sensitivity of the host through certain biochemical activities, on the contrary, pathogenic fungi may form points on entrance for the saprophytes, further weaking the host by their combined effect. Another explanation for the incre.ased root decline in the host would be that some of the fungi called saprophytes, may actually be pathogenic under certain circumstances. fn conclusion, we might that there are many aspects say soil of l3 INVBSTIGATIONS ON THB FT'NGAL FLOM OF FRUIT NURSERY SOILS host-pathogen interactions and us yet and these subjects will contheir relationship with the soil tinue to be a challenging field of microflora, which are not clear to research for a long time. OzET lzuin lr,i unyvu FIDANLIKLART TopRAKLARTNDA FUNGAL FLORANIN TESBiTI VE ONEMLi Inniniw PATOJENISIIUT.NNi uznnlmon ARA$TTRMALAR Bu gahgma tzmft ili meyve fidanhklan topraklarrnrn mikoflorasr- nl ve izole edilen funguslardan dnemlilerinin patojenisitelerini saptamak amacryla yaprlmrgtrr. 19?11973 yrllarrnda Bornova Bd,lge Zirai Miicadele Arag. Ens.de yi.iriitiilen siirvey alamndan 34 fungus genusu izole edilmigtir. Bunlardan Podospora ve Cladorrhinum genuslarr ile Drechslera bromi (Died) Drechsl. ve Stachybotrys bisbyi (Srinivasan) Barron ti.irleri Tiirkiye igin yenidir. Qahgmalar srrasrnda izole edilen funguslarrn topra$m fiziksel iizelliklerine baph olarak blr dafrhm gd,stermedikleri, ayni genuslarrn, de!'igik fiziksel nigahgma sonunda, telikteki topraklarda bulunabildif'i saptanmrqtrr. Patojenisite testleri Alter. naria, Fusarium, Phoma, Pyhium, Sclerotium ve Verticillium genuslasonunda, patojenisitesi aranar rr arasrnda bir farkhhk bulunmamrgtrr. Tiim genuslar test bitkisi olarak kullanrlan, geftali, badem, kayrsr, elma, zeytin ve iig yaprakh g6$iirlerinin toprak iistii krsrmlannda herhangibir simptom vermeyip, k6k geligmesinin gerilemesine neden olmuqlardrr. Aspergillus, Penicilli- uffi, Gliocladium, Myrothecium, Slachybotrys ve Trichoderma gibi gahgmalar srrasrnda izole edilen saprofit genuslarla birarada verildiklerinde ise, patojenlerin k6k geligimini geriletici etkilerinin arttr$r saptanmrgtrr. LITERATURE CITED ALDOCRY, Y,, MK. IOLBA AND H. AL-ANI, On the f:ngal flora of Iraq soils. Iraq. Mycologia 5l : II. 1969. Central 429439. citru; soil pests. Repr. Colifornla August Citrograph. 1962. CARPENTER, J.8., J.R. FITRR, 1962. Evaluation of toleralce to root-rot caused by Phytophtora BAINES, R.C., L.J. KLOTZ, T.A. DE WOLFE AND R.H, SMALL, 1962, Chemicals for control of l4 pamsltlca in seedlings of citrus and related | l27E-12E5. ge:era Phyiopatho'ogy. 52 A. sARlbAY aud CATANI, S.C., J.L. PETERSON, 1963. Antagonistic of some soil fungi on VerdClUum sp. iso:ated from ElFle trees PhytopathologJr 53: effects 872 (Abst.). site. Myco:og:a, A., n. isotest from surface t969. Microtungi : Mycol. Soc., 53 (3) soil 381-392. HEPTING, G.H., 1963. cClimate aud Forest Diseaser Ann. Rev. of. Phytopath. Vol. I, 3l-50, Editor, J.G. Horsfall. Annual Rewiews Inr. in the The role of fungi 1961. peach replant problem, Plant Disease Reporter, JOFFE, fected by other soil organisms'. Plant pat' hology problems and progress 1908-f958, 36G all. University of Wis- consin press, Medisou, XVIIIa588. SONDERHOUSEN, 8., 1971. Frequency of T. basl- cola in soil and roots of cherry seedling5 (P. avluD) and other woody plants' Tidsskr. Bl. Aul. 74 (2) | : logy, 5ll 214-2j13. (Rev. Plant Patho, 139). L.B. 1955. The rhizosphere effect shown by some Vicrotian heathland plants. Aust. Bot. 2 : 246-267. (R.A.M. 34 . 179). J. WAKSMAN, S.A., 1952. Soil microbiology. John lrllli' ley aud sons. Inc. Newyork 1965. Quantitative relations between some species of Fusarlum and Trlchoderma in a citrus grove rn lsrael. Soil 356. !1iARCUP, J.H., 1950. The soil-plate method for isG. lation of fungi from soil. Nature 42U, July. Science, 1ll2 15. 24A'243. KAUFMAN, D.D., L.E. WILLIAMS, 1964. Effect of mineral fertilizatiou and soil reaction ou soil fungi. Phytopatholog5r. 14 : 1951. MARTIN, J.P., f951. Effect ger- mlnation of sweet orange seeds aud develoF of the young seedlings. Proc. Soil Sci. lmer., 14 : l8,llEE (R.Alt MC INTOSH, D.L., 7969. Crov/o to apple growers. 3O rot MEREDITH, C.H., 1940. 1{ (4) : 1055-1056. fcr A E-9 of soil fungi. Trans. !!l '. 17G39. seedling inoculation techni- testing cotton varieties for resistance to Verticillium wilt. Phltopathology, {2 : 388 Abst.). WILSON, K.S., 1955. The fate atrum R. and B., 93). A quick nethod of lating certain phycomycetous : : 365). disease threat Canada Agric., (Rer. Plant Pathology. 4{ (2) Phytopathology. 30 : Soc., WILES, A.B., 1952. 13+139. of soil fungi on The ecology Brit. Mycol. que ment rot and stem canker of peacb (9) : 137&1378. trees, Phytopathology. 60 rN 46,2465. 4.2., Q) : cinnamomi root THROWER, California, VII 4{69. (6) : MIRCETICH, S.M., H.L. KEIL, 1970. Phytophtora 367. Editors, Holton el. 636441. of forest communities in Zuulaad. Trans. Rr. HINE, R.8., KAitAcA SANFORD, G.8., 1969. .Root disease fungi as af' L.M. SHIELDS, 1960. Fugi lated in cu-ture, from soil of the Nevada DURRELL, L.W., EICKER, i. in of Vertlcllllum albo. much soils as affected by various species of fungi. Diss. Abst. l{ 1sr6 (R.A.M. !!4 : : 320). ZENTMYER, G.A., K.F. BAKER AND W.A. THORN, iso fungi from soil. 1952. The role of nursery stock mination 42 : of soil in the disse' pathogens, Phytopathology, 478 (Abst.). r5 A, Fig. l. SARIBAY ald t. KARACA Apple seedlings showing various degrees of root decline classified between (l4 according to tbe scale used. l7 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE FUNGAL FLORA OF FRUIT NURSERY SOILS No saprophytes |-] o 45o o E 40. o 35. c o 30 '6 o o L o It, ! 