The Preliminary Search Results of Cyanobacteria Flora of Thermal
Transkript
The Preliminary Search Results of Cyanobacteria Flora of Thermal
Digital Proceeding Of THE ICOEST’2013 - , Cappadocia C.Ozdemir, S. Şahinkaya, E. Kalıpcı, M.K. Oden (editors) Nevsehir, Turkey, June 18 – 21, 2013 The Preliminary Search Results of Cyanobacteria Flora of Thermal Areas in Sarayköy (Denizli), Turkey Ö. Gül *1, O. Düşen 2 and H. Erduğan 3 1,2 Pamukkale University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 20017 Denizli, TURKEY. (E-mail: biologiaozgurgul@hotmail.com, odusen@pamukkale.edu.tr) 3 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, TURKEY. (E-mail: herdugan@comu.edu.tr) Abstract Series of horst and graben features represent the wide spread tectonic activity of Aegean region. As the result, many thermal springs are existed at this area. Thermal springs and hot water treatments have been used since early Roman times. When we have a look on the history of thermal waters, we can see the importance in human health, and there are various usage areas attracting attention such as developing beauty and health. Today, Thermal tourism sector is an important tourism industry in Turkey and especially these sectors has been developing rapidly in Denizli. So, it is necessary to examine and put forward their biological structure in a scientific point of view. The aim of this study carried out in Sarayköy (Denizli) and its surroundings is to determine the relationship between the temperatures of thermal waters and the Cyanobacteria species and to find out the physical and chemical properties of these thermal waters. In this study, samples are gathered from 14 stations in 3 different thermal springs (Umut, Inaltı and Çavuşoglu) in Sarayköy district (Denizli) in a period of 12 months. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 7 genera and 30 species belonging to 4 families were identified. As a result, with detecting thermal Cyanobacteria species is expected to contribute to for the thermal algal flora of Turkey. Keywords: Cyanobacteria; Denizli; Flora; Sarayköy; Thermal. 1. Introduction Among the variety of living things algae are important because they are the first part of the food chain they ensure ecological balance and contain the species which are important indicator taxa in the determination of water pollution [16]. The numbers of algological studies on inland waters have increased considerably in recent years. Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) are prokaryotic organisms with a cosmopolitan distribution [11]. Thermal springs and hot water treatments have been used since early Roman times and were in fact the first examples of tourism accommodations. Turkey is the seventh-richest country in the world in geothermal potential [2]. Turkey has a water network 145.000 km long and a large amount of living in inland waters [16]. Thermophiles are microorganisms that live and grow in extremely hot environments that would kill most other microorganisms. They can be isolated from a number of marine and terrestrial geothermally-heated habitats including shallow terrestrial hot springs, hydrothermal vent systems, sediment from volcanic islands, and deep sea hydrothermal vents. They grow best at temperatures that are between 50-70 °C. They will 396 not grow if the temperature reaches 20 °C [1]. Microorganisms thriving in high-temperature terrestrial and deep-sea hydrothermal systems have investigated by several authors. A thermophilic Cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus in the temperature range 60-80 °C was found [20]. Papke and colleagues studied two groups of thermophilic Cyanobacteria: the unicellular Synechococcus and the colonial, filamentous Oscillatoria. The thermophilic Cyanobacteria Thermosynechococcus elongatus and T. vulcanus, which were isolated from a Japanese hot spring, grow optimally at ca. 57 °C. In these extreme environments, the microbial and geochemical interactions are tightly interwoven, providing many of the basic constituents for the primordial synthesis of organic molecules and for the evolution of fundamental metabolic processes [2].Whether life originated at vents in the archaean age (3.82.5 Ga) and whether chemolithoautotrophic thermophiles are ancestors of life is unresolved; however, hydrothermal environments probably did support the early evolution of chemolithoautotrophs and thermophiles [1]. They are an integral part of the freshwater and marine phytoplankton, and often have a dominant presence. In this study, the thermal fields in the town of Denizli Sarayköy distributed sources Cyanobacteria species identification of resources, with water temperatures to determine the relationship between species diversity. 2. Material And Methods Cyanobacteria species were collected from the thermal fields (Umut, İnaltı and Cavusoglu) in Sarayköy (Denizli) between August 2012 - January 2013. District of samples collected within the scope of land Sarayköy (Denizli), the thermal fields (Umut, İnaltı and Cavusoglu) stations are determined according to the characteristics of different regions and the source (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). This investigation was conducted with seasonal samples. The samples were taken in 30-day periods. 14 research stations were chosen along the thermal area. During the collection of samples of algae stations stratified layers of algae, rocks and soil surfaces, taking care to scrape by, either directly or by taking water samples are given culture.In addition while taking samples, some physical and chemical characteristics of thermal were determined monthly. Stations water temperatures, provided that the same point each month 0.10 °C to sensitive, precision digital thermometer measured up to 100 °C. All collections were fixed in 4 % formaldehyde water. Most of specimens were identified either by naked eye or after dissecting under a stereo microscope. Identification of algae species was made with the help of the relevant literature. The determined taxa were listed according to the system described by Algaebase. 