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abstract
XXXIX ICMH CONGRESS, TORINO, 2013 “JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS IN THE HISTORY OF WARFARE” ABSTRACT Col. Levent ÜNAL e Col. F. Rezzan ÜNALP (Turkey) War of the Firsts: The Crimean War (1853-1856) Dr.Staff Col. Levent ÜNAL* Dr.Ins.Col. F.Rezzan ÜNALP (TUAF)** The Crimean War (1853-1856), which can be qualified as the first modern world war, is also the first “combined operation” in which the Turkish army took part in modern terms. Furthermore, this war is the first one that introduced the Ottoman State to the migration problem. The Crimean War, in which the alliance of Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Piedmont-Sardinian Kingdom fought against Russia, is an incomparable war wherein many techniques and methods were used for the first time. The Ottomans allied themselves with the Western European states for the first time, and in addition, the first trench warfare, the first wire communication, and the first war photographs appeared on the history scene during this war. The relations between the Ottoman State and Russia, the principal belligerent parties, had started centuries before this war and important battles had been waged between the two. Having adopted the policy of becoming a global state as from the rule of Tsarina Catherine II (the Great), Russia left no stone unturned including war in order to take control of the (Istanbul and Canakkale) Straits, the Caucasus and the Balkans; and it fairly approached its objectives through 1774 Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji. After taking the Ottoman Orthodox subjects under its protection, Russia took advantage of every opportunity and played its trump card on the minorities in 1853 particularly for attaining its goals on the Straits. Furthermore, Russia stirred up a new trouble under the pretext of controlling the holy places in Jerusalem. Thereafter, as the guarantor state, it occupied Wallachia and Moldavia for the settlement of these problems. * ** Chief of Planning and Coordination Branch, Turkish General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Division. Chief of Military History Branch, Turkish General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Division. 1 The Russian demands on the Balkans and the Straits turned the situation into an international problem. Although Britain, who was extremely sensitive about the probability of Russian influence on the Eastern Mediterranean, had pursued a policy of confining Russia to the Black Sea until then, it thenceforth resorted to a policy of totally annihilating Russian presence in the seas. At this stage started the Crimean War, in which the Ottoman State fought against Russia for the first time together with Britain, France and Piedmont and which was one of the most important wars of the 19th century. This article deals with the alliances between the belligerent parties of the Crimean War, which is one of the most important pages in the 19th century European history; as well as the activities of the Russian army and navy in Wallachia-Moldavia, the Black Sea, Crimea and the Caucasus; the measures taken by the allies against these Russian activities, their operations and the results of those operations. Moreover, the gains and losses of the combatant parties due to this war will be assessed. REFERENCES Archival Documents of Military History and Strategic Studies (ATASE) Division of Turkish General Staff Prime Ministry, Ottoman Archives Department, Osmanlı Belgelerinde Kırım Savaşı, Publication No:84, Ankara, 2006. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol.II, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1975. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol.III, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1954. Kemal H.Karpat, Kısa Türkiye Tarihi, Timaş Yayınları, Istanbul, 2012. 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