25 20 E. 3 t5 o (9 ;e 10 5 0 50 o 15 o L c, 3 10 n No saprophytes t Wth saprophytes o 35 c o '6 30 o o 25 L o. o 20 1J s 3 o L l5 (9 10 s 5 0 Atternaria Fusarium Phoma Pythium Sclerotium Verticillium Fig. 2. Decline rates of root growth in appts (above) and Peach (belqw) seedlings. IB A. SARIBAY Ad I. KARAC"I No sapropnytes 55 50 -15 o 9ao q, 53s o30 c 'ff zs o (l, o-l\) c, 1l .ll E'o oL R ;:" 0 Alternaria Pythium Scterotium Fusarium Verticrllrrm 60 55 Euo tou *40 o c35 .9 E,o o_ €2s 520 ] I'u ;3 '10 5 0 Alternaria Fusariqm Phoma Fig. 3. Decline rates of root growlft iq almond Pythium Scletotium Verticillium (above) and apricot (below) seedlings. l9 rr.r{ssrroA,uoNs oN TIIE FUNGAL Fr,oRA oF FRUrr NURSERY so[s No saprophytes r00 o o 90 o With saprophytes E 80 o 70 c .9 60 o o o 50 o. 0, ! 40 s, 30 3 o L (9 20 :: 10 0 Pythium o o Sclerotium Verticiliium No saprophytes o E With saprophytes tc .9 o o o L o. o !, E ]o L o s - Allgrnaria Fusarium Phoma Pythium Sclerotium Verticillium Fig. 4. Decline rates of root growtb in Olive (above) and trifoliate orange (below) seedlings. 20 sor.lTHsL ,.,,:,,:tri 'rl Fig. 5' Effect of the PYTHIUM + SiPSOF PYTHIUM - l,:+.ir genera Pyttrlum aad Fusarlum on roots :,: ., :,.: :r,,,-i'lr;;l;r,::r of apple and peach seedlings respectively. TN\E,SIIGATIONS ON fHE trUNGAL FLORA OF FRUIT NURSERY SOILS Fig. 6. Effect of thc Sclerottm on roots of apricot seedlings. 22 J. Turkish Phytopath. Vol. : 4 ltlum. : I - f973 An lnuesligation on Rice $eed - borne Fungi in Ege Begion Sena FESLI Regional Agricultural Research Inst:tute, Menemen, lzmir, TURKEY. BSTRACT Seed-borne fungi of rice were investigated on 54 samples which were collected from growers in the Ege Region in 1973 and 1974. Pyricularia oryzae) one of the most important fungus of rice, and some other fungi such as Curcularia spp., Drechslera spp., Fusarium spp., Nigrospora otyzae etc. were detected. INTRODUCTION Seed-borne diseases are very important in different point of view iike as to grow healt5z plants, to use or not fungicides or .other chemicals, healtf of human beings, storage, symbionizm, biological control and agricultural quarantine (16). In Turkey, first time seed-borne cereal diseases were investigated in C:entral Region (7). Later seed-borne diseases of vegetable were studied in Marmara Region (14). There are also some investigatoins about rice diseases in Turkey. There are 3 Helminthosporium species cause brown spot on rice, which are H. otyzae Breda de Haan (isolated from Tarsus, Silifke and Akgakoca), H. rostratum Drechsl. (isolated , from Antalya) and H. halodes Drechsl. (isolated from Manyas) (9). Pyricularia oryzae is common on rice in Mediterranean, Black Sea, Central and South-east Regions of Turkey. This fungus caused 8,33 Vo crop loss in Diyarbakrr in 1963 and 19-19. Also this fungus is transmitted by infected seeds from year to year, not by other host plants and rice stubble rn this Re- gion (12). 23 Table 1. Fercent of diiferent fungi recorded in rice seed sampies in first year (Vo). lzMlR DENIZLI Acromoniella sp, Alternaria tenuis Aspergillus spp. Cephalosporium sp. Chaetomium sp. Cladosporium spp. Curvularia geniculata < e E F$ EsE$ 26,n $,50 94,2s 23,t0 t7,0 4t,62 41,50 0J5 015 3,62 1,77 0,37 2,37 1,00 225 l,so 025 0,10 0,t2 o,a 0t0 ': ': '': lunata tetramera Epicoccum sp. " r d < r I < . u,z5 025 11,87 - Hyaloflorae sp. Nigrospora oryzae Papularia sp. Penicillium spp. Phoma sp. ': Stemphylium sp. Trichothecium sp. fil6slqdirrm sp. Verticillium sp. 3J0 41,00 ": 2,@ 0,t2 3,87 :"::; : ,; ,,; 025 '': 0,50 0,07 0,t2 t,yt 3,12 0,64 32s 26F0 o; 0,?5 2,50 t:15 4J0 t: _':: : :,;,,;:ff: 0,37 0,12 2?S t9,7s 0,10 38,87 t,So 0,62 0,39 0,37 8,87 9,s3 7,37 U,75 825 t,w 0,62 2p 0,62 or5zae Stachybotrys sp. : 225 semitectum Gliocladium sp. 02s 02s nivale solani 0J0 0,u moniliforme salnbuciDuD 9J0 0J0 0,75 0,50 lateritium orysporum 3"50 025 0,03 0,50 equiseti 0,50 '1 1,00 025 6;15 4,00 025 3,s0 1,96 0,50 1,75 3,75 12;15 concolar Graphium sp. Germination : 84,40 0,03 cultmorum Fusidium sp, Pl,ricularia ''..' ': 0,u Fusarium acuminatum < < ': inaequalis sorokiniana E I 5 Fr 7,37 Drechslera graminea < ( a "; 0,s0 13,50 1,00 4,0 0,50 0,37 1,10 0,12 0,12 0,21 0,12 0F 0,12 0.5 37,12 0,03 0,t2 t0J0 0,?5 1,7s 1,6 7,N n25 737 0,8 2,fl 1,0 3,00 21,00 750 025 E8;75 E925 fl,12 89,39 24,12 4825 74FO 93,35 , $. restl Tabte 2. (continued) Percent of different fungi record.ed in rice seed in second year AYDIN DENIZLI samples gEF (t) (). *; r2s > & t2F Cephalosporium sp. 0,75 Chaetomium sp. 1,(n Cladosporium spp, ah c9 !a d 457 1,50 ?i,se s3,7s 14,50 0,37 1,00 7,87 0J0 E at 8s,os 2,fi 812 t,9t 76,25 3t:tz o2s 050 dE Etr 0,m 9,S0 1,60 t,t: ": I,E3 0,6 lunata 0,u hawainensis 0,05 42s 0,16 0,25 8,08 1,00 0,08 0,08 62s 025 0,0E 1,00 sorokiliaoa 5,00 025 spp, Epicoccum sp. equiseti - 1,57 0,05 3,65 0,02 0,40 3,9s 3,5{r 0,75 0,05 0,52 2:ts r:Is 0,25 ,; solani sp. Fusidium sp. 5,5E 2,?S 0,50 1,66 4,12 0,08 0,25 0,2s 0,12 Gonatobotrys sp. Hyaloflorae sp. Nigrospora sp. Papularia sp. 4,00 020 4,Or 0,t7 8,15 0,os 0,05 n: o,gl 0,57 0,t7 ': 0,05 0,02 :,: 0,15 ,; Melanospora sp. Myrothecium sp. 7A5 0,05 sambunicum semitectum 0,07 0,05 lateritium monilifome ,,: 0,02 Fusariurn acurninatum . < < r < < < 1,65 .: 0p2 dematioides tetramera 0,30 g2,m 0,05 0,05 Drechslera cynodontis < e < . < a #6 db 0,02 Curvularia geniculata inaequalis i o t,87 Aspergillus spp. ; tzMlR :o Acromoniella sp. Alternaria tenuis (Vo). 