397 Figure 1. Umut Thermal overview Figure 2. İnaltı Thermal overview Figure 3. Çavuşoğlu Thermal overview 398 3. Results And Discussion Study material, August 2012 - January 2013 from the District of Sarayköy selected as the study area (Denizli), the thermal fields (Umut, İnaltı and Cavusoglu) collected Cyanobacteria are types. As a result of field and laboratory studies carried out so far a total of seven genera and 30 species belonging to 4 families have been identified. Some of these examples are shown below. Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Chroococcales Familya: Microcystaceae Genus: Microcystis Kützing, 1833. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District İnaltı Thermal, 2. Stations, N 370 55’ 627’’ E 0280 48’ 534’’, 183 m (Figure4 ) Microcystis spp. Figure 4. Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Synechococcales Familya: Chroococcaceae Genus: Coelosphaerium Naegeli, 1849. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District, Çavuşoğlu Thermal, 2. Stations, N 370 55’ 666’’ E 0280 48’ 404’’, 168 m (Figure 5) Figure 5.Lemmermanniella pallida (Lemmermann) Geitler. 399 Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Pseudanabaenaceae Subfamilya: Spirulinoideae Genus: Spirulina Kützing ex Gomont, 1892. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Çavuşoğlu Thermal, 2. Stations, N 370 55’ 666’’ E 0280 48’ 404’’, 168 m (Figure 6) Figure 6. Spirulina subtilissima Kützing ex Gomont, Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Pseudanabaenaceae Subfamilya: Pseudanabaenoideae Genus: Limnothrix Meffert, 1987. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Umut Thermal, 2. Stations, N 370 55’ 228’’ E 0280 49’ 742’’, 174 m, (Figure 7) Figure 7. Limnothrix meffertae Anagnostidis. Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Pseudanabaenaceae Subfamilya: Pseudanabaenoideae Genus: Pseudanabaena Lauternborn, 1915. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Çavuşoğlu Thermal, 2. Stations, N 370 55’ 666’’ E 0280 48’ 404’’, 168 m (Figure 8) Figure 8. Pseudanabaena thermalis Anagnostidis, 400 Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Pseudanabaenaceae Subfamilya: Pseudanabaenoideae Genus: Pseudanabaena Lauterborn, 1915. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District İnaltı Thermal, 2. Stations, N 370 55’ 627’’ E 0280 48’ 534’’, 183 m (Figure 9) Figure 9. Pseudanabaena biceps Böcher, Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Pseudanabaenaceae Subfamilya: Pseudanabaenoideae Genus: Pseudanabaena Lauterborn, 1915. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Umut Thermal, 1. Stations, N 370 55’ 245’’ E 0280 49’738’’, 174 m (Figure 10) Figure 10. Pseudanabaena papillaterminata (Kiselev) Kukk, Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Oscillatoriaceae Genus: Oscillatoria Vaucher Ex Gomont, 1892. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Umut Thermal, 1. Stations, N 370 55’ 245’’ E 0280 49’ 738’’, 174 m (Figure 11) Figure 11. Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek. 401 Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Oscillatoriaceae Genus: Oscillatoria Vaucher Ex Gomont, 1892. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Umut Thermal, 1. Stations, N 370 55’ 245’’ E 0280 49’ 738’’, 174 m (Figure 12) Figure 12. Phormidium okenii (C.Agardh) Anagnostidis & Komárek. Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Oscillatoriaceae Genus: Oscillatoria Vaucher Ex Gomont, 1892. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Umut Thermal, 6. Stations, N 370 55’ 228’’ E 0280 49’ 742’’, 174 m (Figure 13) Figure 13. Phormidium griseoviolaceum (Skuja) Anagnostidis. Phylum: Cyanobacteria Classis: Cyanophyceae Ordo: Oscillatoriales Familya: Phormidiaceae Subfamilya: Phormidioideae Genus: Phormidium Kutzıng Ex Gomont, 1892. Localities: C2 Denizli, Sarayköy District Umut Thermal, 1. Stations, N 370 55’ 228’’ E 0280 49’ 742’’, 174 m (Figure 14) Figure 14. Phormidium terebriforme Anagnostidis & Komárek. 402 4. CONCLUSION Studies related to wetlands in our country for many years, carried out in detail. However, these studies examined the sea, lakes, ponds, lakes, streams and work on the dam appears to be predominant. Thermal water utilization in the face of increasing diversity present in these waters to reveal the importance of bringing the scientific point of view, are essential through. However, studies on the flora of Cyanobacteria in the thermal areas are severely limited. Selected as the study area in the province of Denizli in 1966 as a similar study previously conducted by the Pamukkale Thermal Water Microflora of Hüseyin GÜNER works were found. As a result of field and laboratory studies carried out so far a total of 7 genera and 30 species belonging to 4 families were identified. The flora of the algae in Sarayköy varied between stations and months. Among the species taken from all the stations, species of Cyanobacteria were found in larger numbers at the all stations. The similarity in the species composition of the algal flora in the stations was due to the similarity in nutrient and temperature conditions throughout the study area. Since the samples were collected at the same level, the photoperiod was also similar. The species found in our research and the results were generally consistent with other studies on thermal areas in Turkey. The results of the total distribution of stations among algae that reflect the highest level on the algal species abundance were found in Oscillatoria, respectively and the less abundance was Pseudanabaena and Limnothrix Coelosphaerium Observed in the division. Domestic and foreign sources have been used for detecting the species [9-10-13-14-19-20-22]. Work to be close to our area, and thermal studies because studies are important sources of İzmir and Manisa. In these studies Manisa and distributed in spas around 25 species of blue-green algae belonging to the group has been assigned [19]. Dikili district (Izmir) in spas has identified eight genera and 19 species [18]. 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