0,10 : t2s 0,08 r,08 0,8? t,2s 0,t2, 4:75 0,75 0,01 4,61 o,t0 25 SEED-B]RNE FUNGI OF RICE Penicillium spp. Phoma sp. 13,50 99,m 0,zt 7,91 0,37 0,08 2,72 0,60 0,r0 0,25 Fyricul,:ria sp. Sclerotium sp. 0,12 0,22 0,02 Sepionema sp. 0,02 Stachybotrys sp, 0,25 Stemphylium sp. 0,5{l Trichothecium sp. 1,00 rfi ,,; 2,8 2,w 13,00 ,,: - 0,32 2,00 0,05 0,40 37,n 1r,00 16,80 0,72 0,65 ,,r: or: 0,02 0,02 74,sO 6t2S Recently, Seed-borne fungi of vegetables in Ege Region were detected by using international method (bloter method) (16). MATERIALS and METHODS of rice were col- lected from the village growers in Ege Region in 1973 and 1974. Thesc villages belong to different cities like as Aydrn, Denizli, lzmir and Manisa. First year 22 samples and second year 32 samples were co-llected. The names of the rice varieties are B3rsani, ribe, maratelli, carolin, TNT and acem. Blotter method was used to de- tect seed-borne fungi. Four hundred seeds of each sample were placed on thre'e layers of blotter moistened in water, at the rate of 2b seeds per petri dishes and incuba: ted in 20-23 C' under alternating 26 ,,; 51,37 sp, Seed samples 02s 2,50 Verticillium lateritium Germination 0,10 0,02 Sepedonium sp. Ulocladium sp. I,m 89,91 58,t2 61,55 ,r,* 85,65 cycles of 12 hours light and L2 hours darkness. After 8 days every seed was axamined under a stereomicrosope at 50x magnification for the presence of seed-borne fungi (8), and certain keys were used for identification (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10,13). RESIJLTS and DISCUSSION Seed-borne fungi of rice are presented in Tables 1 and 2. As there. are shown tables, Pyricularia otyzae which causes one of the most important rice diseases was found a small amount in some localities. S.ome other fungi are not as much important as Pyricularia otyzae, can cause qualitative damage of rice kern"els and glumes such as Alternaria tenuis, Curvularia Epicoccum spp., etc. sp., S. ruslt 6ZET EGE BOLGESI gEr,Tirr.nnimpg Tor{uM oni.liNr,i FUNGUSLAR Uznnixon ein anegrrRMA Ege brilgesinde yetigtirilen geltiklerde tohumla gegen fungal etmenlerin tesbiti igin, tohum 6rnekleri, Aydrn, Denizli, Izmir ve Manisaya ba$r kiiylerden 1973 ve 19?4 yrllarrnda toplanmrgtrr. Bu iirneklere I.S.T.A. nrn (International Seed Testing Association) iinerdi!,i nemli hi.icre metodu (blotter method) uy- gulanmrgtrr. Teghis edilen funguslar cetvel 1 ve 2 de gririilmektedir. Qeltiklerde iinemli hastahk yapan 3 etmenden biri olan Pyricularia oryzae bazr lokasyonlarda az miktarda bulunmugtur. Di$er parazit, zayrf parazit veya saprofit olan bazr funguslar da danede kalitatif zarar yaparlar. LITEMTURE CITED BARNETT, H.L., 1969. Illustrated genera of Im_ perfect fungi. Burgess publishing Company, 426 S. Sixth str. Mineapolis 15 Miu. BENOIT, M.A. and S.B. MATHIIR, cation of cpecies Curvularla tfl0. Identifion rice seed.. Contribut'on from the Danish Government Iustitute of Seed pathology for Developing Coun_ tries. Copenhagen, Denmark. BOOTH, C., The geuus Fusarlum. Camrnon wealth Mycological Institute Kew, Surrey. 1971. 'England. GORDON, W.L., 1954. The occurrence of Fusarlum III Taxonomy of Fusarlum species'in the seed of vegetable, forage and miscelleaneous crops, J. Bot, 32 : 526.590. species GOBELEZ, yeugt in Canada. M. 195r. Orta Anadolu.un bazr illerinde rilen kiiltiir b-tkilerinde tchumla celerinin tesbiti iizerinde araitlrmalar. A,O. Zft. Fak. Yayrnlarr : 107, Qahgmalar 162, A.O. Basrmevi VII, 1313. GUERRERO, F.C., S.B. MATHUR CHIDANBARAM, P., S.B. MATHUR, and GARD, p. NEER- 1973. Identification of seed borne from the Danish Go. Inst. on seed path. for Dev. Count, CoDrechslera' species. Cont, penhagen, Denmark. Engtaud. and P. NEERof rice. V. GAARD, 1972. Se:d Health testing Seed-borne fungi associated with abnormal of rice. Cont. From the Danish 60. Inst. of seed Pa:h. for Dev, Count. CopenhaSeediings gen, Dermark, ELLIS, M.B., 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological geg:n bakteri ve mantarr hastahklarrn ti.irleri, yayrhg alanlarr ve bunlarrn takribi zarar dere- Inst. Kew, Survey IREN, S., 1968. Tiirkiyede geltiklerde kahverengi yaprak Iekesi hastahglna sebep olan. Hel. mlnthosporl.n ttirleri, yayrhglarr, taksonomik 27 SEED.BORNE FUNGI OF RICB rc biolojik iizellikleri ii:erinde amttrrmalar, T.C. Tartm Bakanhlr Zirai Miicadele Karanti- na Genel Miidiirliilii Yayrnlau, Teknik btilten, Ankara. MALONS, S.P. and A.U. MUSKETT, 1964. Hand- Danish Cov. Seed Path. for Dev. K. K. AKAR VC M. 'fI'REKTURK, 1968. Ma:mara biilgesi sebze tohunluklannda has- TEMIZ, tahk patojenlerinin izole edilerek teghisleri iizerine araqtrrmalar. Yalova Bahge Kiiltiir- book on seed health testing. The fnternational Seed Testing Association. Wageningen leri Aragtrma ve Efitim Merkezi, Yrll* (Holland), ligma Raporlan, NEERGAARD, P., 19;0. Seed pathology of Contr. from the Danish Gorr. Inst. of TEMIZ, K., K. AKAR ve M. YITREKTT} rlce. Seed Path. for Dev. Count. Copenhageu, Denrnark. ORAN, Y.K., 1970.. Giineydofu Anadolu geltiklerin- de giiriilen Yamkhk (Brusone) hastahgrnrn amili, birlojisi, ekolojisi, zarar derecesi, miicadele usulleri ve hastahla mukavin fegitler iizeriude aragtrrmalar (Unpublished). Identifi:atlon 1910. of ftrsarl:rln species on seeds i! blotter test. Contr. from as they occur T, 9a- Tsog. Marmara Btilgesi sebze tohumlannda hastahk patcjenlerinin izole edllerek teghisleri iizerine Kiiltrleri Aragtrrma ve Elitim Merkezi, Yrlhk Qahgma Raaragtrrmalar. Yalova Bahge porlan. TEMIZ, K. ve S. FESLI, 193. Ege Biilgesinde Ye- tigtirilen sebze tiirlerine ait Ce$itlerde tG humla gegen fungal hastahk etmenlerinla tes- biti RAM, N., S.B. MATHITR and P. NEERGMRD, 28 Inst. of Court. CoFenhagen, Denmark. iizerine arag:rrmalar, Ttirkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Aragtrrma Kurunu IV. Bilim Kongresi TebliEleri (Tanm ve Ormancrhk Seksiyonu). Tanm Ormancrhk Araitrrma Grubu. J, Turkish Phytopath. Vol. : 4 Num. : I - 195 Studies on the Chemical Control ol Common Bunt ITilletia loetida "wall" Lirof ol wheal Cogkun SAYDIM, Murtata COPQU and Mustafa OGUT Regiond Plant Protection Research Ins:itute, Bornova, lzmir, TURKEY' ABSTRA T According to the results obtained in previous studies, some chemicals such as Ceresan UT 68?, Hekmazin, Dithane M-45 W.P., and Trimangol 80 are widely used as a seed treatment at 0.15 Vo Ievel instead of 0.2 Vo against the common bunt of wheat. In this study effectiveness of the chemicals at various dosages were examined in order to determine th6 effect at 0.1 7o tevel. The results showed that the all chemicals except Hekmazin were effective at0.l Vo level as well as at 0.15 %.But it is necessary to improve the equipment of seed treatment or establish new formulations of the chemicals before recommendation at this dosage. INTRODUCTION The bunt disease of Wheat is one cf the important disease of wheat in Turkey and it is prevalent throughout the country (2). The large part of wheat seeds are treated by using some of organic mercurial and nonmercurial products were found effective previously in Turkey (3). As a rule the seed treatment is known as a cheap method, but a seed treat- ment should be effective enough, economical, chemically stable and easy to apply. The reduction of the cost of seed treatment depend on the dosages of the chemicals from the point of economical application. The investigations on the dosages have shown that the mercurial 2e CHEMICAL CONTROL OF COMMON BUNT and non-mercurial chemicals such as Ceresan UT 687, Dithane M-4b W.P., Tr'mangol 80, and Hekmazin were effective at the do:ages of 0.15 Vo, as well as at 0.2 % level (3). In this study effectiveness of the chemicals were investigated against the wheat common bunt. hand in 20X5 cm intervals. The counts were done on the diseased and healthy heads at the ripening stage of wheat. The effectiveness of the dosages of the chemicals were found by using Abbott formula and the stalistical analyses were applied. RESLTLTS MATERIALS and METHODS The variety of Mentana rfi/as used in these studies found as a susceptible variety previously (1,4). The bunt chlamydospores for artificial inoculatiors w:re obtained from diseased hea'ls from different parts of the Ege Region. The microscobic examination of {he chlamydospores were identified as T,lletia foetida (Wall) Liro and their germina+ion ability were gS Vo in 2 Vo gluco:e solution after Tz hours. Ninety groups from Mentana variety were weighted that each group was 101 grams. These groups were artificially inoculated at 0,3 Vo ratio inoculum in small containers separately. The seeds for control groups were s?parated and the others were mixed the chemicals their names and levels given on table 1. Randomized blocks in factorial design was applied and three replication were done. Each plot was 2,5 m2 and the seeds were sown by 30 and DISCUSSION The studies have shown that the with the exception of Hekmazin were found effective at 0,70 Vo level as well as 0,15 % level of these products were advised by previous experiments (Table 2,3). On the other hand statistical analyses have shown that the linear effect were significant for all products. The max:mum effects (I00 %\ based on quadratic effects were found at 0,10 Vo for Ceresan UT 687 and 0,125 Vo for Dithane M 45 W.P. and Trimangol 80. The level for maximum effect of Hekmazin was 0,15 chemicals Vo- According to these results Ceresan UT 687, Dithane M 45 W.P., and Trimangol 80 may be advised at 0,1 Vo \evels; against common bunt of rvheat. However, a homogen treatment is neces"ary for high succesfulness by seed treatment. Therefore these levels (01 %) of chemicals should be recommended after improving the equipment of the seed treatment or the studies should be expnaded on the new formulations for the chemicals, c. SAYDAM, M. Cor91t and M. 0G0T Table 1. The chemicals and levels. CHEMICALS Formulation Active Ingredient Name Dithane M45 Vo ethylene bisdithiocarbamate ion, 12 Vo 46,5 Dosage (9,/100 kg. seed) Product 50 (*) w.P. 75 manganese ion, 1,5 Vo zinc 100 t25 ion. 150 Trimangol 80 B0 Vo Maneb Dust 50 75 100 t25 150 llekmazin 5,5 Vo Zineb E5 Va Maneb Dust 50 75 100 t25 150 Ceresan UT 68T Phenylmercuryacetate (i,5 Vo mercury) Dust 50 75 100 t25 150 Derosal (Hoe 17411) 2-Carbomethoxy-aminobenzimidazoLe 60 7o. w.P. 50 75 100 t25 150 (*) : Lr : 50, La : '15, L8 : 1.00, La : t25, Lo : 150 9./100 kg. seed. 3r CIIEMICAL CON1ROL OF COMMON BUNT o rq Or o, g€0 d Lro E \s 11 v) A d J4 o) H F{ E o C) o) € o (u a c,, n CJ H tr1 H *r O o, o o o F{ (o qr oi Or q o o q o o q o o o o o q o o FI q o o q o o o o o q o o ol o) Cl- SE 9r. o-; UP -tl 1ti @ o co hi€ Fl o oq ot o) bo a 6l Or o tr (l, q @ € sE o .+r r-1 (o o) t{{ltt o tr a+{ d? o d IA m # o eo d tr!N(d C) q eo E s t{ tstr o u, (It F.l 6l 6\ co i+ o n o q o q o cr? {: (o .i{ e F \tl o o 6l d? o o o o o o o CO N E CI ,t4 o an o) F{ @ str o rd o € .t-a o o b0 € o) li r() J:E P.A o lt: H FI O) F.l <l ..j FI CB o) g) lr o A Cd .A o t{ o A F ro o iiL (! :^ E6 ;ro t-{ UP a f'l (5 a o R 3? o9 o! cro CO @ 3r o o o q o o F{ +t co iiu FJ q o c. SAYDAM, M. COPCU and M. ttcttT Table 3. The table of variance. d.f s.v. Total 74 Replication 2 Combination 24 Chemical 4 . 4 Dosage Intereaction 16 CERESAN-Linear 1 Quadratic 1 DEROSAL-Linear 1 Quadratic I DITHANE-Linear 1 Quadratic 1 HEKMAZIN-Linear 1 Quadratic 1 s.s ms (r) 4521.80 2.90 4059.80 863.80 2395.00 801.00 692.16 356.13 5.99 4.28 734.09 89.76 932.98 0.53 169.16 215.95** 598.75** 50.06** 692.16** 356.13** 22.58 62.63 5.24 72.40 37.25 5.99 4.28 ?34.09*{' 89.76** 932.98*{, 76.78 9.39 97.59 0.53 TRIMANGOL-Li- near | Quadratic I 221.41 22L.4L+* 67.64 67.64*r, 48 ERROR ** : Significant at I Vo 459.10 23.10 ?.08 9.56 Level. (F) Table , '; 5% 7% d.f. 4.04 2.56 1.86 7.I9 3.74 2.40 4_48 1_48 16_48 The effectiveness of Derosal (Hoe 17411) tc the bunt disease of wheat was also investigated in the same time and the all tested levels of Derosal (O,05 Vo, 0,075 Vo and 0,I0 Vo) were effective. The same problem for the homogen treatment may be thougt for the level of Derosal (0,10 Vo).Bat the 0,05 Vo levelot Derosal was also found as effective as at 0,10 Vo level. In addition to these results, the linear effect of Derosal was not significant in the range of tested dosages. This showed that there was nocorrelation between the dosages and the percent of effects of Derosal. Therefore the studies may be prog33 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF COMMON BUNT ressed below the 0,05 % level of Derosal. The high effectiveness of Derosal at low dosages, may eliminate the problem of seed treatment for lower dosages than 0,15 % level. Although, is it necessary to carry-out large experiments under field conditions before recommendation at 0,1 Vo level of Derosal. OZET BUGTAY ADi SURMEST (Ti[etia foetida Onceki gahgmalarda Bu['day adi siirmesine kargr Eo 0,75 dozunda etkili bulunan ve uygulamaya verilen bazr i'aglarrn (Ceresan UT 687, Dithane M 45 W.P., Hekmazin, Trimangol 80), Vo 0,1 lik dozlarrnrn etkinlikleri ve Derosal (Hoe 17411) isimli preparatin, sahk verildif'i dozIardaki biyolojik aktivitesi bu ga- Liro) NE KAR$I qALTSMALAR <<Wall> ireglr sAvA$ uznnlnn giide Derosal igin azaltrcr olmaktarItr. F): nedenle denenen ilaglarn Vo 0,1 di.izeyinde biyolojik aktiviteleri saptarm g olmakra birlikte, giini.imriz rrygulama koqullarrnda ancak Eo O,ls doz diizeyinde sahk verilebilece['i kanrsrna varrlmrghr. LITERATURE CITED lrqmada incelenmiqtir. Do!'a koqullarrnda yiiriitiilen gah".malardan elde edilen hastahk oranlarrnrn istatistiki analizi, Hekmazin drqrndaki ilaglarrn % O,l llk dozlannrn etkili olduSunu g6stermigtir. ilaglarrn etkinli!'i kaCar, homojen bir ilaglamanrn da zorunlu oldu!'u tohum ilaglamasrnda bu amag, an:ak yeterli bir doz diizeyinde ger<;ekleqebilir. Bu ise ilaglama cihazlarrnrn % 0,1 lik dozda, homogen llaglama yapabilecek gekilde gelirtirilmelerini veya ilag formulasyonlannda bu amaca diiniik yeni diizenlemeleri zorunh krlmaktadrr. Ancak, denendiEi tiim dozlarda Derosal'in etkili bulunmasr % 0,1 Iik dozlar igin, s:zi edilen sakrncalan bir iil34 nORA, T. ve l. KARACA, 1968. Meksika kaynakh bazr bulday gegitlerinde tane esmerlegmesi (Alternarla spp.) ve Siirme (Tllletla foetlde ' (W' Liro) hastahklan iizerinde bir aragtlrma. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 5 (l) : 59-63. erZKAN, M., 1964. Ttirkiye'de bulday siirme has- tnbErnrn mricadelesi hakkrnda tetkik ve gii- riigler. Bitki Koruma Biilteni 4 SAYDAM, C., M. 0GUT ve M. (l) : 3843. COpQU, 1973. BuS- Cay'da Siirme (Ttlletta foetida cWalb Liro) has a'h!rn: kargr ilag denemesi. Bornova [61. Zir. Miic. Ar. Enst. E. 110.365 no.lu proje III. yrl raporu (Unpublished). SAYf;AM, C., M. oGUT ve M. COPQU, 1974. Ege BSlgesin:le yetigtirilen Meksika bu$daylarrn hastahklarla ilgisi kaynaklr ve kuru to- hum ilaglamasrmn siirme giiciine etkisi iizerinde gahgmalar. Bitki Koruma Biilteni 14 (3) : 151-180' r. Turkish Phytopath. Vol. I 4 Nun. : I - 1975 Competition Between Annual Weeds and Polatoes and weed Gontrol Suna SONMEZ1 and lbrahln KARAC,A2 ABSTRACT To determine the critical period of competition between weeds and potato (Variety Cosima) experiments were set up on a clay-loam soil during the years 1972-1973 in Bolu. Main weeds were Sinanpsis arvensis L., Chenopodium album L. and Avena fatua L. and the total numbers of the weeds were 238-423 per square meter. Countings were made after 15, 30,45,60,75,90 and 110 days from the emergence of potato. Weeding during that period resulted in yield 93-216 Vo rrrorE than the plot kept weedy through the growth period. The effects of applying different pre-emergence herbicides on weed control and yield in potato were compared on clay-loam, sandy-loam and sanCy-clay soils. According to statistical analyses Patoran (5 kg/ha), Afalon (3 kg/ha), Aresin (3 kglha), Aresin Kombi (5 kg/ha) and Simazine (2,5 kg/ha) were found excellent herbicides in controlling annual and some grass weeds. These herbicides, except Simazine, did not show any phytotoxicitv on potatoes grown on each type of soils. They increased yield on clay-loam and sandy-clay soil while they had no advantage against the hand-weeding control on sandy-loam soil. r) Regional Plant Protection Research Ins0tute, Erenkdy-lstanbul/ f URKEY. 2) Department of Fhytop:,thology and Agricultural Rotany, University of Ege lzmir/ TURKEy. 35 COMPETITION BET1TTBEN WEEDS AND POTATOES INTRODUCNON Although the potato has been grown in all provinces of Marmara Region, Bolu has been the leading province for certified potato seed production for last years. like other horticultural crops, suffer from the effects of weed competition which use up soil nutritions and mo'sture. Under these conditions crop yields can be greatly restricted and digging can be difficult particularly in early Potatoes, crops. In this srudy, 14 families consisting of 15 species were found in Bolu. Among them : Amaranthus retrof'exus L, Chenopodium album L., Heliotropium europeum L., Sinapis arvensis L., Equisetum atvense L., Circium arvense (L.) Scop., Convolvulus arvensis L., Veron:ca pets:ca L, Anagallis arvensis L., Solanum dulcamara L., Cynodon ilactylon Pers., Mentha arvensis L., Polygonum convolvulus L., are the main weeds existed on average 11.95:L5.09 in per square meter. Weed competition studies with other crocs showed that weeds emerging with crops are more competitive than those emerging later. Weeds reduced ih: yields of maize and bean if allowed t: compete for 3C days (Nieto et al., 1978). Kasasian and Seeyave (1969) found that field 36 beans and tomatoes need to be kePt weed free for 4 weeks after planting to prevent a yield reduction. Yield of sugarbeet roots was reduced when Kochia scoparia comPeted for more than 5 or 6 weeks (Weatherspoon and Scheweizer, 1969). Hill and Santelman (1969) noted that annual weeds emerging 4-6 weeks after planting caused no further reduction in peanut yields. Cotton requires approximately B week weedfree period from emergence (Buchanon and Burns, 1959). In another study this period was found weeks (Schewerzel and 6-8 Thomas, 1e71). The problem of weed control has been important to potato growers for many years. In early years there has been an abundance of relatively cheap labor in Marmara Region and growers have been able to have their fields hoed whenever neceisary. Since this typ-" of labcr is no longer available, some other method of weed control must be developed. During the last years, many herbicides were tested for weed control in potato fields. Simazine at 0.5 kg/ha effectively controlled weed growth and gave a tuber yield of 189.21 quintals/ha which was significaatly higher than the yield from the unweeded control plot and S. sdNivtsz ana from hand weeding (Divekar et al., 196). Siviridov (1968) found that Simazine 1-3 kglha pre-emergence gave 58 and 74 Vo weed control respectively in potatoes and did not adversely affect the crop in a dernoalluvial medium loam soil. Particularly good results were obtained rvith Patoran at the recommended dosage of., 4 kg/}ira, applied shortly before emergence (Brade, 1960). Cox (1967) found that Afalon, Aresin and Patoran at l, 2 kg/ha showed no herbicidal damage except Aresin at 2 kg/ha when sprayed just prior to emergence. Afalon at 1.5 kg/ha applied pre-emergence gave excellent control of weeds and significantly increased potato quality and total yield compared with the uncultivated control whereas Treflan 1 (l/ha) similarly applied, did not increase yield (Smith, 196?). Bramley (1967) reported that AfaIon applied at 2 kg/ha pre-emergence gave excellent safe control of broad-leaved weeds but only fair control of gra:ses and gave increases in total yields. Sagolovich and Shersneva (1970) reported that Treflan at 2.5 litres/ ha applied 20 days before planting thinned the stand but increased yields by 16 Vo. Sencor at 1 and 2 kg a.i/ha and Afalon at 1, 1.5 and 2 kg a.i/ha gave 90-100 lo control against Commelina sp., Capsella bursa pastoris L., Lepidium sp., and Senecio caryophillacea (Castillo et al., 1971). l. x.anncA Federov (1968) found that 2,4-D amin at 0.8 kglha pre-emergence gave good results against some broad-leaved weeds. Zimdahl (1971) noted that Afalon and Patoran at 1.5-2 kglha gave good control of annual broad-Ieaved weeds and grasses and were also non-injurious to potatoes. Aresin 1.25 kg/ha Afalon 2 kgy};,a, Patoran 4 kg/ha were selective to potatoes and gave good control of Chenopodium album L., Solanum nigrum and Amaranthus retroflexus (Rapparini, 1971). Bayer (1971) noted that Afalon 7-L.5 Lb/ acre controlled both grasses and broad-leaved weeds on agravelly silt loam soil. Aamisepp (1971) found that Afalon L.25 kg/ha gave good control of broad-leaved weeds in potatoes. Aretit and Patoran each at 3 kgyha proved to be the most effective herbicides against the broadleaved weeds in alluvial meadow soil. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the lenght of time after potato emergence that weeds may be allowed to compete before reducing potato yields; (2) The period of weed-free maintenance after potato emergence required to produce maximum potato yield; (3) the influence of weed competition on height, branching and yield of potato; (4) and taking this point into consideration, to find out the adequate chemical control method in potato fields. 37 coMperrrloi{ sefwEEl.i nEEDs lNn porarosS MATERIALS and METHODS 1. Competition Between Weds - Bolu. The trials established in ranand Potatoes domised block desing with four Determinaiion of the critical pe- replications. The treatments themriod of competition between weeds selves consisted of cultural practices and potatoes was studied on clay- carried out at different times after loam soil during 19?2 and 19?3 in sowing date, as below; Treatment for the first Free of weeds for the first -15 days and free upto time -15 days and weed-infested Weed-infested of harvest -30< -45< -60< -75 until time of harvest < < <( c <( ( c -30 q -45 << -90< -100 (Control : Weed-infested up to time of harvest) In the two years, potato was sown in early April. Individual plots were 3 rows and 25 seed of <<Cosima variety> were sown in each rows with 50 cm apart and 70 cm long. Potatoes were adequately fertilized and were furrow irrigated twice during the growth period. The weeds were seperated into four groups (a) Avena fatua L., (b) Chenopodium album L., (c) Amaranthus retroflexus L. and (d) other broad-leaved weeds. Weed re3B -60 <( -75<<( -90<<(( < -110 (Control : Free from weeds up to time of harvest) moval was performed by two means, hand-pulling and shallow hoeing. Weeds were counted in a square meter in three different points of each plot before each removal. Potatoes were harvested for yield from each plot and the yield of 33 plants, individualy, Besides, weighed. at the ripening time, height and branching of 33 plants were measured and counted. The critical periods between weeds and potatoes were explained S. SONMEZ to cumulative graph in every year. Correlation coefficients were computed between the potato yield, height, branching and weed removal periods. according 2. Chemical Weed Control in Potato Experiments were carried out Bolu on clay-loam, sandy-loam and sandy-clay soil during 7972-t973. in The variety Cosima was used A randomized block throughout. design with three replications was used in each soil type. Each plot was 10 m long and contained three rows spaced 70 cm apart. Potatoes rvere adequately fertilized and were furrow irrigated twice in growth period. In the two year-test, Afalon (3 kg/ha), Aresin (3 kglha), Patoran (5 kglha), Aresin-Kombi (5 kglha), Bladex (3 kglha), Simazin (2.5 kg/ ha), Treflan (2.5 I/ha) and 2.4-D amin (2 1/ha) were applied one day after sowing. The predominant weed species were Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Heliotropium europeurt L., Euphorbia pinea L., Circium arvense (L.) Scop, Corvolvulus arvensis L., Veronica persica L., Anagallis arvensis L., Medicago falcata L., Lathyrus hirsitus L., Mentha arvense L., Ranunculus arvensis L., Verbana officinalis L., Lepidium draba L., Lactuca scariola L., Adonis flam- ana L reru,cA meus L., Fumaria officinalis L., Xanthium spinosum L., Allium paniculatum L., Polygonum convolvulus L. and Equisetum arvense L. Plots were checked 15 days, 30 days and 45 days after applications. The effectiveneses of the herbicides were compared with untreated checks. Yield, height and branching were recorded from 33 plants in each plot and were compared with untreated and hand weeding checks. All plots were harvested in the first week of September. Significant differences among treatments were tested with Duncan's multiple range test at the B Vo level of significance. Analyses could not be combined over years since treatments were changed somewhat each year. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Critical period of weed competition with potato : The experiments showed that during the first 15 days lveeds did not vigorously affect potato yieids. It was found that weed control was necessary between the 15th and 45th or 49th days after emergence (Figure 1). Weeding during this period results in yield gB216 % more than the plot kept weedy throughout the growth pe- riod. Weed competition after the 45th or 49th days had no effect on 39 CoMpstrrroN setTreBr.I wEEDs ,lNo pomtogS yields. So, it is not important to, control weeds during the first 15 days and/or after 54th or 49th days. Correlation between correlated to weed-free periods. But ib was found that there was no correlation between weedfree periods and height of potato. potato yield, height, branching and weed removal periods : Yield, height and branching of potato were negatively correlated to increasing weedy periods while they wgrs possitively Chemical Weed Control treatments gave excellent weed control in a rate of 76-100 Vo A. rctroflexus L., Ch. album L., S. arvensis L., P. convolvulus L., If. euro- a ,, ! I I I I I * r9?2(rcrdv) I o l. ! E< o E I h o 3 I \ ;t I F I I Ir \ I t I (rrcc of rccda) I r973(nray) (frrc of rccdr) ++ \.. t: tlt,' , , r5 , lo 1, D tB 40 60 rrlt8 trl8oDcr for various Figure 1. Potato-yteld : .All 7, 90 tr€atmeats' uo (r illsr) S. S0NMEZ and t. peum L., V. persica L., E. pinea L., M. falcata L., L. hirsitus L., R. arwensis L., V. officinalis L., L. draba L., L. scariola L., A. flammeus L. Such weeds as C. arvense (L.) Scop., C. arvensis L, E. arvense L., M. arvense L., F. officinalis L., X. spinosum L., A. paniculatum L. were not controlled by all herbicies while S. arvensis L. only by Treflan. Accor- ,F4!1{ri KARACA ding to statistical analyses, Patoran, Afalon, Aresin-Kombi and Simazine w:re excellent herbicides controlling weeds comparing with other herbicides (Table 1, 2, 3). Effect of Herbicides on height, branching and yield of potato : Aecording to the statistical analyses; Afalon, Patoran, Aresin and AresinKombi did not show any Phytoto- iIn.g;'ri4i!r-.{6. poatr6t'i , H66{E"J,h'plirto'orr raeC,r.*sif,y ecrl gl'y'r tl {) 6 ts "l 16 L1 sa 6 o h 0 I * L'! ilG;i;r,; 1. 3,5' f4*EtHlil alf,i ' X.i$+rdi ftf. C.afll€!5tt" !i l:' {lsa: .r.r,tif.ll# 4l COMPETITION BETI.IIBBN xicity on p:tatoes on each type of soils. They increased yields on clayloam and sandyclay soil while they had no advantage against the handweeding control on sandy-loam soil (Table 4). i;i{riifltrliii l1r jjjr;.ii 9,y.4 r "r:i; l:; ri {D &! al o o: ,) l.r, t, ;;t .l t' $t$aitttt' E'l Ei-i; Elri*is al,tt+ld *i fiIiIi "il:o1@tn C.sJivdn-l ga IAFeIsln 94:? I E? 14 trg.xlti? {;: ErriBEE lE.fslore i la: 1 l.*r{IellF . slg Slaifv$rir aa{, L.hire*,tua ., ciel!rl't: X..e l{iar*,ren ItrE rll .: ,;i:. nrdrtisn- ': [.di5bE: ilt ffifi; S.ldt1f.lr; tar*.6 iii::.f-rs?.-. 42 AI{D POTATOES Simazine, Bladex, Treflan and 2,4-D reduced yields compared with hand weeding control plot on clayloam and sandy-loam soil, but gave nearly as much yields as the handweeding control on sandy-clay-soil. st*[:iraj.sh@,o;i,!'.'it',gi1;ri$r#r.ir.:liirgtiii r:: lhtait6qxg llrr,:- ::r :' ,, i T,\TEEDS ffi s. SoNMEZ and l. KAntCA f,.9,$,iil. ffii j' ,fl.fl..fln.| ;. 0!ri*rtoEfE r:i i'r::lr'.. .ri ril " $l, t ij-i Li t'i:ir, rr,:r'lil r,ri.! 'f lt I t::i n,,r.,,1'l s',d€ds,:,' ' ': C.arv6r.- E Bla Lxrrenai,! r arfian* ata, lit. V. DBFBi- ca' Sl6fl€nsi* 5] ' ] llqo .!; !i5.0 E'Fines C. atrren- 61.:i5t.! Elg Chrrlbw 3,'l :9 1.14 I,l ? l'. iL 9.4t )r $'tQ toble 4. lfr'sct of the Lerbicides on helght' brsnchlng hund-weedlng snct $eealy control. Iieight llrenchind Y!e1d anit 14,4 i ylel,il af Potatoe9 cool)atlns wlth Height Eranchj.ng Yield 43 COMPETITION BBTWEBN TIiEEDS AND POTATOES OzBT PATATES TARLALARINDAKI TEK SENELiK YABANCI OTLAR VE KONTROL OLANAKLARI UZONINON ARASTIRMALAR Patateslerde yabancrotlarrn re- kab:tt-" o'd klau kritik diinemin saptanmasr amacryla denemeler, Kozima geqidi patateste, killi-trnh bir t-prakta S. arvensis L. (Yabani Hardal), C. album L. (Kazaya['r) ve A. fatua L. (Yabani Yulaf)'nrn hakim oldu$'u bir yabancrot iirtiisiinde agrlmrqtrr. Bu denemede Patatesler qrkrqtan itibaren geligme periyodu iginde 15, 3J, 45, 60, 75, 9), 110 giin (hasad) otlu ve otsuz tutulmuglardrr. Buna gdre, Patateslerin ve yabancrotlarrn grkrgrndan itibaren 15. giin rekabetin baglangrcr, bundan sonra 45-49; giine deSin gegen 30-34 giinliik siirenin ise rekabet ddnemi ve yine 45. veya 49. giinterin rekabetin bitim noktasr oldufu saptanmrghr. Patateslerin ilk 15 giin otlu tutulmasr ve 45-49. giinlerden sonra of ahmr yaprlmasr ise tiriinde dnemli seviyede artrg meydana getirmemektedir. Rekabet ddnemi .iginde yaprlacak of alrmr, biitiin mevsim otlu tutulan parsellere giire, iiriinde % 93-216 oran:nda artrg meydana getirmektedir. Aynca, otlu brrakma siirelerinin artmasr boy uzunlu$u, kol adedi ve iiriinde azalma yapmakta, otsuz kalma siirelerinin artmasr ise kol ade44 dj ve iiriinde artrg saflarken, boy yapmamaktadrr. iizerinde farkhhk Yaprlan ilAgh savaq denemelerinde ise, rekabet ddnemi siiresince .yabancrotlarr kontrol etme imkAnr olan pre-emergens (grkrg iincesi) ilAqlarla gahgrlmrgtrr. Kum1u-killi, ki.lli-trnir ve kumlu-trnh olmak iizere iig ayn toprak yaprsrnda agrlan denemelerde ilAglann yabancrotlara kargr etkileri yatnda, patates bitki boylarr, kol adedi ve yumru verimi iizerindeki etkileri de araqtrrrlmrgtrr. Buna g6re; Kumlu-killi topraklarda : Pato- ran 5 kg/ha, Afalon ve Aresin 3 kg/ha dozlarda ve kumlu-trnh toprak- Killi-trnh larda : Patoran ve Aresin-Kombi 5 kg/ha, Afalon ve Aresin 3 kg/ ha dozlarda dikimden 1 giin sonra kullanridrklarrnda tiim yabancrotlara kargr % 76100 etkili olmakta ve iirtinde gapah kontrola nazaran artrg meydana getirmektedirler. Yalnrz kumlu-trnh topraklarda ilAglarrn iiriine yansryan etkileri of ahmr yaprlan parsellere gcire farkh olmamakla beraber yabancrot grk glarrnr en:ellemeleri ve gapalama adedini azaltmalarr bakrmrndan d$iitlenebilir, s. S0NMEZ aod , AAMISEPP, A., 1971. Weed beets, 1971. In control in potatoes and Swedish Weed Conft., Uppsala, 12 -E TARACA LITEMTT'R3 CITED weeds and weed control, 13th Lantbrukshogskolan l. Sweden, (191 part l; part 2, B and its build up in the tuber. ?roc. 2nd Weed Control Seminar; Organized by Dep, Agron. Punjap. Agric. Univ., Hissar, 1966, 14 (Weed Abstr., 1969, tt : 13). 14, 1, 41-46 (En) Lantbrukshogskolan, Uppsala, SweCen. (Weed Abstr., 1913,2, z l{l), FEDEROV, V.G., 196E. The application of TCA atrd 2; 4 D in potato crops. Khirniya sel, Khoz., BAYER, G-H., 1971.. A four years summarlf of weed in white potatoes in upstate New York. fn. proceedings of the Northeastern control 1968, 6 (3), 2fiL2 (Bibl. Univ., Saransk lt : l2). 18; R; Mordov, gos. ASSR, USSR (Weed Abstr., 1959, Weed So^iety. Vol. 25, 81-185 (Eng) Agway Inc., S;racuse, New York, USA. (Weed Abstr., 1973,22 BRADE, . in K., : lll). with controlling P., weeds Miltdt. Landw. Ges., (16) pp. (Bibl. 3; D) (Weed Abstr., BRAMLEY, 1967. 1969, Potato spacing in tt : 2 94). relation to the use of herbicides. Proc. 2fth N.Z. ' Weed Pest Control Conf., 9+100 (Bibl. 7; Raukura Agric. Res. Centre. Hamilton, New Zeland : (weed Abstr., 1969, 17 J.c. of herbicides (Solanum tuberosum) (Weed Abstr., 1972,2l T.I., 1967. Weeds in : in in po- Guatemala. 198). SEEYAVE, 1969. Critical B : 1969, 2$-212). NIETO, J.M., M.A. BRONDO and r.J. GONZALES, of the crop growth cycle competition from weeds. Instituto Na- cional de fnvestigaciones Agricolas, Chapingo, Mexico. (Pans (C), 1%8, 14 (Bibl. 5; Dep. Agric., Levin, New Zeland) (Weed Abstr., t7 : 174). : 159-166). CESART, 191. Trials for th: control of mono and d'rco'ylodonous weeds in potatoes. Notiziario sulle Malatlie delle Piante Nr: (lt, en, fr, es, 4 n : Il). 85, 5161 SAGOLOVICH, E.N. and 1966. in potato cultivation ref.) L.V. SHERSNEVA, 1970. in the multiplication The use of herbicid:s of seed potatoes. Doklody TsKhA, 1970, 25-9. (Ru; Musk, sel. khoz. Akad. DIVEKAR, C.8., V.S. MANI and M.L. MALIJI, $'glazine as an herbicide A. (weed Abstr., 7973, potatoes. Proc. 20th N.Z. Weed Pest Control Conf., 87-93 1968, L. and J. periods for weed competition. (Pans, RAPPARINI, G. and GARCIA and C.F. RODRI- GUE'Z, 7971. Evaluation COX, KASASIAN, l7 z l-2). 1959, lt:149-154). CASTILLO, J.M., tato rica. (Weed Sci., for weed comp€tition on cotton. (Weed Sci., 1970, spanish peanu:s. Journal,of the weed Society of Ame- 1%7. Criiical periods 174). BUCHANON, G.A. and E.R. BURNS, 1969. Influence of P.W. SANTELMANN, 1968. Compe- titive effects of anuual weeds on 1966. Progress potatoes. fiILL, L.V. and Timiryaveza, Moscow, Abstr., 1972, 21 : 158, rm, K.A. A. 8, USSR. (Weed 198). 45 COIIPETTUON DET|IUB'N WEEDS TT{D POTATOEII SCHWBRZEL, PJ. and P.EI. conpetltion ir tfl. Wced 197f, fl : 3&31), . THOMAS, cotton. ,(Pans. of broadtcaf tpec& pola:oes. proc. West. Weed Crltrol Conf. SMITH, D., 196?. Conttlot tu Zl, 39 (Colorado Agric. Exp. Stn. Fort Colltns), (weed Abstr', 1969, lt : 95)' SVIRIDOV, I.S., f96S, The residual effcct of Sima- zine aud Atrazlne on weeds aud potatoes 46 on P/O Dedino'a, USSR,) (t&Ed Abrtr., 1969, ft : D). IVSATHBRSPOON, D.lU. aDd 1969. Sugarbeets. (Weed ZTMDAHL, E.E. SChmrzER, Conpetltion on between for.db- sD. Sci., -ane lt '. 46+7). : R.L., r9zl. weed control researcb in Colorado potatoes. tato tourad, fql, A 4E revlew. American Po- (U), 4217. alluvial aoils, Khlmlya sel, I(hoz., 6, (3),. f97-9. (Bibl. 16; R; Dedinovskaya opyt. Stants. Dep. Bot. Pl. Path., Colorado po iD€nn. Lugodort, Lukbovitskit Rainou, 288). Bibt. 13; En; Starc * Ualv., Fort C.ollins, USA. (Weed Abstr., 1972,.21 : : All Correspondance Shoukl Be Made To TUBKTYE FITOPATOLOJI DEn,NDGI Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakiiltesi Bitki Koruma Biiltimii Bornova : Izmir. TURKEY